...factors before deciding to invest in a foreign country. These factors may vary between the function and efficiency of local market, trade policy and privatization policy, the rules and regulations pertaining to the entry and operations of foreign investors (1) Considering the fact that firms which engage in FDI face different difficulties like additional costs for operating at distance or costs of uncertainty, there can be some support for John Dunning’s (1977, 1981) eclectic paradigm which states 3 that the investment will take place if the firm has three advantages: Ownership advantages, location advantages and internalization advantages. Possessing all three of them will allow a company to perform better that the local competitors. Natuzzi should relocate production because it wants to reduce costs and the best way to do that is to invest in a lower labor cost country. Thailand can be considered one of the most attractive locations because is like a gateway to Asia- home to nowadays largest growing economic market. The country can also offer trade with China or other member countries of ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Thailand has advantages in terms of transport costs to the U.S. market. Producing here is equivalent to producing in China in terms of distance between U.S. and Asia but productivity of labor is a lot higher in Thailand although labor cost is a disadvantage. As Natuzzi sells its products mainly in US and Europe...
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... Legal Risks in Emerging Markets – Evaluation and Mitigation Legal Risks in Emerging Markets – Evaluation and Mitigation Student’s ID number | 000090 | Module name | International Aspects of Business Law | Module code | 6241170 | Tutor | Eldor Mannopov | Individual assignment | x | Group assignment | | Submission deadline | 13 March, 2013 | For Academic Registrar use only | TABLE OF CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION 3 DEFINING LEGAL RISK LEGAL RISKS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE LEGAL RISKS COUNTRY PROFILES 4 - MALAYSIA - THAILAND 5 - VIETNAM 7 - CAMBODIA 8 CONCLUSION 9 REFERENCES 10 ITRODUCTION: Cowan PLC specializes in producing copper tubing. Following globalization and internationalization tendencies the company is currently considering an option of exporting its products to the new markets in the following countries: Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam and possibly Cambodia...
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...Brief Overview The world’s dilemmas and terrors have yet again cast their long shadows on the face of the earth. French muslim extremists together with their compatriots recently launched their largest simultaneous attacks in Paris, France, killing hundreds and injuring hundreds more. It was just one of the many conflicts happening around the world due to race or political agendas, resulting in a breakdown of trust between communities. Explanation According to the definition by United Nations’ Division for Social Policy and Development, a socially cohesive society is one where all groups have a sense of belonging, participation, inclusion, recognition and legitimacy. Definition Social cohesion can be seen as a multi-dimensional but complicated...
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...Southeast Asia Smart Meter Market Overview: Market Trends, Challenges, Future plans and Opportunities Metering Billing/CRM Asia 2012 May 8, 2012 Hoonho (Andy) Bae Senior Analyst Pike Research Agenda • • • • • • • Smart Grid Overview Smart Meters and AMI Smart Meter Drivers and Challenges Smart Meter Pilot Projects and Plans Market Forecasts Global Market Trends in Smart Meters Conclusion Copyright © 2012 Pike Research 2 Smart Grid Goals Sustainable, Secure, Environmentally Safe Energy • Reduce utility operating costs • Improve grid reliability • Increase energy efficiency Less Grid Intelligence Reduce overall demand Reduce end-to-end system losses Shift peak demand (C&I, residential) • “Soft” consumer-driven “demand response” • Verifiable, centrally controlled demand response • Integrate renewable generation Intermittent, bulk generation Renewable Distributed Energy Generation (RDEG) • Support electric transportation transition Commercial and personal vehicles (PEV) Copyright © 2012 Pike Research More Grid Intelligence 3 General Drivers for Smart Grid Energy Independence Security Carbon Reduction Regulatory Goals Demand Response Safety Own Generation Reliability Customer Service PEVs Forecasting Efficiency Profitability Billing Lower Energy Costs Market Operation Opex Reduction Collections Energy Management Renewables IT/OT Infrastructure Communications / Automation...
