...warranties, representations or conditions are disclaimed, including without limitation any implied warranty of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title or non-infringement. ZTE CORPORATION and its licensors shall not be liable for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on the information contained herein. ZTE CORPORATION or its licensors may have current or pending intellectual property rights or applications covering the subject matter of this document. Except as expressly provided in any written license between ZTE CORPORATION and its licensee, the user of this document shall not acquire any license to the subject matter herein. ZTE CORPORATION reserves the right to upgrade or make technical change to this product without further notice. Users may visit ZTE technical support website http://ensupport.zte.com.cn to inquire related information. The ultimate right to interpret this product resides in ZTE CORPORATION. Additionally, the contents of this document are protected by Revision History...
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...organization whose membership is made up of over 1,400 private companies and government organizations. ANSI facilitates the development of national standards by accrediting the procedures of the organizations that develop the standards. In order to gain ANSI approval, the document must be developed by a cross-section of both manufacturers and end users. ANSI is also a founding member of the ISO. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an organization of many national specifications bodies from over 160 countries and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. The ISO standards are developed by the people that need them, through a consensus process. They ensure that products and services are safe, reliable and of good quality (ISO Org., 2015). Each ISO member is the principal standards organization in its country. The members propose the new standards, participate in their development and provide support in collaboration with ISO Central Secretariat for nearly 3.280 technical groups that actually develop the standards. The Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) represents a wide variety of electronics manufacturers in the United States and abroad. It was developed to ensure the equipment of different manufacturers was compatible and interchangeable. In 2007, the EIA announced that it would be dissolved and formally ceased to exist on February 11, 2011. It continues to live on in the merger of one of its previous sectors, the ECA, and the National Electronic Distributors...
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...Wireless network Since their birth in the early seventeenth and all along their di_erent generations, mobile communication networks have crossed important evolutionary phases aiming to de_ne increasingly sophisticated technologies allowing the provision of seamless global roaming, quality of service, and high data rates. Today, numerous technologies are co-existing to provide a unifying set of services. The coming era of 4th generation networks is foreseeing a potential smooth merging of all these heterogeneous technologies. A 4G network is characterized by the integration and the convergence of all communication networks, which are intrinsically characterized by their diversity, their heterogeneity, and their dynamicity, into one network. The main challenges raised by this network are the guarantee of seamless global roaming, the provision of cost effective high data rates, the definition of efficient user-centric customized service models, and the optimization of the quality of service provision. 1.1:Generation: 1.1.1:Wireless first generation overview (1G) 1G (or 1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology (mobile telecommunications). These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main difference between the two mobile telephone systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G networks are analog, while 2G networks are digital...
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...1945, in technical leaps which we call generations. 0G was the invention of the mobile telephone without networks, where callers had to connect to a base station and operator. In 1979 and 80, 1G came out, where the cellular radios (as we engineers called them) were first connected to networks of stations (called cells). The 2G networks were the first ones where consumers became aware of new capabilities and started buying the technology heavily. This was during the late 90s and into the early 2000s. These were the first phones with the PHS, CDMA, GSM, mail, Cameras, and other options. 3G is the network expansion which allowed direct internet connections, Wideband data access, simultaneous voice, data, music, and telephone, plus network based apps all rolled into one. 3G is the network which allows you to use the cell phone as a credit card. 4G is a network in the planning stages, although some companies say they are implementing parts of the 4G net now. 4G includes a network specification (engineer talk for basic requirement), for 100 megabit to 1 gigabit data transfer rates while highly mobile worldwide. It also includes high quality of service requirements for multimedia support (real time audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc). 4G is coming, but is not here yet, because the specs are still being worked over at the ITU (Intenational Telecom Union) in Geneva. A 3G/4G network is one where the network meets all the 3G ITU Specifications, and also...
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...NOrth South University Course: MIS 105 Semester: Spring 2013 Section: 14 Submitted By Name | Student ID | Shaikh Mohammad Habib | 1310297630 | Shaila Shabnam | 1210738030 | Sharifa Jaman | 1211016030 | Submitted to: Chowdhury Shahrear Ekram (CEM) Submission Date: April 25, 2013 Report on Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) April 25, 2013 To Course Instructor, MIS 105, Section-14, School of Business, North South University. Subject: Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir; It is our pleasure to submit the report on “Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)” which could be helpful for any person to know about this technology. According to your advice, we have completed the report write-up based on the topics covered in the course.As per your direction; we have tried our best to highlight our findings through this write-up. We sincerely hope that this report will fulfill the requirements suggested by you for the course MIS 105. Please feel free to contact us anytime for further query. Our contact numbers: Name Contact Number Shaikh Mohammad Habib 01672590241 Shaila Shabnam 01687628995 Sharifa Jaman 01745818271 Thank You. Sincerely Yours, Shaikh Mohammad Habib Shaila Shabnam Sharifa Jaman Introduction to GSM GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION) is the world’s most...
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...AN INTRODUCTION TO LTE LTE, LTE-ADVANCED, SAE AND 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS Christopher Cox Director, Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2012 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor...
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...Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about a wireless technology standard. For the medieval King of Denmark, see Harald Bluetooth. Bluetooth Developed by Bluetooth Special Interest Group Industry Mobile personal area networks Compatible hardware Mobile phones, Personal computers, Laptop computers Physical range Up to 60 metres[1] Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz[2]) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994,[3] it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization. Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG), which has more than 19,000 member companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.[4] Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification, manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[5] To be marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined by the SIG.[6] A network of patents is required to implement the technology, which is licensed only for that qualifying device. Contents • 1 Name and logo • 2 Implementation o 2.1 Communication and connection • 3...
