...Classical Conditioning Paper Jennifer Barzona PSY/390 April 23, 2012 Ricky Fenwick Classical Conditioning Paper When a response is formulated from one stimulus to another unlearned stimulus this process of learning is known as classical conditioning. The most noted theorist of classical condition is Ivan Pavlov for his work with dogs. By using classical conditioning an animal such a puppy can be taught to not chew on the couch when sprayed in the face with a water bottle. Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who discovered this type of learning while researching digestion, accidentally discovered classical conditioning. In classical conditioning learning is accomplished through experience by using a traditionally neutral stimulus to create a physical response. (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009) While researching dogs Pavlov observed when food was present the dogs salivate in response. During his research Pavlov introduced a bell when food was presented and finally removed the food when the bell rang. Pavlov noted the dogs salivated when food was not present and the bell rang. Pavlov stated classical conditioning has four components: conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned reflex, and unconditioned reflex. A conditioned stimulus is learned through prior conditioning. An unconditioned stimulus is any stimulus causing a reaction without prior conditioning or learning. An unconditional response is an unlearned response...
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...Applying the Background and Methodology of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care University of Phoenix HCS/465 Shannon S. Smalls Loleater Casey-Evans The purpose of the paper is to show how to develop and understand methodology of the research process when pertaining to manage health care. The process consists of retrieving a peer-reviewed article and applying the research methodology to the article selected. The article selected for the research methodology was Managing Aging Patients written by Robert D’Ambrosia, Jennifer Kilpatrick, and Lene Juel Rasmussen written June 2003. Based on the information in the article will help determine the methods of defining the problem, the purpose of the study, research questions, hypothesis, study variables, conceptual model, the review of related literature and the study design of the selected article. Define the Problem The problem in this scenario is the need to be able to manage and being equipped with the up and coming baby boomers. It has been predicted that 20% of the population in US will be aged 65 years by 2030 it was predicted few years ago because of up and coming baby boomers. We are all aware that the aging Baby Boomer population and with increased life expectancy and more active lifestyles, then in the past generation is beginning and will continue to place a huge demand on medical resources, predominantly from the orthopedic doctors. There will be a quadruple need of orthopedic surgeons than before...
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...Health Policy Values Anil Jose UIC November 5th, 2014 Introduction A person’s physical state, mental state and social well-being defines health. According to World health Organization (WHO), “A resource for everyday life, not the objective of living. Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities"(WHO, 2014). Health care policies are defined and implied by government for the betterment of general health of the public. This paper heavily distributed between personal views, religious implications and beliefs; moreover, writers view point on health policy. Personal Values and Spiritual Beliefs The writer, is born and raised in India. Raised in an upper middle class orthodox family. Writer belong to a strict Eastern Orthodox family, with lot of traditions, values, beliefs and inclination more towards New Testaments. Eastern Orthodox Church has its roots from Greek and Russian Orthodox methodology. United States has a great representation of Orthodox Christians. Orthodox methodology beliefs that body is the temple of the holly Sprit and the healing of body and soul are directly linked with each other. The Orthodox Church confesses the Nicene Creed, and believes in the Holy Trinity; Father, Son, and Holy Spirit — three divine persons in one God, distinct yet not separate. Orthodox Christians believe that humans were created in the image and likeness of God, and were united to God. For Orthodox Christians...
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...Implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in the Singapore Construction Industry Low Sui Pheng and Carol P.W. Loi Introduction The Goods and Services Tax (GST), to be pegged at 3 per cent across the board for the first five years, was introduced by the Singapore Government on 1 April 1994. While this may just be another tax for many businesses, the rules and regulations governing the mechanism of this tax are entirely different from what companies and individuals have so far experienced from corporate and personal income tax respectively. Because GST is a transaction-based tax, it is levied at every stage of the business process and will finally be borne by the end consumers. Businesses registered for GST purposes become in essence the taxcollecting agents for the Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore (IRAS). The manner in which businesses have traditionally been conducted will need to be changed. There will also be changes to both external and internal documentation to be maintained by GST-registered businesses. Like Value Added Tax (VAT), GST is a tax on domestic consumption. It is paid when money is spent on goods or services, including imports. It is not paid when money is saved and invested in productive capability. A business will therefore charge GST on the output it sells (called the “output tax”), pays a tax on materials and services it buys (called the “input tax”), and hands over to the tax authority the difference between its output tax and input tax in...
