Free Essay

Technology Transfer to China Final

In: Business and Management

Submitted By goniolim
Words 3208
Pages 13
Technology Transfer to China: Guidance for Businesses
Technology Transfer to China - Why Worry?
Many European companies are keen to come to China. While in the past, European companies came to China to take advantage of low-cost manufacturing for export, more recently, they have come to enter the Chinese domestic market, establish R&D, engage in cooperative development, take advantage of a skilled work force, establish suppliers, and develop long-term partnerships in China. In order to achieve this, they are often willing to ‘transfer’ their key technology and designs to Chinese subsidiaries of European firms, joint-venture (JV) partners, or Chinese manufacturing and service companies. One of the challenges facing European companies coming to China is devising creative solutions to minimize the risk to their intellectual property (IP) associated with such technology transfers. A technology transfer happens in a number of different ways. European companies most commonly transfer their technology by licensing their patents, designs, software, trade secrets, and know-how. Ownership of the technology may be transferred, but this type of transfer is less common. A common misconception is that a technology transfer is limited to transfers of high technology. However, many European companies using contract manufacturing to manufacture low technology, consumer, or industrial products, for example based on product designs, must deal with many of the same risks to their IP as their high technology counterparts. The Chinese government encourages the lawful and legitimate transfer of technology while at the same time supporting innovation by Chinese companies, otherwise known as ‘indigenous innovation’. Over the years, gaining market access in exchange for bringing foreign technology to China has been a successful bargain for many European companies. Unfortunately, some Chinese companies seeking to acquire foreign technology often obtain it from European companies either through inadvertent leakage of IP, or in breach of agreements or Chinese law. Protection of IP through courts and other avenues in China remains mixed as the legal system continues to develop. As a result, European companies who do not think carefully about how to guard against IP risk when transferring technology to China may unwillingly suffer a loss of competitiveness and market share in the mid- to long-term as a result of losing their IP to Chinese competitors.

Thinking of Transferring Technology? - The First Step
If you are new to China or if your business is considering bringing technology to China, your first house-call will be the Catalogue for Prohibited and Restricted Technology Imports (the ‘Technology Import Catalogue’), published by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the Foreign Investment Catalogue, jointly published by the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) and the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC). Licensing: Technology imports in China are divided into ‘freely importable’, ‘restricted’, and ‘prohibited’ technology. Restricted and prohibited technologies are specifically enumerated in the Technology Import Catalogue, while technologies not listed in the Technology Import Catalogue are deemed freely importable. In most cases, technology is deemed freely importable, with only certain technologies related to economic policy development or national security classified as restricted or prohibited. Thus, before bringing any technology to China, it is important to check the Technology Import Catalogue and make sure it is not prohibited. If technology will be later exported, you also need to check the corresponding Catalogue for Prohibited and Restricted Technology Exports (the ‘Technology Export Catalogue’) and whether there are any relevant regulations in the destination country.

Foreign direct investment:

In addition, where the technology is to be brought into China via foreign direct investment (FDI) such as with the establishment of a joint-venture (JV) or wholly foreign-owned enterprise (WFOE), it is important to consider the Foreign Investment Catalogue to determine what restrictions, if any, apply to the establishment of the Chinese entity. For example, the foreign investment in design and manufacturing of civil aircraft equipment is limited to JVs. For technology transfers in the form of a FDI, the permitted form of FDI will be critical in determining what contractual and non-contractual solutions you will need to protect your IP.

