...Impact of Inspection and Testing on Quality of Software; a Comparison Naila Bashir Awan, Tooba Ahmad and Mehreen Ahmed KEYWORDS: Quality Assurance, Software testing, Inspection, testing. comparison. The methodology being used is empirical research. This research paper will answer the following questions. • • Are both testing and inspection necessary for software quality assurance? Which Technique (testing or inspection) is better for checking the quality of code? Abstract---Developing software systems involves a series of activities where there are many possibilities to make errors. Thus, software development should always be accompanied by quality assurance (QA) activities. Inspection and testing are two common QA activities, which are often used in different phases of the software development life cycle (SDLC). This research addresses the basic question that which technique is better and are both necessary. But we come to know that both testing and inspection are important defect removal activities and equally effective. 1. INTRODUCTION Quality means the degree to which a system, component, or process meets customer or user needs or expectations. [1] Quality Assurance is set of activities designed to evaluate the process by which products are developed or manufactured. [3]All major software developers stress software quality assurance and try to remove bugs before release. It’s easy to review code but fail to notice significant errors. Thus, software development should...
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...test testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest testtest...
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...your reference in testing services Test Coördinatie Introductie 1 Gent, 4 april 2011 Wat denken jullie? Inleiding Kick off Teststrategie Testaanpak Testbegroting Organisatie Beheren Rapporteren Evaluatie Ondersteuning Wat verstaan jullie onder testen? En testcoördinatie? Hoe zien jullie het? 2 Wat is testen? Inleiding Testen bestaat uit activiteiten die uitgevoerd worden om één of meerdere kenmerken van een product, proces of dienst vast te stellen volgens een gespecifieerde methode Testen is een proces dat inzicht geeft in- en adviseert over de kwaliteit en de daaraan gerelateerde risico‟s Kick off Teststrategie Testaanpak Testbegroting Organisatie Beheren Rapporteren Evaluatie Ondersteuning 3 Definities volgens TMAP Next® Wat is een test level? Inleiding Kick off Teststrategie Testaanpak Testbegroting Organisatie Beheren Rapporteren Evaluatie Ondersteuning Een test level is een groep van testactiviteiten die gezamenlijk worden uitgevoerd en aangestuurd 4 Definities volgens TMAP Next® Wat is coördinatie? Johan Symons, “Introductie tot de psychomotoriek” coördinatie = het harmonisch en economisch samenwerken van spieren, zenuwen en zintuigen om doelgerichte, stabiele bewegingsakties en snelle situatie - aangepaste reacties (reflex) tot stand te brengen. Voor een optimale samenwerking dienen volgende aspecten in acht te worden genomen : ‣ ‣ ‣ een juiste krachtmaat (bewegingsomvang en snelheid) een juiste spierkeuze...
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...Software Testing Types: Black box testing – Internal system design is not considered in this type of testing. Tests are based on requirements and functionality. White box testing – This testing is based on knowledge of the internal logic of an application’s code. Also known as Glass box Testing. Internal software and code working should be known for this type of testing. Tests are based on coverage of code statements, branches, paths, conditions. Unit testing – Testing of individual software components or modules. Typically done by the programmer and not by testers, as it requires detailed knowledge of the internal program design and code. may require developing test driver modules or test harnesses. Incremental integration testing – Bottom up approach for testing i.e continuous testing of an application as new functionality is added; Application functionality and modules should be independent enough to test separately. done by programmers or by testers. Integration testing – Testing of integrated modules to verify combined functionality after integration. Modules are typically code modules, individual applications, client and server applications on a network, etc. This type of testing is especially relevant to client/server and distributed systems. Functional testing – This type of testing ignores the internal parts and focus on the output is as per requirement or not. Black-box type testing geared to functional requirements of an application. System testing – Entire system is...
