...INSTRUMENTATION MEASURING DEVICES AND BASIC PID CONTROL Table of Contents Section 1 - OBJECTIVES 3 Section 2 - INSTRUMENTATION EQUIPMENT 7 2.0 INTRODUCTION 7 2.1 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 7 2.1.1 General Theory 7 2.1.2 Pressure Scales 7 2.1.3 Pressure Measurement 8 2.1.4 Common Pressure Detectors 9 2.1.5 Differential Pressure Transmitters 11 2.1.6 Strain Gauges 13 2.1.7 Capacitance Capsule 14 2.1.8 Impact of Operating Environment 15 2.1.9 Failures and Abnormalities 16 2.2 FLOW MEASUREMENT 18 2.2.1 Flow Detectors 18 2.2.2 Square Root Extractor 25 2.2.3 Density Compensating Flow Detectors 29 2.2.4 Flow Measurement Errors 31 2.3 LEVEL MEASUREMENT 33 2.3.1 Level Measurement Basics 33 2.3.2 Three Valve Manifold 34 2.3.3 Open Tank Measurement 36 2.3.4 Closed Tank Measurement 36 2.3.5 Bubbler Level Measurement System 42 2.3.6 Effect of Temperature on Level Measurement 44 2.3.7 Effect of Pressure on Level Measurement 47 2.3.8 Level Measurement System Errors 47 2.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 49 2.4.1 Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) 49 2.4.2 Thermocouple (T/C) 52 2.4.3 Thermal Wells 54 2.4.4 Thermostats 55 2.5 NEUTRON FLUX MEASUREMENT 59 2.5.1 Neutron Flux Detection 59 2.5.2 Neutron Detection Methods 60 2.5.3 Start-up (sub-critical) Instrumentation 61 2.5.4 Fission neutron detectors 63 ...
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...Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation WMO-No. 8 Seventh edition 2008 WMO-No. 8 © World Meteorological Organization, 2008 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix P.O. Box No. 2300 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland ISBN 978-92-63-10008-5 NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 E-mail: publications@wmo...
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...by various manufacturers has been done to improve the output measurements. The appearance and development of the Optical Current Transformer (OCT) in the last few decades become much more interesting to replace the conventional CT in the power system operation. In the past 15 years, Optical CT has received a significant attention by a manufaturer to replace iron-core CT in electric power industry. This Optical CT is non conductive and lightweight which can give the end user easiness of installing and doing maintenance. 2. Literature Review In [1], the author describes the experimental comparison between conventional current transformer (CT) and the optical current transformer (OCT) especially in steady state response, transient response and impact of ambient temperature. Optical CT offered high accuracy in measuring the primary current for measuring or protection purposes compared to a conventional CT. Most of the studies regarding the Otpical CT lately are raised in order to demonstrate the advantages of the Optical CT in power system compared to conventional CT. In reality, this optical CT has been installed together with Magnetic CT to compare the effectiveness and the accuracy of the Optical CT with Magnetic CT. In [2], thermal modeling of CT for Top Oil Temperature (TOT) and Hot Spot Temperature (HST) was developed to analyze the behaviour of the oil-filled CT’s temperature. The paper describes the modified model of TOT and...
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...: 3-5 | Number of Students : 25 | Name of the activity: Beginning measurement | Material(s) used: * Ruler * Tape measure * Yardstick * Scale * Thermometer * Classroom objects to be measured and weighed (pencil, box, book, desk, etc.). Be sure the objects can be easily measured with the tools you are using. * Clock * Coins | How is it going to benefit the child : * Demonstrate the basic measures of length, width, height, weight, and temperature by measuring objects and recording the information. * Demonstrate how time is measured by recording it to the nearest minute. * Count money using coins. | Presentation:1. Display a ruler, yardstick, tape measure, and scale. Explain to students that these tools are used to measure. The ruler, tape measure, and yardstick are tools for measuring the length, width, and height of an object. The scale is used to find the weight of an object. Model how to place an object on the scale and read the display. Set up two stations for students to practice measuring length, width, height, and weight. * Station 1: Place several classroom objects and the ruler, tape measure, and yardstick at the station. Have students take turns using the measuring tools to find the length, width, and height of each object. They should record their measurements in Chart 1 Measuring the Length, Width, and Height of Objects. Then they can compare and discuss measurements using terms like greater than, less than, longer, and shorter. *...