What Can Companies Do to Protect Themselves? - Picking the Right Partners
It is important to recognize at the outset that part of the motivation for the Chinese company in a technology transfer is obtaining foreign technology and know-how. This fact is not a secret and you should not treat it like one. Consequently, as a first step to protecting your IP in a technology transfer, it is important to make sure you choose the right partners at the outset. Essentially, the ideal partner will be complementary, but not well-positioned to directly compete with your business. However, in order to make an informed decision, you need to take a closer look at your business as well as the potential Chinese partner by following these three-steps: Step 1: Analyse your strengths. What is it that makes your company competitive? What measures and IPRs are used or can be used to defend your competitiveness (e.g. trade secrets, patents, new applications for technology requiring know-how, etc.)? Which IP assets can be transferred to third parties without losing competitiveness or market share in the mid- to long -term? Step 2: Analyse your competitors and the Chinese market in which you wish to operate. Do you know who your competitors in China are? What are their strengths? What is their strategy? This analysis should also include your potential and existing partners in China: are you aware of their specific objectives? Are they in a special situation which influences your cooperation? For example, State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) may be obliged to abide by local and State industry policy which requires them to gain more know-how transfer and R&D investment rather than maximising short-term profits. Step 3: Design your own procedures when dealing with China. They need to be practical, but also indicate where you will draw the line when trading off IP protection for operational efficiency. Define your limits and vigorously defend your position.

What Can Companies Do to Protect Themselves? - Structure
Once you've selected the right partner, structuring your technology transfer is critical to effectively protecting your IP. The IP risk associated with a particular technology transfer will vary depending on whether you are licensing, setting up a JV, or setting up a WOFE. In all three of these situations, the name of the game is the same - to prevent your IP from being inadvertently leaked or intentionally misappropriated or misused by a related or unrelated Chinese party. However, each situation presents unique opportunities and challenges: 1. Licensing the technology to an unrelated Chinese company (such as in a contract manufacturing context). When licensing to unrelated Chinese companies such as in contract manufacturing, you generally have the least control over your IP, but you have the option to use multiple Chinese suppliers and can use what is known as a ‘modular strategy’ which basically involves using different Chinese suppliers to source different components of your product, so that no single Chinese supplier can make your product. In addition, phased implementation is often used to test out the Chinese partner before transferring additional technology. Both of these strategies are widely used by many European companies. 2. Setting up a JV (maybe because you want to take advantage of the local partner's contacts or existing facilities, or you are required to by the Foreign Investment Catalogue).

In the context of a JV, modular strategy and phased implementation is limited because typically business efficiency requires the JV to be able to deliver a completed product. In addition, there is the added challenge of transferring your technology to the JV while preventing your IP from leaking to your Chinese JV partner. In such circumstances, it is important to be creative and to not let the deal get in the way of protecting your IP. It is extremely important to be smart when defining the roles of not just the JV, but also your Chinese JV partner. For example, many companies keep critical design work or the manufacturer of critical components in a separate wholly-owned subsidiary or completely off-shore. A Chinese JV partner with strong local contacts and sales networks can be structured as an authorised distributor of the JV's products, but being otherwise limited in the activities of the JV. 3. Setting up a WFOE (maybe because it is permitted in your industry and you want to have the greatest amount of control). If a WFOE structure is used, IP risk is less because you have the greatest amount of control over your whollyowned subsidiary. In these structures, addressing IP risk often means focusing on reducing or preventing IP leakage by employees and business partners. For example, when establish an R&D centre, it is important to ensure that employee-inventors are properly remunerated and developed IP is routinely captured and managed, including filing patents and registering copyrights. Use of confidentiality agreements and noncompete agreements for certain employees who are intimately knowledgeable about your business and technology is strongly recommended.

What Can Companies do to Protect Themselves? - Contracts
In addition to structure, the other key to successfully protecting your IP in technology transfers is to make sure you have all the relevant contracts in place and that they are airtight. It is recommended that companies use IP licenses with their Chinese partners; in addition to establishing each party's rights, the IP license ensures that the technology transferred is documented in case issues arise later on. This is especially critical when the Chinese party is also contributing technology and IP becomes difficult to identify or differentiate. Improvements: One of the most negotiated parts of the IP clauses of a technology transfer agreement is the provision for the creation of improvements and the ownership of improvements made by the Chinese party. This is because improvements to the transferred technology are often extremely valuable and form the basis for the cooperation. As a result, the foreign party typically wants to own all improvements to the technology made by the Chinese party. However, there are a couple of important points under Chinese law on improvements you need to know: 1. Commissioned IP belongs to the commissioned party, unless the contract states the commissioning party owns the IP. This means that it is important that the contract states clearly what IP is to be developed and who will own it. 2. Improvements are owned by the party that makes the improvements and cannot be automatically ‘granted-back’ to the other party without some form of compensation or without reciprocation such as granting a license to the other party's improvements. This means that the typical automatic ownership of improvements being owned by the foreign party will be unenforceable. 3. A Chinese party cannot be restricted from making improvements to transferred technology and using the improvements. This means that a Chinese party can make improvements and any such restrictions will be unenforceable. The implications of these three rules create many problems for European companies looking to transfer their technology to China. Since the Chinese party is permitted under Chinese law to make and use improvements, European companies have to think twice about what technology they are willing to bring to China and allow the Chinese party to improve on. It is important to discuss with an experienced lawyer