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...December 5th, so I took this opportunity to observe him as I was already scheduled to watch him that day. Over the course of the afternoon I was able to spend a great deal of time observing and rather than interview him, I performed small tests in an attempt to gauge Jonathan’s physical, cognitive and emotional development. Using these observations I was able to learn about his developmental process and see the milestones as noted in our book. Observation of Physical Developmental Milestones Jonathan is curious and very active during my observation. There are several different types of toys surrounding us in the living room. There is a television playing cartoons in the background, which Jonathan periodically stops to look at. Jonathan is teething so he drools quite frequently. After taking some time to fully wake up this morning, his mother Kelly drops him onto the middle of the play space and he is ready to play. To assess Jonathan’s developmental level, I record the gross and fine motor skills that he displays at this time. Gross Motor Development Motor skills are simply actions that involve using muscles in the body. Gross motor skills involve making large movements with the arms, legs, feet and entire body. Sitting, crawling and walking are examples of gross motor skills that can begin to develop as early as seven months, when an infant can begin to sit on his own. Sitting. Jonathan sits up with ease and seems very sure of himself. He does sometimes fall...
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...Abstract Economic globalization has augmented worldwide trade, investments, technology transfer, and communication as well the competition and dependencies between nations. The growth of liberalization in telecommunications and Internet has accentuated these effects creating a truly global village. The observable heterogeneity of the global growth process led to a large body of empirical and theoretical research with the main conclusion that the hypothesis of absolute convergence formerly predicted by growth economists does not hold. That is, not all countries do automatically converge to the same steady state position. As a result, depending on a number of factors, countries would tend to cluster on certain "conditional convergent equilibria". These will depend on essentially the investment rate, human capital endowment, the R&D intensity and integration into world markets. Further, empirical results strongly support the hypothesis that only countries with sufficient abilities to innovate or acquire new technologies are able to converge in terms of their productivity levels and income. Keywords: Globalization, Economic Growth, Innovation Globalization (Cheal, 1997) defines economic globalization as, A process of increasing economic integration between two countries, bringing about the emergence of a global marketplace, or a single world market (p 647). Despite the fact that globalization has been in the making for the past couple of decades. Ever since...
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...Free primary education in Kenya. Objectives, timeframe and the extent in which it has achieved its objectives. The government policy on free primary education was effectively introduced in Kenya in the year 2003. During this time, the Narc government under the leadership of Mwai Kibaki abolished school fees in all public primary schools. This was the key campaign pledge from the president as well as other members from the party. Under the new free primary education policy, the government primary schools which were previously responsible for waiving tuition fees were officially prohibited from collecting revenues. Instead each school had to receive the government grant twice in a year which would be deposited directly into the school accounts administered by a committee of parents and teachers. Previous attempts by Kenyatta as well as Moi regime had also tried the same but failed (Bartoo, 2004). The development of offering free primary education was in line with the United universal primary education for all by 2015. The millennium development goals were adopted by the United Nations in September 2000 and expected to be effected in 198 countries, Kenya being one of them. The major objectives of the policy include; Reducing the inequality in education access in Kenya by 2005 - Inequality in education access has declined. However, enrolment rates for public schools have actually declined. As poor students come in, richer students have fled to private schools in greater or...
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...books, lack of finances and socio-cultural impediments such as HIV-AIDs. The FPE has been received with mixed feelings from different sections of the society. While some have expressed feelings of discontentment, failure, betrayal among others, many low income members of the population view it as a God sent opportunity. While a lot of concern has been raised, little has been advanced concerning the propagation of the actual learning itself. This paper seeks to underscore some of the pertinent issues concerning actual instruction in the FPE program. A glaring gap, which poses a major challenge to the success of the FPE, exists in terms of the language of instruction. The existing language policy disregards mother tongues as tools of disseminating knowledge and does very little to promote them. The paper suggests the training of teachers to equip them with skills in mother tongue instruction, preparation of learning materials, books and other resources. Providing money for schools without providing books in itself is a failure. This paper argues that there is need to put in place structures that enhance, promote and develop mother tongues for the purposes of actualizing the FPE program. Abbreviations: FPE-Free Primary Education; NARC-National Rainbow Coalition; MT-Mother...