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...IBM, Bangalore A White Paper Challenges of Managing a Testing Project: (A White Paper) A White Paper Page 1 of 20 Vinod Kumar Suvarna IBM, Bangalore A White Paper Introduction Testing is expected to consume 30 – 50 % of the Project Effort, Still properly managing testing project is not considered seriously. Project Managers always undermine the impact the testing activity has on the Project Cost and Schedule. Hence the testing activity is usually unplanned and uncontrollable. As the project manager assumes that the main focus of the testing activity in the project is not to meet the project schedule. But Its is a reality that a thorough and close monitoring of the Testing project is required to increase productivity, reduce cycle -time and improve quality. Below pie chart depicts the Project effort distribution by phase for a development project, where independent testing team performs the testing activity. Project Effort Distribution by Phase 21 35 Requirement Design Code & Unit testing Testing 25 19 A White Paper Page 2 of 20 Vinod Kumar Suvarna IBM, Bangalore A White Paper The Problem / Issues / Improvement Opportunity in Hand: Ask a Tester ‘Why he/she needs to burn midnight oil to churn a Quality Product?’ Answer is obvious ‘Needs to put extra time and effort to overcome the Project schedule slippage ‘ Ask a Project Manager ‘Why the Project is in trouble during the last phase?’ Answer is obvious ‘Not Sure, Did not anticipate...
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...Animal Testing Over 70 million animals die each year from animal testing. Although many animals have died during the course of animal testing, many things have been improved or have benefitted from animal testing including medicine. Animal testing also affects everyone in more than one way. Animals are not just used for testing in the United States; they are used all over the world for animal testing. Animal testing is a social justice issue that has improved medical research, but has resulted in the killing of many animals. Animal testing is the testing of cosmetic products, cleaning products, agricultural research, dog and cat food trials, weapons tests, aerospace studies, and car crash simulations (PETA). One might feel animal testing is cruel, but almost the whole world has benefitted from vaccines. It has also led to the treatment of some diseases. Animal testing can sometimes end with mixed outcomes. Many people have died because drugs or treatments that have successfully passed tests conducted on animals have failed on humans. Many alternatives to animal testing exist. Some alternatives include using computer models and using tissue cultures in research. During some of the experiments, some animals are given medicine so the animals do not feel pain or distress. However, thousands are not. The experiments preformed can be painful, damaging, and deadly to the animals used (B 5-9). Animal testing is an issue all around the world. In Great Britain, more than 2.5 million...
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...Traditionally, efforts to improve the quality have centered on the end the product development cycle by emphasizing the detection and correction of defects. There are two types of software testing that people usually refer to. The first one is through Waterfall Model and the second one is Agile Testing. Both of these models have their own advantages and disadvantages. By weighting the advantages and disadvantages between these two concepts, we will then be able to decide on which one that we can use as a referral to do software testing. Before we begin to decide on which concepts that we can refer to, let’s take a look at each of the concepts. Waterfall Model Waterfall model is known as a sequential model. Once the stage has completed then developers can move on to the next step. This model requires an extensive plan so that we can minimize the error of going back to the previous stage. To be able to complete the project using the Waterfall method, both sides should be able the requirements and able to present what is should look like after completing the project in the beginning. Waterfall model consist of eight stages. They are: System requirement, Software requirement, Analysis, Design, Coding, Test and Use. Figure 1.0 – Waterfall Model The real purpose of software testing is to verify whether the completed software package functions according to the expectations defined by the requirements/specifications. The objective is not to find every software bug...
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...Psychological Testing PSY/475 Psychological Testing In this paper the subject is to summarize the major assumptions and fundamental questions associated with psychological testing. The author begins by defining the term test. Next, the author describes the major categories of tests and identifies the major uses and users of these tests. Last the paper compares and contrasts the concepts of reliability and validity and discusses how they affect the field of psychological testing. The Standards for Education and Psychological Testing defines test as, “An evaluative device or procedure in which a sample of an examinee’s behavior (is) evaluated and scored using a standardized process” (Hogan, 2007, pg. 38). Anastasi and Cronbach, both traditional textbook authors, define the term test as, “an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior” and “a systematic procedure for observing behavior and describing it with the aid of numerical scales or fixed categories” (Hogan, 2007, pg. 38). In psychology, tests are used to make important decisions about an individual. Testing samples a person’s behavior, creates a standardized measure, and contributes in making important decisions about the individual taking the test. Testing is used in many different areas and is used to sample a person behavior, create a standardize measure, and contribute in making important decisions. For example, college admissions officers consult test score before admitting or rejecting...