about your technology transfer who can help you come up with creative ways to structure the terms of the contract in order to address the development, ownership, and use of improvements. Confidentiality: It is important to include strong confidentiality provisions in the technology transfer contract. European companies often go to great lengths to protect their confidential information, trade secrets and know-how, including using key-card access, closed-circuit TV, virtual data rooms, and sophisticated document tracking measures. While these measures may be expensive and difficult to administer, they should be seriously considered if critical IP is transferred. Reverse engineering: In addition to dealing with the issues related to improvements to the technology, European companies must also think about reverse engineering, which is the acquisition of technology by taking apart and studying an existing product in the market. Reverse engineering is permitted under Chinese law and not considered a theft of trade secrets. As a result, well-drafted technology transfer contracts should include a provision limiting or prohibiting the Chinese party from engaging in reverse engineering.

Case Study - Joint Venture Supplier
EuroCraft, a European manufacturer of civil aircraft components wants to set up a parts supplier in China and also market and sell the parts to Chinese civil aviation companies. The Foreign Investment Catalogue requires a JV structure for this industry, and so a potential partner with existing manufacturing facilities is found. However, the partner is an SOE which owns a subsidiary that makes similar components. IP risk in this situation is high, but there are no other suitable partners. To minimize IP risk, the company structures the deal such that the JV is set up as an exclusive parts supplier to EuroCraft. To avoid being unable to identify IP after it is transferred to the JV and incorporated into products, the Chinese partner does not contribute any IP. The JV will manufacture the parts and sell them to EuroCraft for export. The JV partner, which has significant ties in the domestic Chinese market, will serve as EuroCraft's exclusive dealer in China, earning a commission on sales. Parts design will remain with EuroCraft's European subsidiary. In addition, the JV will start manufacturing non-critical parts which will be phased into the project. Manufacture of critical bearings, for which EuroCraft has developed a proprietary process to improve performance, will remain in Europe. Most of EuroCraft's IP is in the form of trade secrets and know-how. EuroCraft concludes an IP license with strong confidentiality provisions with the JV. IP transfer takes place exclusively through a virtual data room accessible only by authorised individuals. In addition, strict documenting procedures are put into place to make sure transfers of technology are fully documented. Key lessons: 1. Conduct due diligence on potential partners, find complementary partners not competitively-positioned partners. 2. Structure the deal to minimize IP risk by designating exclusivity, segregating roles such as product design from manufacturing, and using phased implementation. Keep critical components or technology offshore. 3. Conclude an IP license and make sure the transfer of technology, including documents, demonstrations, drawings, and oral communications are well documented.

Case Study - Contract Manufacturer
EuroTat is a European company that designs, manufacturers, and sells tattoo chairs. EuroTat's tattoo chairs use a patented special balancing mechanism which automatically senses the weight of the user and location of the tattoo artist and adjusts the chair accordingly. Looking to reduce manufacturing costs and enter the growing market for tattoo chairs in China, EuroTat identifies three potential manufacturers. One factory is able to dedicate the entire facility to making tattoo chairs for EuroTat and at the cheapest cost. However, EuroTat instead decides to use one factory to manufacture the seat pads and another factory to

manufacture the metal frame. The balancing mechanism remains manufactured in Europe and shipped to EuroTat's WFOE located in Shanghai. Final assembly takes place at EuroTat's WFOE facility. The WFOE also engages in R&D activities to help develop the next generation balancing mechanism. EuroTat requires all employees to sign confidentiality agreements and an inventor assignment and reward agreement which provides that all inventions created by the employee is owned by EuroTat. The product development manager is required to sign a non-compete agreement. The WFOE provides periodic trainings to employees on IP protection. Key lessons: 1. Register patents to your technology before bringing the technology to China. 2. If possible, use different manufacturers for different components, keep critical components offshore, and have final assembly take place at a WFOE or offshore. 3. Sign employee confidentiality agreements, invention assignment and reward agreements, and noncompete agreements with employees. Provide regular training on IP protection.