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...(ERP) that integrates the entire organization departments into a single system therby making the running of the organization simpler. This report gives a preamble of how the SAP-ERP solution was successfully implemented at NIBCO by analyzing all the approaches used, the teething problems and how they managed to overcome the hurdles to be able to get a lasting and workable solution. Having sought for advice from Boston Consulting Group, NIBCO finally came up with a game plan of how it would execute the implementation of this software. ERP System There exist no single definition of an ERP systems, however according to Wong et al. 2005, ERP can be can be said to be a software package which makes integration of all the data flowing through the different verticals of the company to facilitate speedy and well coordinated processing of accounting information, steady supplies and efficient manufacturing and processing jobs (Wong et al. 2005). IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY Introduction One of the ERP models is the SAP businesses software, which apart from being an ERP can also perform applications like managing customer relationship, product life cycle management and supply management among many other functions. This paper focuses on raising discussions and ideas of the SAP model while considering a case of NIBCO prior and after the implementation of the SAP software. Discussion Reasons to implement SAP It was realized that the previous information system used NIBCO was no longer...
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...Marketing strategy and planning Introduction This learning guide was written by Sara Panter, an associate tutor at Ashridge. It is one of a series produced by the Learning Resource Centre. Each guide sets out to give you a quick summary of the main theories on a particular topic backed up by a practical commentary based on Ashridge's long experience of consulting on and teaching management issues. We hope that it whets your appetite for more information. The guide points you in the direction of other sources such as key books, articles and videos. Overview Introduction Stage one: Defining strategic marketing objectives Stage two: Determining strategic focus Stage three: Defining customer targets Stage four: Competitor analysis Stage five: Differential advantage Stage six: Marketing mix Stage seven: Implementation Stage eight: Monitoring market performance Introduction The terms marketing strategy and strategic market planning are often used interchangeably, which sometimes leads to confusion. We will use the term marketing strategy to mean the overall strategy of an organisation in relation to a particular market. In this learning guide we will explore the process of analysis and decision making which organisations go through as they define and implement their approach to that market. Marketing plans will form part of this process, in particular when it comes to implementation. Key aspects of the process are that it is cyclical, ie subject to constant review and reiteration;...
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...Topic- Diverse Workforce Name- Pritesh Kapadia, pritesh.kapadia23@gmail.com Professor- Stanley Timothy, tstaley@devry.edu MGMT 591 Date- 06/22/2014 Organization Introduction In convenience retailing market 7 Eleven has marked their success noticeably. 7 Eleven founded in 1927 where it was just ice dock then became a dairy, it named 7 Eleven because it opens at 7 am and close at 11 pm. Later, due to increase in sales they opened many other stores. In 1928 demand of automobiles raised so they started selling gasoline then after 7 eleven has been recognized a leader in convenience store and growing widely every year. In 1963, one 7 eleven in Austin, TX located next to University of Texas they remained such busy after football game that they couldn’t close. That day store remained open for whole night and from that day 7-11 adopted culture of 24/7 open convenience store. In 1965, 7-11 launched “Icee” name carbonated semi frozen drink which was a big hit and then they re-launched by name of “Slurpee” now it is a copyright and no other business can use this name. Today its parent headquarter is in Tokyo, Japan and local headquarter is in Dallas, TX where all decisions are made for United States franchise. Forbes magazine named 7 eleven at no. 1 among 200 global franchise companies list for 2013. Company is eminent for their continuous involvement to make their customer happy by fulfilling their needs. They are well-known for their use of technology in business, everyday fresh...