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...are the four key scales of measurement of these variables. Nominal, Ratio, Ordinal, and Interval. Each scale also contingent on the variable. Nominal scale of measurement is used with variables that have numbers with no value or that are not numeric. They cannot go in any order. “Nominal measurement scales denote to those measurements when the only meaningful results are the delineations that one thing is different from another (www.adprima.com).” Nominal scales label variables with no quantative worth. The advantage of using the nominal scale of measurement is classification, by names or labels only. The disadvantage is it is the nascent structure with no quantative value being found. Some examples of using a nominal scale are such as multiple choice questions, or such as going to the hospital and they ask you to rate your pain on a scale of one to ten. Having a true or false question or asking your gender on a questionnaire is also examples of the Nominal scale of measurement. The Ratio scale of measurement provides the decisive interval value and order. True zero can be identified which allows for one to calculate ratios which is a big advantage. Ratio scales” are the same as ordinal scales but with the important difference of one thing, the Ratio scale contains a zero, which allows for negative values to be expressed in relation to positive values (www.adprima.com).”Some examples of the ratio scale of measurement are height and weight measurements, map scales, breaking down...
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...collection. Data instruments apply “to the levels of measurement of your independent variables and dependent variable” (Lind, Marchal, & Wathen, 2011, p. 5). Survey is a quantitative research approach, not a data instrument. However, “what a scale means and what we can do with it depends on what its numbers represent” (Davis Education, 2015, para. 1). Statistics can be classified into four types or levels, which are nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio (Lind, Marchal, & Wathen, 2011). Nominal is the easiest of them all. Nevertheless, the ratio is the most complicated of the four type of levels of measurement. Nominal Nominal is hardly measurement. “It refers to quality more than quantity” (Davis Education, 2015, para. 2). A nominal level of measurement is a concerned with differentiating by name. For example, 1 equals male, 2 equals female. Even though, when are using the numbers 1 and 2, they do not symbolize quantity. The two category of 0 and 1 used for the smart cell phone is a nominal level of measurement. They are categories or classifications. “Nominal measurement is like using categorical levels of variables” (Davis Education, 2015, para. 2). Ordinal Ordinal means the order in measurement. “An ordinal scale indicates direction, in addition to providing nominal information” (Davis Education, 2015, para. 3). For example, “Low/Medium/High or Faster/Slower are examples of ordinal levels of measurement” (Davis Education, 2015, para. 3). Interval “Interval...
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...M/E 000 Principle of Saturation Pressure Measurement 5 Term 1 Duration 3 Max Group Size 12 Max Total Students 12 Date of approval/review 10-12 Technical Team Leader Keith Birchenough Lead Academic Jiting Feng Equipment (per group) number Item TH3 Saturation Pressure Apparatus Armfield TH3 Saturation Pressure Apparatus Electric Console 500ml Beaker PC with TH3 software Stopwatch Learning Outcomes (from unit spec) Learning Outcome To obtain an understanding of the principle of saturation pressure measurement 2 3 To measure the saturation pressure of water using a pressurised vessel To examine the measurement accuracy 4 5 6 TM PDF Editor Lab Worksheet School of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University 2012-2013 Principle of Saturation Pressure Measurement First Name Second Name Student Number Group Number Date To be completed by Tutor Marked Awarded Comments (please also referred to the feedback sheet) TM PDF Editor Manchester University Lab Worksheet School of Engineering Manchester Metropolitan University 2012-2013 Manchester Metropolitan University Advanced Mechanical Science Principle of Saturation Pressure Measurement Theory The temperature at which water boils is referred to as its saturation temperature. It is generally known that water boils at 100°C...