Technology Transfer IP Protection Checklist:
Protect products and technologies
   

Design products for sourcing in China on a modular basis, so that different modules can be produced by different manufacturers, thus ensuring that each supplier obtains only partial knowledge. Combine and test key functions in key components which are always developed and manufactured inhouse and delivered to your own system integration department for installation. Conducting due diligence of a potential Chinese partner, the location and local industrial policies and laws. Communicate know-how, documents, customer relations, designs, strategies, update plans, etc. to Chinese suppliers strictly on a ‘need-to-know’ basis, and only following signature of a confidentiality agreement. Do not send drawings around, especially not in un-encoded mails. Protect unauthorised copying by way of patents, trademarks, designs, etc. and pursue counterfeiters. Clearly define ownership of rights of inventions, creations, and improvements including in case of termination. Carry out regular supplier audits with the emphasis on contractual obligations checking for IPR leakage and undeclared royalties. Put in place export restrictions and actively follow-up on any detected breaches.

    

Do your homework: Integrate employees


Engineers like to communicate with each other. Raise their awareness of the importance of technology protection by providing training. Ensure employment contracts contain non-compete clauses and confidentiality agreements as well as non-solicitation clauses. Keep highly qualified Chinese employees working in subsidiaries of European firms and JVs through incentives such as pay, promotional opportunities, etc. If you use agents, commercial and sales partners, include safeguard clauses in the agency agreement, especially if you are not yourself present on the market. If necessary, provide training for your sales partner's staff. Screen visitors to R&D centres and ensure they are accompanied at all times. Restrict physical access to sensitive work sections. Do not take on every contract. Do not penalise the sales department if it turns down a contract for technology protection reasons after consultation with the legal department.

  

  



Where possible have your own team on site, specialised in know-how protection and Chinese law.

Use the system!
      

Register your patents, trademarks, copyright and design not only in EU, but especially also in China! Ensure that transfers of know how are made on a clear legal basis for all parties involved, define precisely and in detail the object and recipient of the transfer, including formalities and documentation. In the event of a transfer of technology, make sure you conclude a non-disclosure agreement. Oblige your contractual partner to comply with all administrative rules for technology import and export. Specify in the contract that suppliers must not sell the products in question to third parties without authorisation. Limit, to the extent possible, the number of sublicenses given. Use the China IPR SME Helpdesk, your embassy’s trade assistant and Delegation of the European Commission to convey concerns and problems. These institutions are available to assist you with any China related IPR issues you may face.

Related links

For the Catalogue for Prohibited and Restricted Technology Imports (in Chinese), see http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2007-11/02/content_793830.htm For the Catalogue for Prohibited and Restricted Technology Exports (in Chinese), see http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-09/25/content_1105522.htm For the Foreign Investment Catalogue (in Chinese), see http://www.fdi.gov.cn/pub/FDI_EN/Laws/GeneralLawsandRegulations/MinisterialRulings/P020071121358 108121219.pdf

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Technology and Culture Affects

...Sociology 300 | Technology and Culture affects | Final Draft | John Prathammavong 9/9/2012 | Thailand, Philippines, China, and Indonesia are different nations that have grown with technology and culture due to western society. Technology makes our lives as people more efficient and for these countries a change from traditional ways of lives. The workforce of these countries and culture change with adaptation to what technology they are exposed to in life. Venture capitalists and consumers have their ways to expand business with technology in these countries and affect lives in good and bad ways. There are always ups and downs to everything and technology has its glitches too. There are even some of the best hackers but have been caught that come from the Philippines. Thailand, Vietnam, China, and Philippines are some countries that will open their first Payless shoe operation recently due to some of our western culture. Technology and its culture have made some lives more civilized within these countries. Technology is a universal language that people all over the world may use that has access and is able to communicate. There are many opportunities for capitalist to expand businesses in countries such as these because of many reasons. One it is cheap, cheap labor, and chance to broaden business overseas. There are good and bad reasons with everything as in some people benefit and others pay for it in a negative way. Technology has its negativity where there...