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...Animal Testing: Pros and Cons An Exploratory Research Paper Dallin P. Curtis Arizona State University Main Body "There will come a day when such men as myself will view the slaughter of innocent creatures as horrible a crime as the murder of his fellow man- Our task must be to free ourselves- by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole nature and its beauty." -Albert Einstein (1879-1955). Animal testing is an issue in today's general public that, regardless if anybody understands it, does influence each of us. Is some some testing needed by law? Medical advances, for example, transplants, antibodies, and drugs were all tried on animals before they were utilized on people. However, does government law guarantee that creatures utilized as a part of examination and testing are dealt with compassionately? Today there are a lot of individuals who are against animal testing in lab research. Frequently asking what are other options for utilizing animals as a part of therapeutic studies? Animal testing is expected to advance the wellbeing of people, yet the procedures often include hurting innocent creatures. The individuals who are for animal testing for the most part bolster investigative examination and medical advancement. The two principle ideals with respect to animal testing is that it is heartless and oppressive to creatures, while others feel that there are insufficient willing individuals that organizations need to better help...
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...Imagine this situation: a new company is testing an eye care product on a subject. In the test, a substance is placed in one eye of the subject, with the other eye serving as a control. The subjects are restrained, preventing them from responding naturally to the irritation, and their eyes are evaluated after one hour and then at 24-hour intervals for up to 14 days. Some continue to be evaluated up to three weeks later. The level of irritation to the eyes is scored numerically by observation of the three major tissues of the eye (cornea, conjunctiva, and iris). The subjects suffer from redness, bleeding, ulcers, and even blindness, and are likely killed upon completion of the experiment. The subjects were in fact rabbits in tests called “animal testing.” Animal testing has raised huge debates worldwide that has raised many questions. How important is animal testing for us humans? Are the results going to be the same? Most importantly, should we ban animal testing for the sake of the animals? Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what is involved. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal research, it refers to the experimentation carried out on animals. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of everything from medication to cosmetics, as well as understanding how the human body works. Animal testing, also known as animal research, plays a crucial role in scientists' understanding of...
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...E Poole Beecham English 101 10059 19 April 2010 Genetic Testing Imagine choosing your daughter to have high intelligence. No one would fault the parents for giving their daughter this advantage for life. Parents can make the decision to use any safe drug or therapy to enhance their future children to make them smarter, better, stronger, to increase their intelligence, height, or other traits (Zane). Testing for medical tendencies to screen and reduce the possibility of future illness or diseases is now feasible. Genetic testing can enhance and improve lives with immeasurable benefits. The rewards of this testing outweigh any reservations. Genetic testing are examinations of blood and other tissues of the body that doctors in the medical field prepare to test for possible defects of the body. These DNA based tests generally involves direct examination of the DNA molecule itself and are very sophisticated techniques of testing genetic disorders in the bodies of human beings. Prenatal genetic testing with the procedure of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, or PGD is a technique whereby testing is performed of an approximate three-day-old embryo to confirm that it does not carry a particular disease or diseases (Naik). The test predicts, with variable confidence, what the possible medical problems will be in the future. Then the doctor implants this embryo, which is free of that syndrome, in the mother's womb. It appears to be relatively easy to check the DNA and eliminate...
