...selling book Blue Ocean Strategy (Kim & Mauborgne, 2005) illustrate that new, uncontested markets are created by the decisions companies make over time rather than high levels of research and development (R&D) spending or intensive mergers and acquisitions (M&A) to acquire patents. The differences between companies who rely on innovation-based strategies relative to those that rely on speed-based ones are most prevalent during the decision of when and how to launch new products. This specific decision is in fact quantified as the single greatest and profit-generating event in the analysis completed (Kim, Mauborgne, 2004). Apple dominates innovation-based decisions and often looks to completely redefine a given marketplace through the sequence of product and service innovations developed. This mindset and resulting decisions within Apple to pursue a strategy of innovation and the development of an entire ecosystem for digital content including iTunes, iPods, and iPhones/iTouch devices has created a platform the company capitalizes on with each product introduction (Jonash, Koehler, & Onassis, 2007). The decision of which features within a given iPod to launch, how to specifically position its video capabilities and the offer of bundling for specific services on iTunes all relate to this innovation mindset. The computer peripherals marketplace is one marked by rapid product introductions and the continual development of new features. This is an industry marked...
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...Technology in Society 31 (2009) 342–349 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Technology in Society journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/techsoc The politics of airplane production: The emergence of two technological frames in the competition between Boeing and Airbus Alexander Z. Ibsen* University of Arizona, Department of Sociology, P.O. Box 210027, Tucson, AZ 85721-0027,United States a b s t r a c t Keywords: Airplanes Boeing Airbus Two-party democracy Frames Technological philosophy Economic models of technological innovation, as well as modern sociological approaches to the study of organizations, predict that two-actor markets will eventually evolve into one dominant technological logic. Why is it, then, that the only two global manufacturers of large commercial airplanes have developed diametrically opposed technological philosophies? Based on secondary historical sources, this article employs a theory of twoparty democracies from political science and the theory of sociotechnical frames to explain why Boeing pilots are allowed ultimate command of their aircraft whereas Airbus confers this authority to the flight computer. Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction For anyone who has ever flown on a large airplane owned by an airline based in an affluent country, the chances are almost exactly 50% that the plane will be made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, and 50% that it will be made by Airbus S.A.S. At the same time, it is 100%...
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...GMAT: A) they wouldn't have to carry heavy study books around and they could maximize their study time by catching a few minutes of studying between meetings and on similar occasions B) they could study more questions and a computer within the app could keep track of their progress on practice exams C) they could save money by not having to buy multiple study guides and a small computer within the app could keep track of their progress on practice exams D) they wouldn't have to carry heavy study books around and they could interact online with other people preparing for the GMAT and similar exams E) they could maximize their study time by catching a few minutes of studying between meetings and on similar occasions and they could save money by not having to buy multiple study guides Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 41 Topic: Identifying and Recognizing Opportunities AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 2) A(n) ________ is a favorable set of circumstances that creates a need for a new product, service, or business. A) idea B) scheme C) design D) proposal E) opportunity Answer: E Diff: 1 Page Ref: 43 Topic: Identifying and Recognizing Opportunities AACSB: Reflective Thinking Objective: Describe the role of entrepreneurs and small business 3) According to the textbook, opportunities are: A) easy to spot B) easy to spot in fast growing industries but tough to spot in...
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...Reading 2: Recognizing Opportunities and Generating Ideas BENCHPREP: be familiar with what the company does; how it was launched; the characteristics of the business opportunity when the BENCHPREP was launched * Company provides cross-platform apps to help students prepare for standardized tests (GMAT, SAT, MCAT, etc.). * Launched at the perfect time (not too early-not to late) when IPhone was introduced and apps were just gaining popularity. Done by two friends (ASHISH RANGNEKAR AND UJIWAL CUPTA). * Timing was perfect. The first GMAT perp app. Opportunity Evaluation Framework: be familiar with its five key characteristics as discussed in class, their meanings and the key questions behind each characteristic (source: lecture, book chapter) 1. Product: anchored in a product, service or business that adds...
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...Internet and other technologies are contributing to a gradual integration of most national economies into a unified global marketplace. The Drivers of Market Globalization The exhibit presents an organizing framework for examining market globalization. The exhibit makes a distinction between: (1) drivers or causes of globalization; As market globalization intensifies, individual firms respond to the challenges and new advantages that it brings. However, keep in mind that firms do not expand abroad solely as a reaction to market globalization. They also internationalize proactively, in order to pursue new markets, find lower-cost inputs, or obtain other advantages. Often, adverse conditions in the home market, such as regulation or declining industry sales, push firms to boldly venture abroad. Firms that do so tend to be more successful in global competition than those that engage in international business as a reactive move. Worldwide reduction of barriers to trade and investment. The tendency of national governments to reduce trade and investment barriers has accelerated global economic integration. For example, tariffs on the import of automobiles, industrial machinery, and countless other products have declined nearly to zero in many countries, encouraging freer international exchange of goods and services. Falling trade barriers are...