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...Interacting between logistics and new product development to achieve company market success. Evidence from Business Aviation Industry: Piaggio aero Company case study. Mario Mustilli and Filomena Izzo; School of Management & Economics, Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Capua (CE), Italy; mario.mustilli@unina2.it, filomena.izzo@unina2.it. Abstract Our paper analyses the interacting between logistics and new product development (NPD) to achieve company market success in the Business Aviation industry. The empirical analysis focused on Italian case study: Piaggio Aero Company. We adopted both qualitative and quantitative data. We found: 1) higher levels of logistics involvement has greater NPD project performance; 2) higher levels of logistics involvement has greater NPD logistics performance; 3) higher levels of NPD logistics performance have higher levels of NPD project performance. Empirical research showed that having technology distinctive competence and innovative product are not sufficient to achieve market success in an industry with high barrier to entry as one that BA; logistics, production, marketing, and NPD must work together co-operatively as unified processes for customer satisfaction and firm success. * Written by Filomena Izzo ** Written by Mario Mustilli & Filomena Izzo INTRODUCTION** Customer closeness necessitate that everyone in the firm have the customer firmly in mind when exercising their functional capabilities. At...
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...Growth and Development of the Infant Terms Motor a. Pertaining to any activity or behavior involving muscular movement Deciduous b. Primary teeth, twenty in number, which are replaced by permanent teeth; also called baby teeth Peer Group c. Association of persons of similar age Maturation d. Process of coming to full development Dentition e. Process of teething General Development of the Infant The term "development" refers to age-related changes in our characteristics and capacities. The term "norms" refers to what is normal, or typical. Developmental norms refer to typical characteristics or patterns of development at any given age. We must study the development of many different types of characteristics. There are four general areas of human development, physical (changes in our body), cognitive (changes in our knowledge and understanding), emotional (changes in our knowledge and ability to manage our emotions) and social (changes in how we understand and interact with other people). The characteristics and abilities of children change as they get older. It is important to keep in mind that the time frames presented are averages and some children may achieve various developmental milestones earlier or later than the average but still be within the normal range. Doctors generally determine what is normal by referring to a percentile. A percentile is the percentage of people who get an equal or lower score than any given score. For instance...
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...Problems and Perspectives in Management, Volume 12, Issue 4, 2014 Emmanuel K. Oseifuah (South Africa) Activity based costing (ABC) in the public sector: benefits and challenges Abstract Peter Drucker (1986), in “Management: Tasks, responsibilities, and practices” states that business enterprises and public-service institutions, are organs of society which do not exist for their own sake, but to fulfil a specific social purpose and to satisfy need of society, community, or individual. To achieve the above objectives, managers of these institutions must plan, control and make decisions about the resources entrusted to their care. A key element of efficient organizational decision making is to use reliable information, both operational and managerial accounting data for analysis and decision support. This can be achieved by using activity-based costing (ABC) method. The underlying premise of ABC is that resources are consumed by activities to produce outputs or products and services (US General Services Administration, 2006). It focuses on the allocation of indirect costs to products and services, which was traditionally done on arbitrary basis. ABC is useful in two situations: areas with large and growing indirect and support costs (Krumwiede, 1998a; Becker, Bergener and Räckers, 2010), and areas with a large variety in products, customers and processes (Cooper, 1988a, 1988b; Groot, 1999). The unique characteristic of public sector organizations as overhead-intensive...
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...National National Herald case: HC terms Gandhis’ applications as ‘infructuous’ Updated: October 15, 2015 16:01 IST | PTI Congress president Sonia Gandhi and vice-president Rahul Gandhi during the during a rally at Ramlila Maidan in New Delhi. File photo The Congress leaders had alleged that a "different treatment" was meted out to a challenge filed by them in the case. The Delhi High Court on Thursday termed as “infructuous” the applications moved by Congress President Sonia Gandhi, her son Rahul and some other party leaders alleging a “different treatment” was meted out to a challenge filed by them in the National Herald case. The Congress leaders in their application had opposed the transfer of the case from the court of Justice Sunil Gaur who had part-heard the matter for eight months to another court of Justice P S Teji. Justice Gaur on Thursday termed their “applications” as infructuous as the matter has been listed before him by the high court registry. The judge also said that he had not recused from the matter and added that the petitions came back to him as it was part-heard by him. Even senior advocate Kapil Sibal, appearing for Sonia Gandhi, agreed with the court that the applications had become infructuous and also added that they can be withdrawn. The court, thereafter, said it will hear arguments in the matter later in the afternoon. The Gandhis in their application had said their petition challenging a trial court order in the case was transferred in violation...
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