Words: 1411 - Pages: 6

Free Essay

Spill-over Effect

...when there is a gap of advanced production technology, managerial knowledge, and working practices between the receiver and the donator. Frequently, transnational corporation (TNCs) required domestic company to adjust new systems in order to remain market share and gain profit. Therefore, spill-over effect can be considered as the result of activity of FDI investor and modifications of local corporations. There are four types of spill-over effect: the labor mobility channel, demonstration channel, the forward and backward linkages and the competition channels. The labor mobility channel The movement of skilled personnel from foreign firms to domestic firms helps transferred advanced technology and management skills. Thanks to labor mobility, positive spill-over can be created by two ways: employees applied what they have learned to domestic companies or established the new ones. The demonstration channel It is one of the most important channel to create positive FDI effect There are three ways to transfer technology * Internal transfer: the transfer between parent company or TNC and their affiliates or subsidiary * Transfer among FDI companies and domestic ones within the same business: the local manager can set up their new business based on the knowledge and skill they have experienced. Although it can be called as a loss for FDI investors, this transformation can bring development and exposure of advanced technology to home country. Or another ways, local entities...

Words: 1144 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Management of Technology

...1) Background of the Study Author: Chieh-Yu Lin (Department of International Business, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China). Title: Factors affecting innovation in logistics technologies for logistics service providers in China. Source: Journal of Technology Management in China/Emerald Group Publishing. 2) Does it build upon appropriate theories or framework? If so, commend on the theories or framework been used. Yes, this issue had been build upon appropriate framework. This journal had been proving the importance of innovation in the logistics technologies. Through its theoretical details, many definitions of innovation had been given by journal writers all over the world. In order for companies to gain competitive advantage, they must embed the use of both innovation and technologies in running their business. Some defined innovation as a line of discipline, learning, and practicing their capabilities to expand opportunities for running a business or services. However, theoretically innovation is any product or services that are improved and upgraded with a more value added components. The journal is summarized as to have a number of factors influencing the innovation in logistics technologies, which includes the internal factors and the external factors. The internal and external factors are said to be the research framework. The internal framework basically explains on the adaptation of innovation in a business. Hence, the adaptation...

Words: 2423 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Final Paper

...a plastic manufacturer providing services globally. Our product services include plastic beverage bottles, plastic fan components and custom plastic developments. The company consists of 3 production plants: Pontiac, Michigan, Albany, Georgia, and Hangzhou, China. Corporate headquarters and the research and development department are located in San Jose, California. Riordan is currently expanding and growing capabilities, to include upgrades in telecommunication systems for faster information travel amongst the 4 locations. Specifically, our location in Hangzhou, China is in dire need of upgrades. We've decided to relocate the entire Hangzhou location to a new facility in Shanghai, China. There are many factors and recommendations to consider as well as a chance to take advantage of implementing newer technology. The following project plan will outline the steps necessary to accommodate the telecommunication system transfer. Integrative Network Design Project Project plan The Information Technology Department has been tasked to plan, prepare and execute an entire network breakdown from Riordan Manufacturing's Hangzhou, China production facility and rebuild the network infrastructure at the new Shanghai, China production facility location. Current network setup Each department is allotted a dedicated amount of computer workstations as well as networked paraphernalia, such as printers, phones, and fax machines. It is our intent to maintain that infrastructure...