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...communications en tendant vers une qualité d’audition proche de celle de la téléphonie fixe. • Elle permet de concevoir une norme compatible à l’échelle mondiale, contrairement aux technologies actuelles (les normes utilisées aux Etats-Unis et au Japon ne sont pas toutes compatibles avec le GSM). • Elle répond au problème croissant de saturation des réseaux GSM, notamment en grandes villes. Les technologies développées autour de la norme UMTS conduisent à une amélioration significative des vitesses de transmission pouvant atteindre 2 Mbit/s. De tels débits sont significativement supérieurs à ceux permis par les réseaux GSM actuels (9,6 kbit/s) ou par le GPRS. • Cette amélioration des débits est rendue possible par l’évolution des technologies radio qui autorise une meilleure efficacité spectrale et l’exploitation de bandes de spectre de fréquence supérieure à celles utilisées par la technologie GSM. Alors que les réseaux GSM déployés au cours des dernières années reposaient sur l’utilisation de bandes de fréquences autour de 900 MHz et de 1800 MHz, la norme UMTS exploite de nouvelles zones du spectre (notamment les bandes 1920-1980 MHz et 2110-2170 MHz). • Ces différences entre les normes GSM et UMTS rendent...
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...Brief History of the Internet Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. 1 This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet. 2 In this paper,3 several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet...
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...the past. In short, it is a wireless replacement for many of the cables we currently use to transmit voice and data signals. It is the result of the joint achievements of nine leading companies: 3COM, Lucent Technologies, IBM, Intel, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Toshiba, Ericsson, altogether known as the Blue Tooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The idea is to create a single wireless protocol to address the end-user problems arising from proliferation of various mobile devices. The Bluetooth specification is ideal for mobile professionals who need to link notebook computers, mobile phones, PDA’s , PIMs, digital cameras, and other hand-held devices to do business at home, on the road, or in the office. Governments worldwide regulate it, so it is possible to utilize the same standard wherever one travels. Bluetooth provides three low power modes to conserve battery life: sniff mode, hold mode, and park mode. It aims at low power consumption and provides security for both stationary and mobile devices. A Bluetooth chip (9mm x 9mm) takes the information normally carried by the cable, and transmits it at a special frequency to a receiver. Bluetooth radio modules use Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK) for modulation. Blue Tooth employs an FHSS spreading technique, changing frequencies at a rate of 1600 times per second - 160 times the rate at which a wireless LAN changes frequencies. This provides a fairly robust communications link for its intended range. Signals can be transmitted...
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...Select one (1) of the working groups in the IETF or IEEE and briefly summarize what this group is working on. “Working groups chartered by the IETF carry out the actual development of new standards and protocols for the Internet. Membership in a working group is voluntary; any interested party may participate. During the development of a specification, a working group will make a draft version of the document available as an Internet Draft, which is placed in the IETF's "Internet Drafts" online directory. The document may remain as an Internet Draft for up to six months, and interested parties may review and comment on the draft. During that time, the IESG may approve publication of the draft as an RFC (Request for Comment). If the draft has not progressed to the status of an RFC during the six month period, it is withdrawn from the directory. The working group may subsequently publish a revised version of the draft.” (Stallings, p. B-5, 2009). “The IETF is responsible for publishing the RFCs, with approval of the IESG. The RFCs are the working notes of the Internet research and development community. A document in this series may be on essentially any topic related to computer communications and may be anything from a meeting report to the specification of a standard. The work of the IETF is divided into eight areas, each with an area director and each composed of numerous working groups.” (Stallings, p. B-5, 2009). Justify the need of the IEEE 802 standard...
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...if you will the amount of data that flows through our communication lines at any given time, you will still be counting long after my lifespan and beyond, there’s that much data. What we witness as everyday patrons who succumb to the thresholds in data communication restrictions if it were to run without direction, then all of our communication would experience extreme latency during transfer. Because of this constant object standing in the way of smooth data transfers, Standards were put in place to monitor and maintain the process. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers or IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers or IEEE, was officially formed in January 1963 from two individual companies the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE), and American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE). Together they would design what we have come to know today as our internet. The IEEE main function and purpose is to instill a scientific and educational means to advance theory and practices of Electronics, Computer engineering, Electrical, and Communications in their own respective fields. IEEE plays a very big part, much like a conductor for an orchestra, IEEE is the “conductor” and the instruments are the organizations that work under IEEE in organizing our data. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) A well-known Standards Organization known as the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), is an agency of the United Nations. Its original name was the...
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...Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. 1 This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet. 2 In this paper,3 several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the ARPANET (and related...
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...The 4G Networks [pic] Southwest Tennessee Community College CPET2324, Computer Networks and Systems April 24, 2013 Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 Letter of Transmittal 3 Abstract 4 The Origin and Definition 5 IMT – Advanced Requirements 5 Development 6 The Influence of 4G 8 The Future of 4G 8 Works Cited 10 My technical report entitled “4G Networks” is presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for CPET2324, Computer Network Systems. The 4G network was chosen for this topic because of the impact it has on wireless communications. I think the most important tool a person can carry these days is the cell phone. My essay attempts to show how critical the 4G networks is to our beloved cell phone and other wireless devices. Abstract The 4G Networks In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of mobile communication technology standards. It is a successor of the third generation (3G) standard. While all 4G service is called “4G,” the underlying technology is not the same. Sprint, for example, uses WiMax technology for its 4G network, while Verizon Wireless uses a technology called Long Term Evolution, or LTE. No matter what technology is behind it, 4G wireless is designed to deliver speed. The Origin and Definition of the Term The fourth...
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...Brief History of the Internet Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and 1 "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet...
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