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...R e se a rc h a n d Stat i s t i c s B r a n c h working paper 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION RESEARCH AND STATISTICS BRANCH WORKING PAPER 16/2009 Impact of the Global Economic and Financial Crisis over the Automotive Industry in Developing Countries Peter Wad Copenhagen Business School UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION Vienna, 2010 This paper was prepared by Peter Wad, UNIDO consultant and backstopped by Nobuya Haraguchi, UNIDO staff member, Research and Statistics Branch, Programme Coordination and Field Operations Division. Iguaraya Saavedra provided administrative support. The designations employed, descriptions and classifications of countries, and the presentation of the material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Secretariat of the UNIDO. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. Although great care has...
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...Pforzheim University, Pforzheim, Germany and China Europe International Business School, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Abstract Purpose – This analysis aims to examine the need of business-to-business companies for branding and analyzes the options for success by means of the stock performance. Design/methodology/approach – The paper consists of a qualitative and quantitative pilot study and a quantitative main survey. Findings – Long-term branding strategies, brand performance and firm’s business performance are found to be positively correlated with stock increase. Current brand focus and use of guiding principles can lead to improved business performance. Research limitations/implications – The study has possible location- and industry-specific limitations. Practical implications – Managerially, the findings encourage firms to adopt a long-term branding strategy, focusing not only on brand development. Originality/value – By systematically examining relationships between branding strategy and performance of the global firms, this study adds knowledge to the field of B2B brand research. Keywords Business-to-business marketing, Brand management, Marketing strategy, International marketing Paper type Conceptual paper An executive summary for managers and executive readers can be found at the end of this issue. Introduction When talking about brands most people think of Coca-Cola, Apple, Ikea, Starbucks, Nokia, and maybe Harley Davidson. These brands also happen to be among...
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...The Theoretical Value of Studying Indian Multinationals Ravi Ramamurti The rise of new multinationals in countries like India provides an opportunity to revisit and carefully construct theories of how firms internationalize—a topic on which extant theory is weak. Indian firms are “infant MNEs,” unlike Western firms that are “mature MNEs.” Indian firms are also internationalizing in a very different global context, and can do so on the basis of different competitive advantages, than MNEs that came before. Finally, research on Indian MNEs can help identify generic strategies for internationalization, examples of which are provided in the article. By pursuing the lines of inquiry proposed, research on Indian MNEs can contribute not just to better local practice but also to broader theory building about early-stage internationalization. Ravi Ramamurti is CBA Distinguished Professor of International Business and Director, Centre for Emerging Markets, at Northeastern University, USA. E- mail r.ramamurti@neu.edu. This essay draws heavily on the author’s two papers (“Why Study Emerging-market Multinationals?” and “What Have We Learned about Emerging –market Multinationals?”) in Ravi Ramamurti & Jitendra V. Singh (eds.) (2009), Emerging Multinationals in Emerging Markets, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Research on Internationalization of Indian Firms Research on India’s emerging multinational enterprises (MNEs) may be intrinsically rewarding for India specialists, but...
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...vantage//~‘L~ FIRST-MOVER ADVANTAGES Marvin B. Lieberman David B. Montgomery’ October 1987 Research Paper No. 969 1The authors are, respectively, Assistant Professor of Business Policy, and Robert A. Magowan Professor of Marketing, at the Stanford Business School. We thank Piet Vanden Abeele, Rajiv Lal, Mark Satterthwaite and Birger Wernerfelt for helpfiul discussions on earlier drafts. The Strategic Management Program at Stanford Business School provided financial support. / ~‘N ~ Abstract This article surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on mechanisms that confer advantages and disadvantages on first-mover firms. Major conceptual issues are addressed, and recommendations are given for future research. Managerial implications are also considered. INTRODUCTION What, exactly, are first-mover advantages? Under what conditions do they arise, and by what specific mechanisms? Do first-movers make aboveaverage profits? And when is it in a firm’s interest to pursue first-mover opportunities, as opposed to allowing rivals to make the pioneering investments? In this paper we examine these and other related questions. We categorize the mechanisms that confer advantages and disadvantages on first-mover firms, and critically assess the relevant theoretical and empirical literature. The recent burgeoning of theoretical work in industrial economics provides a rich set of models that help make our understanding of first-mover advantages more precise. There...
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...FIRST-MOVER ADVANTAGES Marvin B. Lieberman David B. Montgomery’ October 1987 Research Paper No. 969 //~‘L~ 1The authors are, respectively, Assistant Professor of Business Policy, and Robert A. Magowan Professor of Marketing, at the Stanford Business School. We thank Piet Vanden Abeele, Rajiv Lal, Mark Satterthwaite and Birger Wernerfelt for helpfiul discussions on earlier drafts. The Strategic Management Program at Stanford Business School provided financial support. / ~‘N ~ Abstract This article surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on mechanisms that confer advantages and disadvantages on first-mover firms. Major conceptual issues are addressed, and recommendations are given for future research. Managerial implications are also considered. INTRODUCTION What, exactly, are first-mover advantages? Under what conditions do they arise, and by what specific mechanisms? Do first-movers make aboveaverage profits? And when is it in a firm’s interest to pursue first-mover opportunities, as opposed to allowing rivals to make the pioneering investments? In this paper we examine these and other related questions. We categorize the mechanisms that confer advantages and disadvantages on first-mover firms, and critically assess the relevant theoretical and empirical literature. The recent burgeoning of theoretical work in industrial economics provides a rich set of models that help make our understanding of first-mover advantages more precise. There is...