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...English 240 December 16, 2011 Should Animals be used for Research During the past ten years, a major controversy over the use of animals in biomedical and behavioral research has arisen. The debate about using animals for medical testing has been ongoing for years. The struggle is usually between animal rights activists and scientist. I believe that animal testing is imperative to the progression of medical cures, procedures and drugs. Scientists have been solving medical problems, developing new techniques and treatments, and curing diseases by using animals in biomedical research. Animal rights advocates believe that animals should not be exploited by humans, and that animals have the same rights as humans. Anti-vivisectionists oppose the use of animals in medical research. They believe that medical researchers are cruel and inhumane. Animal Welfare does not oppose all use of animals in research. They oppose inhumane and unnecessary use of animals and fight to eliminate pain and suffering of animals. On the Contrary, scientists argue that animal research is necessary because it helps them develop medications, vaccines, or new procedures to treat or prevent diseases for both humans and animals. Most research projects either do not involve pain or the pain is alleviated with analgesic or anesthetic drugs. They understand that pain causes stress for the animals, and this stress can seriously affect the results of the study. With all these controversies about this...
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...Software Testing Techniques Manpreet Kaur1 and Rupinder Singh2 1 Department of CSE CGC, Gharuan Mohali, India 2 CSE CGC, Gharuan Mohali, India Abstract Software testing is important to reduce errors, maintenance and overall software costs. One of the major problems in software testing area is how to get a suitable set of test cases to test a software system. We identify a number of concepts that every software engineering student and faculty should have learned. There are now many testing techniques available for generating test cases. This set should ensure maximum effectiveness with the least possible number of test cases. The main goal of this paper is to analysed and compare the testing technique to find out the best one to find out the error from the software. Keywords: Software testing; process model; testing techniques; 1. Introduction Software testing is a process or a series of processes designed to verify computer code does what it was designed to do. According to ANSI/IEEE 1059 standard [1, 2], Testing can be defined as ―A process of analyzing a software item to detect the differences between existing and required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to evaluate the features of the software item. Another more appropriate definition is this: [3] Testing is the process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors. The concept of testing is as old as coding and is change along with time. Gelperin and Hetzel [4] proposed the concept of the testing process...
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...Humans have used animals for different uses. They have been used for food, clothing farm work and a variety of other uses. So using them to test new medical advances is different. Animal testing for medical purpose help saves lives and future generations. Animal testing should be continued for the use within the medical field. The ancient Greeks believed that animals were created by the gods to be used however people wish. The Bible says God gave man dominions “over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping things that creeps on the earth” (Genesis 9:1-3). The ancient Greeks and Romans influenced the laws of western civilization. The western civilization had no laws saying what you could not do to an animal no matter how cruel or unnecessary the act was (Thorburn). To some people animals have no rights at all while to others animals have rights and should not fell unnecessary pain and suffering. The people who believe animals have no rights; and use them just for their benefits but there is a line that should not be crossed animals do have feelings and some rights. The new movement of animal right groups has some good points like human like primates should not be used in testing like chimpanzees. The first law put in place by western civilizations was in the Massachusetts Bay colony. The law states that it is illegal to exercise any tyranny or cruelty towards any animal which are kept for use by humans...
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...3.0 TESTING There are many types of testing such as inspection, walkthrough, desk checking, unit test, integration test, stub test and system test. Inspection, walkthrough and desk checking was implemented by development team. Each module of system is test alone in attempt to discover errors in code. By using several of test, the potential error is revealed and action being taken to improve the performance of the system. The objectives of test planning are: • Record, organize, and guide testing activities • Schedule testing activities according to the test strategy and project deadlines • Provide a basis for re-testing during system maintenance • Provide a basis for evaluating and improving testing process The testing process required in implementation phase being began from planning phase which are determining part of system needs to be tested and also collecting test data. After that, come to analysis phase, testing requirements are list out by relating it with system requirements. HL Northern Enterprise development team used several types of testing toward system that consists of manual and computer conduct. Inspection being executed by team and subtle errors are being examined with the checklist. The information of errors occurred is investigated and documented to avoid making same types errors in future work. In addition, the automated inspection software is being implemented for detecting the routine error and content mistake. HL Northern Enterprise cooperates with...
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