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...http://www.international.gc.ca/commerce/strategy-strategie/r3.aspx Overview of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Updated June 2012 The Canadian Trade Commissioner Service presents a Global Commerce Strategy Priority Market The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 1 —Brunei Darussalam, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam—makes up one of the world’s fastest growing economic regions. In December 2008, ASEAN’s Charter came into force, granting ASEAN status as an international legal entity. With an estimated combined gross domestic product (GDP) of $2.1 trillion and a combined population of about 609 million people, ASEAN is a regional economic force that is quickly becoming the free trade hub of Asia. It has concluded free trade agreements with China, India, Japan, Korea, and Australia/New Zealand, has completed a Trade and Investment Framework Arrangement with the United States, and is in the process of pursuing several other trade and investment agreements. The ASEANChina FTA, which came into force in 2010, represents one of the largest free-trade zones in the world, with an estimated 2.0 billion consumers. ASEAN is also pursuing further internal integration with the establishment an Economic Community (target date 2015), which would harmonize trade laws and permit the free movement of goods, services, labour, and capital to create a single market and production base. Today, ASEAN’s growth is being driven...
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...5 Abstract This paper investigates the impact of real interest rate on national saving in five Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. We analyze impact real interest rate to nation saving for ASEAN starting 1991-2013. Through an analysis from Excel, real interest rate is found to have significant impact on national saving during different stage of economic. Extensions using a graph reveal the impact of real interest rate in ASEAN-5 and thus mainly reflect heightened concerns to national savings amid the Asian financial crisis and the global financial crisis. Keywords: real interest rate, national saving, financial crisis 1.0 Introduction The world’s average saving rate has been declining since the first oil shock and through the early 1990s. However this trend conceals a large and increasing dispersion of saving rates, particularly among developing countries. The large heterogeneity in saving behavior is associated to country and time differences in levels of development, growth performance, and fiscal and financial policies. The level of real interest rates has once again become the focus of policy makers' concerned. To understanding the response of national saving to changes in interest rates is central to many issues in economic policy. For example, a reduction in the budget deficit would probably cause interest rates to decline. If personal saving declined as a result, the overall increase...
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...The Market Mix/Product Modification Product modification will be done because of the cultural background in Asia. The bottle of our product will change from a big mouth spout to a smaller mouth. This will be done because the mouth size of most Asians are smaller than Americans and other ethnicity; however, the color of the bottle will be more of ASEAN color opposed to American colors. 2 and 1 Health Nutritional store will change the color of our bottles to red only to accommodate the countries associated with our product. There will be more of a taste to our product by adding more soluble tablets to enhance the flavor of our product. While on our venture the team discovered that Asians like flavor over any other country. With that being said, we felt taste was an issue as it relates to our product. Since most Asians are smaller bodied people it only made since to change the size of the bottles as well. 2 and 1 Health Store currently has 12, 14, and a 16 ounce bottle. As it relates to bottle size we will not change the sizes we currently sell; however, we will add an additional size, so that the bottle will be light weight. Before the opening of our store 2 and 1 will have a smaller bottle to offer Asians. The new size will be a 6 ounce bottle to accommodate most of the people that do not want as much weight to carry around. The design of our bottles and the taste will be marketed at our stores. 2 and 1 has located a designer company as well as a...
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...Becirovic and Sanela Bilalic | | April 21, 2012 | Long before Asian financial crisis has started, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, and Malaysia had an increasing economic performance; economy was fast growing, saving rates were high, and inflation low. Turning point in Asian economy was 2 July 1997, the day when Thai Baht fell around 20 % against the $US. “It all began in Thailand’ summarizes the conventional explanation of the early stages of the crisis.” (Hill, p.3) How it all began, what factors caused the crisis, what segments were affected the most, what was the backup plan, and what policies should have been taken to prevent the crisis are the points that this paper will cover. First and Second-Generation Models According to 1996 annual report of Bank for International Settlements (BIS), pre-crisis fundamentals exhibit economic performance of Asian countries. They’ve experienced moderate inflation rates of about 6%, high savings rate of 32%, and trade openness indicators of 39%. Table 1: East Asian Economic Conditions Before Crisis Although accounting and macroeconomic analytics have failed to foreseen the currency crisis, which is inevitable, first and second-generation models explain us was it due to weakening macroeconomic fundamentals or financial contagion. In accordance to first-generation model developed by Krugman 1979, market-speculative movements, in response to policies, are incompatible with fixed exchange rate regime. What it means is that...
