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EE212 | ANALOG ELECTRONICS I LAB 5– DC BIASING AND OPERATION OF A BJT AMPLIFIER
2016

Particle members
Rajinesh Lal S11096112
Nawazish Ali S11120551
Semester 8-11am
Date: 12/04/2016

AIM * measure and calculate the DC voltage and current at the base, collector, and emitter of a common-emitter amplifier with voltage divider bias, * measure the input and output voltage and current of a common-emitter amplifier, * measure the phase-shift between the input and output voltages, * calculate the voltage, current, and power gains of a common-emitter amplifier, and * investigate the use of a BJT as a switch.

THEORY
The biasing of a transistor is purely a dc operation. The purpose of biasing is to establish a Q-point about which variations in current and voltage can occur in response to an ac input signal. In applications where small signal voltages must be amplified— such as from an antenna or a microphone—variations about the Q-point are relatively small. Amplifiers designed to handle these small ac signals are often referred to as small-signal amplifiers.
Three amplifier configurations are the common-emitter, the common-base, and the common-collector.
The common-emitter (CE) configuration has the emitter as the common terminal, or ground, to an ac signal. CE amplifiers exhibit high voltage gain and high current gain. * common-emitter amplifier with voltage-divider bias and coupling capacitors C1 and C3 on the input and output and a bypass capacitor, C2, from emitter to ground. The input signal, Vin, is capacitively coupled to the base terminal, the output signal, Vout, is capacitively coupled from the collector to the load. The amplified output is 180° out of phase with the input. Because the ac signal is applied to the base terminal as the input and taken from the collector terminal as the output, the emitter is common to both the input and output signals. There is no signal at the emitter because the bypass capacitor effectively shorts the emitter to ground at the signal frequency. All amplifiers have a combination of both ac and dc operation, which must be considered,

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

INSTRUMENTS

* All equipment mounted on a typical electronics workbench such as power supply, oscilloscope, signal generator, and multimeter * Resistors: 1×68kΩ, 1×18kΩ, 1×3.9kΩ, and 1×1kΩ (or approximate value resistors supplied by the technicians) * 2×Resistors with values as calculated in part III. * Capacitors: 2×10μF and 1×0.001μF * LED: 1×Red * BJT: 1×BC548 NPN or equivalent

METHODOLOGY
All measurements and data were done by the instrument as according to the lap manual.
RESULTS

Part 1- Voltage Divider Bias of a Common-Emitter Amplifier
2)
VB (V) | VC (V) | VE (V) | IB (mA) | IC (mA) | IE(mA) | 1.819 | 4.673 | 1.193 | 0.097 | 1.198 | 1.170 |
3)
VTh=VB=R2R1+R2VCC=1.884V
IE=VB-VBERE=1.184mA

IB=VE+VBERTh=0.083mA

RTh=R1R2R1+R2=14.232kΩ
IC=IE-IB=1.101mA

VC=IC.RC=4.294V

VE=VCC-VC-VCE=1.171V

4) The calculation above is almost the same as the result from the step 2, the reasons for these slightly small difference is the calculation above were done without the β from the data sheet of the BJT if were done using the β from the data sheet they will output the same result as the multi meter or data on step 2.

Part II-Small Signal Operation of a BJT Common-Emitter Amplifier
2)

4)
Vin=27.2V
5)
Vout=1.12V
6)
Av=VoutVin=24.29
7)

8)
Iin=0.015mA

Iout=0.037mA
9)
Ai=IoutIin=0.247
10)
Ap=AvAi=5.999
11) =Rintotalr´e=24.13 r´e=25mVIE IE=VCC-VBERE+RThβDC

Rin(total)=R1// R2//Rin

And
Rin=βDCr´e , they have the same results

Part III-Application of a BJT as a switch
4)

Above is 1kH where LED is more dimming frequently and down is 1Hz where LED are dimming frequently

DISCUSSION
Analyzing the circuit theoretically by manual computation has the same results as was found by the measurements from hardware as on practical. For BJT as switch where the LED was on when it discharge from BJT and off when charge or in other words, BJT are in short circuit when there is much frequencies in AC to change the wave formed to a box wave that will make the BJT have different active region.

CONCLUSION
DC voltages can be found by the help of capacitors to analyze the circuit. For common-emitter the input is found on the base and the output is on the collector in which its phase is found by shifting of the input graph as compared to the output graph. BJT as a switch are visible when in lower frequency than on higher frequency or in other words discharges and charges happen in a faster rate in higher frequencies than on lower.
REFERENCE
Floyd, T. L., Electronic Devices, 9th ed., 2011, Pearson Prentice Hall, USA.

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