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...Introduction There are four measurement scales, or types of data, nominal, ordinal interval and ratio. These four measurements are simple ways to categorize different types of variables. This paper will discuss the usage of each scale. Nominal Nominal scales are the most commonly used in marketing research. Nominal scales are used for labeling variables, without any quantitative value. In fact, Nominal scales could be called “labels”. Nominal are categories with numbers assigned to them to facilitate analysis. “A nominal scale partitions data into categories that are mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, implying that every bit of data will fit into one and only one category and that all data will fit somewhere on the scale.” (McDaniel, C. Jr., & G, R. (2007). Marketing Research (7th ed. p. 269) Nominal uses numerals to identify objects, individuals, events, or groups. This determines the equality or inequality of a situation. The classification that nominal falls under is male/female, buyer/non-buyer, etc. Most nominal data is collected via questions that provide the respondent a list of items to choose from. Examples of Nominal Scales Ordinal “Ordinal scales have the labeling characteristics of nominal scales plus an ability to order data.” (McDaniel, C. Jr., & G, R. (2007). Marketing Research (7th ed. p. 270). With ordinal scales, it is the order of the values that is important and significant. In most cases, Ordinal scales are typically...
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... CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION Why Is pH Measurement Necessary? 3 CHAPTER 2 – WATER AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS The Properties of Water Ion Product Constant of Water Molarity 4 4 5 CHAPTER 3 – FUNDAMENTALS OF pH Definition of pH pH Values and Hydrogen/Hydroxide Concentration How is pH Measured? Activity versus Concentration The Nernst Equation The Standard Hydrogen Electrode 6 6 7 7 9 9 CHAPTER 4 – THE pH SENSOR pH Electrodes The Measuring Electrode Asymmetry Potential Sodium Ion Error Acid Error Temperature Effects The Reference Electrode The Reference Junction Junction Potentials Gel‐filled Reference Electrode Buffers Calibration 11 13 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 CHAPTER 5 – CARE OF pH ELECTRODES Dehydration Factors Detrimental to Electrode Life Transportation Storage 22 22 22 23 CHAPTER 6 – COMMON APPLICATIONS Cooling Tower Control Food Processing Coal Industry Plating Waste Treatment Ultrapure Water 24 24 24 25 25 BIBLIOGRAPHY 27 GLOSSARY 28 Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION Why Is pH Measurement Necessary? Almost all processes containing water have a need for pH measurement. Most living things depend on a proper pH ...
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...When the flow of incoming solar energy is balanced by an equal flow of heat to space, Earth is in radiative equilibrium, and global temperature is relatively stable. Anything that increases or decreases the amount of incoming or outgoing energy disturbs Earth’s radiative equilibrium; global temperatures rise or fall in response. Incoming Sunlight All matter in the universe that has a temperature above absolute zero (the temperature at which all atomic or molecular motion stops) radiates energy across a range of wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum. The hotter something is, the shorter its peak wavelength of radiated energy is. The hottest objects in the universe radiate mostly gamma rays and x-rays. Cooler objects emit mostly longer-wavelength radiation, including visible light, thermal infrared, radio, and microwaves. The surface of the Sun has a temperature of about 5,800 Kelvin (about 5,500 degrees Celsius, or about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit). At that temperature, most of the energy the Sun radiates is visible and near-infrared light. At Earth’s average distance from the Sun (about 150 million kilometers), the average intensity of solar energy reaching the top of the atmosphere directly facing the Sun is about 1,360 watts per square meter, according to measurements made by the most recent NASA satellite missions. This amount of power is known as the total solar irradiance. (Before scientists discovered that it varies by a small amount during the sunspot cycle...
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...transformer oil can give a sign of the power transformer health, using this method is more convenient and economical among all the methods. With the aid of UV-Vis Spectrometer, light absorption and transmission with various furan contents of different power transformers with different ages are measured and compared. The measured results are used to predict the furan contents and remnant life of the power transformer can estimate. Copper dusts added into transformer oil in order to investigate the effect on the light absorption and transmission. The measured results show the impact of copper dust on light absorption and transmission characteristics that can provide indication of transformers remaining health condition. This thesis presents the measurement of power transformers oil samples with different furan contents for remnant life estimation. Key words: Power Transformer, Copper Dust, Transformer oil, UV-Vis Spectrometer, Furan, Health Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Power Transformer Figure 1: A basic power transformer. Power Transformers are critical elements in an electrical power system. It is used to step-up or step-down voltage level as needed to serve the transmission or distribution networks. It is stepped up for transmission over long distances to avoid a huge power lost and stepped down for final use. Transformer is one of the most expensive assets in power transmission and distribution networks and millions of dollars are spent each year in operating, maintaining...