Words: 3887 - Pages: 16

Premium Essay

Cherys

...FCjhANALYZING CHINA’S AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH PORTER’S DIAMOND MODEL DI WU Bachelor of Management, University of Lethbridge, 2004 A Research Project Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of the University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT Faculty of Management University of Lethbridge LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA, CANADA © Di Wu, 2006 (Approval/ Signature page) ii Abstract This paper incorporates Porter’s diamond model to analyze China’s automobile industry. Besides looking at the four determinants of competitiveness in the original model, this study specifically examines the impact of government on industry competitiveness. This study retrieves archival data on multi-measurements used in prior studies. The author incorporates one case study of a Chinese auto firm to illustrate the specific impact of government policy and the responses of auto assemblers and component suppliers. Interviews with experts in auto-related industries are conducted to triangulate the findings. Results show that the Chinese auto industry is still in its early stages of development, whereas product quality and economies of scale of domestic automakers are approaching global standards; thus Chinese auto firms aim at becoming major players in the international market. The government plays an active role in assisting the industry development as the nation transitions from a planned economy to a free...

Words: 30906 - Pages: 124

Premium Essay

Marketing

...in selling goods or services to the final consumers for personal, non business use” Retailing may be understood as the final step in the distribution of merchandise for consumption by the end consumers. Retailing is responsible for matching final consumer demand with supplies of different marketers. Retailing is high intensity competition industry, The reasons for its popularity lie in its ability to provide easier access to variety of products, freedom of choice and many services to consumers. The Indian retail is dotted by traditionally market place called bazaars or haats comprises of numerous small and large shops, selling different or similar merchandise  -India retail industry is the largest industry in India, with an employment of around 8% and contributing to over 10% of the country's GDP. Retail industry in India is expected to rise 25% yearly being driven by strong income growth, changing lifestyles, and favorable demographic patterns. A further increase of 7-8% is expected in the industry of retail in India by growth in consumerism in urban areas, rising incomes, and a steep rise in rural  It is the second fastest growing economy of the world Potential to be the third largest economy in terms of GDP in next few years It ranks high amongst the top 10 FDI destinations of the world Fastest growing tourist market in Asia World bank states, India to be worlds second largest economy after China by the year 2050 Stable and investor...

Words: 526 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Oil Industry Analysis

...Executive Summary With the world demand for oil and gas is increasing and likely to increase further and as a developing country creating a best way to produce oil and gas to the unlimited demand. Petroliam Nasional Berhad(PETRONAS) has decided to analyse its business venture in three different countries all over the world. The countries are United States, China and Russia. Investing in international country may give out some financial risk. This paper is discussing the method Petronas can use to overcome all the financial risk in United States, China and Russia. A study on the derivative market of all the three countries is done to measure the risks and to know the ways to overcome the risks. Besides, this paper also discusses the taxation of every each country and how Petronas can minimize the tax burden. At the end of this paper, a conclusion is made (based on the criteria mention above) to which country to invest with different proportion. 1.0 Company Background and Risk Profile 1.1 Introduction to Oil and Gas industry in Malaysia Malaysia is one of the largest net exporters of oil and gases its region and the world. They have many gas and oil deposits on land and in the oceans surrounding the country. The country produces almost 2% of the world’s natural gas and nearly 13% of the world’s liquefied natural gas (LNG) and is ranked 25th in oil production in the world producing more than 750,000...

Words: 3719 - Pages: 15

Premium Essay

Reflection About Article What Panasonic Learned in China

... The review is about the article What Panasonic Learned in China written by Wakayama Toshiro, Shintaku Junjiro and Amano Tomofumi. Harvard Business Review. Dec2012, Vol. 90 Issue 12, p109-113. The article focuses on how Panasonic in China learned to bridge two strategies that are often mutually exclusive: localization and integration. The founder of Panasonic was asked by the Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping to help modernizing China’s industries. Panasonic began licensing technologies to China which led to more than 40 China-based manufacturing operations. Panasonic’s first main purpose was to take advantage of low manufacturing costs and exporting the output. In Japan, Panasonic invested a Lifestyle Research Center to understand more how households use their products. However, there was little effort to understand China’s market which had as consequence of minimal efforts to localization. As the middle class of China began to emerge, local competitors such as Haier outpaced the Panasonic company. In response, Panasonic started to develop a deep understanding of consumer lifestyles in China’s market. Through its effort in the Chinese market, Panasonic learned to bridge localization and integration as their strategies.   Reflection “When your manufacturing base becomes your growth market, your strategy has to adjust.” This statement was written by the authors of the article What Panasonic Learned in China. By reading this, one can have different thoughts about what...