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...traveller The growth of the budget traveller Summary: The changing face of the Indian traveller Appendix Our approach Contributors 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 19 Shaping the future of travel in Asia Pacific 3 Foreword While the 21st century has been termed the “Asian Century”, the term “Indian Century” is equally apt as the tremendous pace of economic development in India will drive the country to a leading place in the global economy along with other markets such as China. In terms of the travel industry, India represents the emerging giant of the Asia Pacific travel market, as the number of Indian travellers will grow exponentially over the next 20 years. But alongside growth in traveller numbers, the nature of the Indian traveller will also change as a series of geopolitical, economic, social and technological effects combine to change the way that Indian travellers behave, with consequent impacts on the travel industry. This report follows on from...
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...International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 2008, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 49-65. The Internet in developing countries: a medium of economic, cultural and political domination Abdulkafi Albirini University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA ABSTRACT The last decade has witnessed an unprecedented diffusion of network technologies into developing countries. The technological discourse attending this diffusion has presented the new media as a utopian, egalitarian and empowering tool with the potential of ushering in a new era of development, democracy, and positive cultural change. This paper examines the economic, cultural, and political effects of the Internet within the historical context of developing countries. The paper traces the politically-inspired evolution of the Internet, its transfer into developing countries, and the economic, cultural, and political consequences of this transfer. Existing data indicate that the implementation of the Internet in most developing countries has served as a drain to the local resources, thus exacerbating their economic dependency on foreign nations. On a cultural level, the Internet’s predominantly Western design, content, and language have facilitated the proliferation of alien cultural patterns at the expense of the social experiences of the local cultures. Lastly, the Internet’s build-in tracking capabilities and its current manipulation for political purposes on international...
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...Globalization and the Information Economy: Challenges and Opportunities for Africa1 Derrick L. Cogburn, Ph.D. University of Michigan School of Information and Global Information Infrastructure Commission – Africa Catherine Nyaki Adeya, Ph.D. United Nations University Institute for New Technologies Prepared as a working paper for the African Development Forum '99 24-28 October 1999, United Nations Conference Centre United Nations Economic Commission for Africa Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 1 Copyright © 1999 Derrick L. Cogburn (dcogburn@umich.edu) and Catherine Nyaki Adeya (nyaki@intech.unu.edu). This paper reflects the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of the institutions represented. Comments on the paper are welcome, and an updated version can be found at: www.si.umich.edu/~dcogburn/info_econ.htm. and www.intech.unu Derrick L. Cogburn and Catherine Nyaki Adeya ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the officers and staff at the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa for their untiring patience and assistance on the st preparation of this paper. Special thanks to the team organising the 1 African Development Forum. Dr. Cogburn would like to thank his colleagues at the Global Information Infrastructure Commission for their assistance and support on the paper. Also, at the University of Michigan, he thanks his friends and colleagues at the School of Information, the Alliance for Community Technology, and the Centre for AfroAmerican...
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... learning from competitors, users, and alliance partners. In this paper we focus attention on another locus of learning that has received less attention from academics despite popular interest: learning by supplying. Using a detailed panel dataset on supply relationships in the mobile telecommunications industry, we address the following questions: What factors contribute to a firm’s ability to learn by supplying and build technological and market capabilities? Does it matter to whom the firm supplies? Is involvement in product design important, or is manufacturing the key locus of learning? How does a supplier’s initial resource endowment play into the dynamic? Our empirical analysis yields interesting findings that have implications for theory and practice, and that suggest new directions for future research. 1 Learning by Supplying How do firms build capabilities and resources to generate and sustain competitive advantage? This question lies at the very heart of strategic management and has long preoccupied scholars and practitioners alike. While no simple prescriptions have emerged from the decades of study on the topic, scholars have identified some key industry dynamics...
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...Bangladesh Software Industry Chapter One Introduction Software industry is labor-intensive, has relatively low-entry barriers and few economies of scale and so offers lucrative opportunities for developing countries to join the ranks of the developed world. The scale and pace of growth in this sector is faster than in any other industry, and a number of developing countries having cheap, talented labor are attempting to emulate the success enjoyed by countries such as China, Thailand and India. The government in 1997 identified the software sector as a thrust sector for the overall economic growth of the country. Accordingly, a commission was formed under the ministry of commerce (later called JRC commission) to formulate some recommendations for the rapid growth of the software industry in Bangladesh. The commission identified four problematic functional areas namely: fiscal, human resource, infrastructure, and marketing, and provided some recommendations to overcome the barriers in software development in our country. By accepting these recommendations (however, some of these recommendations are yet to be implemented), the government had set a target to export yearly software worth two billion dollar (Tk 14,000 crore) by the year 2006. However the statistics (BCIT) reveal that the total earning from software sector during 2004-2005 was approximately Tk 88.34 crore. No doubt, this achievement lies far behind as it has been envisaged. In this research the main...
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