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...Pyroelectric detectors Pyroelectric Infrared Detectors (PIR)convert the changes in incoming infrared light to electric signals. Pyroelectric materials are characterized by having spontaneous electric polarization, which is altered by temperature changes as infrared light illuminates the elements. Since our sensor series uses this effect they can be used at ambient temperature even in the presence of thermal noise. By choosing appropriate IR receiving electrodes, they serve a wide range of application. * Characteristics | High Sensitivity | | Versatile selection of IR wavelength filters | | Room temperature operation | | Low cost | | Roust under severe environmental conditions | | Stable against ambient temperature and atmospheric changes | | Stable against electromagnetic interference | * Applications | Light control | | Temperature measurement | | Flame detector | | Automatic door switch | | Visitor detector | | Home security | | | | | * IR Filters | AR coated silicon (low cost) | | 7µm cut-on, long pass, filtered silicon (body detection) | | 4.3 µm bandpass filtered quartz (flame detection) | | 4.5 µm AR coated silicon (body detection) | | 5µm cut-on silicon (body detection) | ...
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...Climate change From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia For current and future climatological effects of human influences, see global warming. For the study of past climate change, see paleoclimatology. For temperatures on the longest time scales, see geologic temperature record. [pic] |Atmospheric sciences | |[pic] | |Aerology | |Atmospheric physics | |Atmospheric dynamics (category) | |Atmospheric chemistry (category) | |Meteorology | |Weather (category) · (portal) | |Tropical cyclone (category) | |Climatology | |Climate (category) | |Climate change (category) | |Global warming (category) · (portal) | |v · d · e | Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in average weather conditions or the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region or may occur across the whole Earth. |Contents ...
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...to consider in a drilling fluid. The measurement of resistivity gives us adequate information to know on the concentration of soluble salts. Resistivity is measured by placing the sample in a resistive container having two electrodes spaced so that electrical current can flow through the sample. The main aim of this experiment is to determine the resistivity of the mud sample, the effect of the additives on the mud and then take the measurement using the Analog Resistivity meter. The results were observed and recorded. LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: showing the result data for the different mud compositions; their corresponding temperatures and resistivity. Table 1.2: showing the result data from the nomograph of the different mud compositions and their concentration of chloride in ppm & percentages. LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Analog Resistivity Meter Figure 1.2: Beaker Figure 1.3: Spatula Figure 1.4: Mixer...
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...Title Potentiometric Measurement – Determination of the pH of an alkali solution, a buffer solution , a hair shampoo, a hand wash and distilled water. Objective To carry out potentiometric measurement to determine whether a solution is controlled by the buffer system or by a strong electrolyte. To prepare the samples with different concentration by adding distilled water. Introduction The potentiometric measurement is to determine the difference in potential between a working (an indicator) electrode and a counter (reference) electrode by using the potentiometer. The working or indicator electrode represents the cathode which locates at the right half-cell whereas the counter or reference electrode represents the cathode which locate at the left half-cell. In most of the chemical processes, pH is one of the most general laboratory measurements because many chemical processes are dependent on pH. The speed rate of chemical reactions can often be significantly altered by changing the pH of the solution. Apart from that, the solubility of many chemicals in solution and their bio-availability is dependent on pH. The physiological chemistry of living organisms usually has very specific pH boundaries. The term pH derives from a combination of pH for the power and H for the symbol of the element Hydrogen. pH is the negative log of the activity of hydrogen ions. pH = 〖log〗_(10 a) H^+ At a given temperature, pH represents the activity of hydrogen...
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