Words: 1182 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Riordan Manufacturing Company Inc. Wide Area Network

...The current architecture of the Riordan Manufacturing Company Inc. Wide Area Network and network security in place requires updated documentation. The purpose of this paper is to gather the existing information into a single format and evaluate the WAN and security documentation for an executive overview. Riordan Manufacturing, Inc. is an industry leader in the field of plastic injection molding. With state-of-the art design capabilities, they create innovative plastic designs that have earned international acclaim. Attention to detail, extreme precision and enthusiastic quality control are the hallmarks of Riordan Manufacturing. With facilities in San Jose, California, Albany, Georgia, Pontiac, Michigan and Hangzhou, China, the company is heavily dependent upon their communication networks. The documentation produced by this analysis will give the management at Riordan Manufacturing an understanding of their networks today, a plan for future upgrades and a baseline to evaluate security. The goal of this exercise is three fold. Our first will be to provide an inventory of the existing network components for Riordan Manufacturing designated by location, review the network security for each site, and our last goal is to document the current security plan for use in future planning. Because of the limited scope of the project, several assumptions must be made. The first assumption is that Riordan Manufacturing has accurate records of the current infrastructure and no changes will...

Words: 11081 - Pages: 45

Premium Essay

Students Under China’s Education Model, Who Would Never Be Creative

...people support it, especially some Chinese parents, who may even hold their arms to declare their endless fanaticism to this education model. Unfortunately, I do not have any resonance to them. As a student who grew up under that “unique” education system, I have much more understandings and sentiments to its malpractices. A Chinese government official once said: “The West relies on advanced science and technology from immigrants.” The sentence is too assertive and goes so far on their single aspect. The evaluation of the government could only be in the “community” spread instead of being recognized by the other countries in the worldwide. The most significant feature of China’s education is the set of the education system. The schools in China prefer indoctrination; therefore, Chinese students have very strong foundation, which a disadvantage to them. The reason of that phenomenon is Chinese students always afraid of new challenges. Compare with the students in the United States, Chinese students’ creativity is much worse. Whether it is from course reports, designing reports or final exams, Chinese educational institutions pays great attention to if the students fit into the “standards”. Chinese schools are both the stressful and stale places, forcing students to remember facts in order to excel in tests. (1) Neuroscientists know that stress hampers the ability of the brain to convert experiences into memory, and psychologists know that rewarding students...

Words: 1715 - Pages: 7

Premium Essay

International Trade Assignment

...Introduction I attempted to answer our final examination by choosing question number 1, 2,4 and 5. In question number 1 I have tried to explain my countries general overview first and then the current trade status, in question number 2 I answered the question How do you view the relationship between WTO and RTAs? & Do you think RTAs helpful or harmful for the development of WTO? Why? Separately, I also tried to answer # 4 what is outsourcing? And how the developing countries take advantage of outsourcing? Finally I explained my perception about Chinese undervalued exchange rate. I used different web sites and other secondary resources to answer all these questions. Nowadays, the WTO has met lots of disruptions, for example the abortion of Seattle Summit in 1999, the failures of Cancun ministerial conference in 2003 and Hong Kong ministerial conference in 2005. Compared with the defeats of WTO, regional trade liberalization developed very fast, kinds of RTAs proliferated in the last two decades. How do you view the relationship between WTO and RTAs? Do you think RTAs helpful or harmful for the development of WTO? Why? (20 points) How do you view the relationship between WTO and RTAs? In my view RTAs and the WTO share the common objective of trade liberalization, the pursuance of similar objectives but according to different approaches creates inevitably some tension in this relationship. Regional trading arrangements are pursued for a variety of reasons. A...