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...countries, such as Thailand, South Korea and Indonesia were financially sound and satisfied all the criteria that economists proclaimed necessary to maintain order and progress. However, economists and the rest of the world did not see the breaches in the economy and realize the affect those considerations would have in the exacerbation of an entire region. The purpose of this essay is to explain what the Asian Economic Crisis was, the causes, consequences, and how the world went about resolving the issue to bring this region to where it is today. The 1990s was a decade of enormous growth in Southeast Asia sustained by its exporting (Noble, 1). It was commonly known as the Asian economic miracle. Macroeconomic balances were relatively steady and inflation was under control in these Asian countries, like Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore. Because of the major progress and developments in these countries, it became an attractive location for foreign investment. Technology had reached a new brink, where people could invest internationally without having to leave the country and establish a huge investment abroad. Trading through the internet was easy, efficient and convenient. Capital Inflow into these countries was inundating the banks and several sectors of these countries in a way they never saw before. For the investors it was beneficial because their rate of return was nearly ten to twenty times higher than what they would get by investing in the domestic market (Noble, 8)...
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...An Overview of The Asian Financial Crisis Prepared for Mahrufa Bashar Assistant Professor Course Instructor: International Finance Prepared by S.M. Ishtiuaque (ZR 30) Md. Sakib Khaled (ZR 55) Md. Mahmudur Rahman (ZR 82) Mazharul Islam Bin Towhid (ZR 89) Debojit Saha (ZR 110) BBA 18th batch Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka October 02, 2013 Contents 1. Introduction 2 2. Background of the Asian Financial Crisis 2 3. Development of the Crisis 3 4. Reasons Behind the Crisis 4 5. Solutions to Problem 5 6. Conclusion 6 ------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction In 1993 the Worldbank, celebrating the outstanding performance of eight Asian economies, coined the term ‘The Asian Miracle’. Less than five years later, four of these economies (Indonesia, Malaysia, Korea, and Thailand) and the Philippines found themselves in one of the sharpest economic crises of the last decades. The resulting economic recession shocked the world with its staggering economic and social costs. Over a million people in Thailand and approximately 21 million in Indonesia found themselves impoverished in just a few weeks, as personal savings and assets were devalued to a fraction of their pre-crisis worth. As firms went bankrupt and layoffs ensued, millions lost their jobs. Soaring inflation raised the cost of basic necessities. Strapped fiscal budgets imposed a financial squeeze on social programs, and the absence of adequate...
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...Market and Industry Dynamics in the Global Tuna Supply Chain Amanda Hamilton I Antony Lewis I Mike A. McCoy Elizabeth Havice I Liam Campling June 2011 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the kind assistance of hundreds of people who made time available to meet with members of the consulting team during in-country visits and who provided valuable insights and data. Analytical and research support was also provided by several international fisheries experts, as well as logistical support from a number of industry representatives. The consultants and the FFA Secretariat gratefully acknowledge and extend their sincere thanks to all persons who assisted Pacarrying out this study. ce for in cif ic P eo ple A In particular, special thanks is extended to the following people who provided assistance over s r Sli aire F and above the norm: Phil Roberts, Hugh Walton, Masao Nakada, Len Rodwell, Peter Terawasi, Marco D’Agostini, Rick Heroux, Kwame Mfodwo, Isamu Murakami, Taro Kawamoto, Ken Banwell, David Webb, Jamie Birch, Alfonso Beitia, Alberto Quinteiro, Vicky Franco, Liu Xiaobing, Davy Chen, Zhao Gang, W.H. Lee, Chris Hsu and Jerry Tsai. 2011 - production of this report was provided by the Funding for the assignment undertaken for the2014 Government of Japan through the Overseas Fisheries Cooperation Foundation. OFCF Funding for the publication and distribution of this report has been provided by the European Union through the DevFish...
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...Doing Business in Thailand: 2012 Country Commercial Guide for U.S. Companies INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT, U.S. & FOREIGN COMMERCIAL SERVICE AND U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2010. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES. • • • • • • • • • • Chapter 1: Doing Business In Thailand Chapter 2: Political and Economic Environment Chapter 3: Selling U.S. Products and Services Chapter 4: Leading Sectors for U.S. Export and Investment Chapter 5: Trade Regulations, Customs and Standards Chapter 6: Investment Climate Chapter 7: Trade and Project Financing Chapter 8: Business Travel Chapter 9: Contacts, Market Research and Trade Events Chapter 10: Guide to Our Services 1 Return to table of contents Chapter 1: Doing Business In Thailand • • • • Market Overview Market Challenges Market Opportunities Market Entry Strategy Market Overview • Return to top Thailand is the 27th largest export destination for the United States. Two-way trade in 2011 was about $35.75 billion, with $24.8 billion in Thai exports to the U.S. and $10.9 billion in U.S. exports to Thailand. The figures represent an increase of 12.9 percent in the value of trade between the two countries. U.S. exports to Thailand increased by 21.7 percent, while US imports from Thailand increased by about 9.4 percent for the same period in 2010. In Asia, Thailand ranks as the United States’ 10th largest export destination after China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, India, Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia. The Thai...
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...I. Investigate global market 1. Defining global market In the aspect of marketing, global market is the set of many foreign markets which include every available buyer or potential buyer of a product or a service. This concept allows international company forecast the capacity of the market in an effective way. A country’s overseas market includes foreign customer market, industrial market and government market. 2. Investigate global market Investigate global market is the process of gathering materials and information about target market, compare and analyze these information, to withdraw the fluctuation tendency of global market in every production lines, production groups to build a foundation to every business strategy of international companies To investigate global market, we must study the environment of the target market, more specifically, study about every details of the region of this market. The term Business Environment is composed of two words ‘Business’ and ‘Environment’. In simple terms, the state in which a person remains busy is known as Business. The word Business in its economic sense means human activities like production, extraction or purchase or sales of goods that are performed for earning profits. On the other hand, the word ‘Environment’ refers to the aspects of surroundings. Therefore, Business Environment may be defined as a set of conditions – Social, Legal, Economical, Political or Institutional that are...
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...– Class B Group Members: Domenic Kortmann, Jenny Hert, Mariella Azizian, Nils Knickenberg, Gloria Neuwinger Topic: Tourism Industry in Thailand Introduction Thailand is a wondrous kingdom, featuring Buddhist temples, exotic wildlife, and spectacular islands. Along with a fascinating history and a unique culture that includes delectable Thai food and massage, Thailand features a modern capital city, and friendly people who optimize Thailand’s “land of smiles” reputation. Thailand has rich sources for travelling and therefore deeply attracts people from all over the world. Each year, around 11 million visitors go there. Actually, tourism in Thailand plays an important role in the Thai economic structure and even in the whole Thai society, and it has a profound effect on Thai economy. This study concerns the background information of tourism in Thailand and will analysis certain problems that come along with it. Tourism is becoming the pillar industry in Thailand. In the last 20 years, tourism in Thailand developed rapidly. According to a survey done by ESCAP,” domestic tourism was able to contribute 29695 million baht to GDP, which was 3.7 per cent of total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in 1983.” According to another statistic, in 2009, tourism was contributing 14.7 % to Thai GDP. According to the government’s data, in 2010, Thailand attracted 15.8 million tourists, and it generated about 19 billion dollars of revenue. Sisdivachr Chevaratanaporn, the president of the Association...
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...O C C A S I O N A L PA P E R 178 IMF-Supported Programs in Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand A Preliminary Assessment Timothy Lane, Atish Ghosh, Javier Hamann, Steven Phillips, Marianne Schulze-Ghattas, and Tsidi Tsikata INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND Washington DC 1999 © 1999 International Monetary Fund Production: IMF Graphics Section Typesetting: Alicia Etchebarne-Bourdin Cataloging-in-Publication Data IMF-supported programs in Indonesia, Korea, and Thailand : a preliminary assessment / by Timothy Lane . . . [et al.]. — [Washington DC : International Monetary Fund], 1999. p. cm. — (Occasional paper, 0251-6365); no. 178 Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-55775-783-6 1. Indonesia—Economic policy. 2. Korea—Economic policy. 3. Thailand—Economic policy. 4. International Monetary Fund—Indonesia. 5. International Monetary Fund—Korea. 6. International Monetary Fund—Thailand. I. Lane, Timothy D. (Timothy David), 1955- II. Occasional paper (International Monetary Fund); no. 178. HC447.I44 1999 Price: US$18.00 (US$15.00 to full-time faculty members and students at universities and colleges) Please send orders to: International Monetary Fund, Publication Services 700 19th Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20431, U.S.A. Tel.: (202) 623-7430 Telefax: (202) 623-7201 E-mail: publications@imf.org Internet: http://www.imf.org recycled paper Contents Preface I Overview Timothy Lane and Marianne Schulze-Ghattas References II Background to the Crisis Javier Hamann...
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