Words: 1162 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Mema Amem

...OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT OF GARDENIA Introduction: Purpose: Describe the role and importance in supporting Gardenia’s supply chain • Information technology • Process technology Scope: Will cover Gardenia Company • Background • Products • Market • Supply Chain • Process Technology • Information Technology Limitations: Problems that were encountered • Lack of information • Had difficult time to access college internet • Gardenia information updated rapidly Organization Background: In 1969 Horatio Sye Slocumm sent by [IESC], after 2 years MR Slocumm chosen to name his bread company Gardenia. Products Types of Breads: Classic white bread regular size, Classic white bread thick size, High-fiber whole wheat bread, High-fiber wheat raisin loaf, Slim n Fit wheaten bread, Chocolate chip loaf, California raisin loaf Premium pandesal, whole wheat bun, Twiggies, Cream roll, FunBun, Muffic, Butter toast, Toast-garlic Market Starts venture at: Malaysia, Philippines, India, China, Thailand Successfully operates: Singapore (vending machine) Distribution channels: TESCO, Seven-eleven, other supermarkets and grocery stores Supply Chain • is the network of the activities involved in delivering a finished product and service to the customer (Reid and Sanders,2010) Process of finished...

Words: 502 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Economic Growth and Gdp

...Kennedy GDP GDP is not a measurement of overall prosperity of a nation and it fails to measure some aspects of a national economy. As you can gain from the quote by Robert F. Kennedy, we do not use this to measure those things which “make life worthwhile” but rather use it to judge one country from another. It helps to evaluate how societies function in different economic environments and how to use this measurement to improve conditions in a society or to keep things flowing for a healthy economy. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total market value of final goods and services produced by factors of production. GDP also measures markets of what is being produced or whether problems are occurring. There is a relationship presented with a circular flow model that gives us a picture of the flow of production being produced in an economy. The circular flow model demonstrations product (final goods and services) and factor markets (land, labor, capital and entrepreneurship). These markets equal each half of the circular flow model representing output and input between businesses and households. The total dollar value and total output equal total income with the left over income being the residual (profit). There are two methods which are used to measure...

Words: 1164 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Trends in Foreign Direct Investments

...Trends in Foreign Direct Investment Inflows This article briefly examines recent trends in foreign direct investment in Australia, both in the context of the longer-term perspective and relative to the experience of other countries. It also discusses the role of foreign direct investment within Australia’s overall investment requirements, and outlines characteristics of foreign direct investment in relation to sector and type of asset acquired. Overall Investment Trends Business investment growth has strengthened since the early 1990s recession, with the result that in constant price terms investment as a share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) reached a record level in 1996-97. Surveyed business intentions and continuing favourable economic fundamentals point to ongoing strong growth in the period ahead. As a result, capital stock growth in recent years has recovered to above average rates, and is forecast to continue to strengthen. Coupled with improvements in the efficiency with which the capital stock is used, this strong growth in the capital stock provides the foundation for sustained strong growth in activity and employment. Australia accesses foreign saving through either borrowing (debt) or greater foreign ownership of Australian activities (equity). Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one form of the latter. For official measurement purposes, FDI is regarded as an equity interest of 10 per cent or more in an enterprise. A direct comparison of trends in FDI and capital...

Words: 1967 - Pages: 8

Free Essay

How Environment Development Will Change the World

...of economic globalisation have resulted in environmental issues being lowered on national agendas to a significant extent. Through my previous work experience as an environmental analyst, I deeply realised that analysis is one thing, having the foresight and the ability and strength to manage it is another thing altogether. Therefore, I am pursuing a second postgraduate degree in Environment Change and Management in order to be well-equipped with the tools to cope with the environment management. During my undergraduate years, I was a major in Biotechnology at the College of Life Sciences, XXX University - the most prestigious university in China. My hard work and industry brought me an excellent GPA that was among the top five percent in the entire grade and I was twice awarded scholarships in the college. During the seven months' final project, I participated in a XXXXXX project: "Study of Wild Plants and Animals in JM Nature Reserve", where I obtained the opportunity to conduct real-life investigations and to familiarise myself with Ecology and Conservation. Apart from technical knowledge in the fundamentals of life sciences and biotechnology, I gained self-discovery from my university education - my strong interest in the environmental applications of biotechnology. I feel that...

Words: 1465 - Pages: 6