...African American History Introduction In the essay “On the Evolution of Scholarship in Afro- American History” the eminent historian John Hope Franklin declared “Every generation has the opportunity to write its own history, and indeed it is obliged to do so.”1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro- American Slavery (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1988), provide informative narratives along with expansive bibliographies. General texts covering major historical events with attention to chronology include John Hope Franklin and Alfred A. Moss, Jr., From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000), considered a classic; along with Joe William Trotter, Jr., The African American 1  Experience (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2001); and, Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harrold, The African American Odyssey...
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...Justin Nelson Downfall of News Coverage In Depicting War The ideal news coverage is a mirror image of reality, thousands of Americans tune in to their local or national news channel for quality coverage and accuracy. In the 1960’s Vietnam became the first war to be televised, resulting in a large disapproval rating on the war. However, the American people saw the truth and gave their opinion. Today the media is nowhere near the ideal news coverage, being characterized as corporate, concentrated and conglomerate. News Media is a profit making enterprise owned by a few companies. So what changed? How did the media evolve into something so filtered by the government? In this Literature Review I will cover how international affairs and war coverage quality has drastically declined to fit corporate news norms. It sacrifices quality over quantity, framing the American people. News media in a democracy should provide a forum for diverse views and provide the people with the truth of what is happening around the world, (McLeod 2009). That is what I would like shed light on in this paper. News framing, agenda setting and priming are broadly examined by Scheufelel and Tewksbury (2007) to see how all three are related and what the potential relationships can infer about the effects of mass media. This is an important analysis as these three components of the subtle effects model can greatly impact how people interpret what the press puts out. In the 1970’s Newman (1973) and Gerbner and...
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...The American Way of Strategy (Ch: 7-9 summaries) The Cold War began in the late 1940s when Joseph Stalin refused to move the Red Army from Eastern Europe, imposed communist regimes on the region, began a massive arms buildup, and sponsored communist revolutions throughout the world. The Cold War began in Europe and ended in Europe. This war, as any other war, was a calculated plan and not just a tragic accident as evidence showed in the memorandum soviet deputy foreign minister Ivan Maisky sent to Josef Stalin. “Maisky suggested that the Soviet government manipulate popular fronts to bring communist satellite regimes to power throughout continental Europe after the war.” So the Cold War resulted from Soviet aspirations to dominate Europe and Asia. However this time, the Soviets preferred methods such as intimidation and subversion to fight this war. As it is discussed in previous chapters of this book, “The purpose of the American way of strategy has always been to defend the American way of life,” which led the United States to prevent the Soviet Union from taking control over Eurasia by conquest, subversion, or military intimidation. However, this time the options to stop Soviets from taking control over the region were limited by the determination of American leaders to avoid militarizing American society. There were options such as the ‘strongpoint defense’ “This was a modified form of isolationism, which would commit the United States to defending only North America...
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...Bibliography – Cold War Task MH 1. Waltz 1979. 2. See, for example, Kennedy 1987; Snyder 1991; and McKeown 1991. 3. Foreign Relations of the United States 1950, I, 252. 4. Nitze 1980, 172. 5. Gowa 1994. 6. See Frieden 1994; and Gibbs 1990. 7. See McKeown 1984; and Baldwin 1985. 8. Nelson 1988, 800-808. 9. Magee, Brock, and Young 1989. 10. Magee, Brock, and Young 1989, 101-10. 11. Sectoral conflict arguments are often used to explain foreign economic policy. Since James Kurth's seminal article on the topic, many other scholars have made related arguments about sectoral conflict; see Kurth 1979. Ferguson and Frieden link interwar U.S. foreign economic policy to competing blocs of capital-intensive, internationally oriented firms, and labor-intensive, domestically oriented industries; see Ferguson 1984; and Frieden 1988. Gourevitch relates the policy responses to economic crises in the United States and Western Europe to the coalitions among various industrial sectors; see Gourevitch 1986. Many others, including Baldwin; Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs; and Milner have addressed the influence of differently situated industries in the development of trade policy; see Baldwin 1985; Cassing, McKeown, and Ochs 1986; and Milner 1988. Whereas most recent work on sectoral conflict has focused primarily on foreign economic policy, some classic accounts of foreign policy link sectoral conflict to states' broader international orientation; see Hobson [1902] 1965, 46-63; and Kehr 1977...
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...us out of the War” to “Make the World Safe for Democracy” As it is well-known the World War I was primarily of a war fought due to imperialist aims, stemming from the need to satisfy the demand for raw material in the Europe. With the industrial revolution urge for raw material became of crucial importance for the European states. This was followed by the aggressive colonization projects that eventually led to a harsh competition between different parties around Europe, who want to hold control over the economic resources. The United States was not a super-power, as it is now, at the time of the War. Being aware of this Wilson opted to remain as a neutral observer during the initial phase of the war. It was the third year of the war, when the British intelligence intercepted the coded telegram dispatched by the Foreign Secretary of the German Empire, Arthur Zimmermann, on 16 January 1917. While the two blocs, The Entente Powers (France, The British Empire and Russia) vs. The Central Powers, (Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire), were fairly evenly balanced between 1914 and 1917, with the year 1917 the Central Powers started to be weakened due to several reasons. The Americans were convinced that the Central Powers were doomed to lose the war, when the Zimmermann telegram was revealed. Therefore, Wilson aspired to take advantage of these circumstances and use the telegram as a pretext for convincing the American public opinion to join to the War and side with the...
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...African Americans from 1865 to the Present HIS 204 Instructor Cheryl Lemus 2014 The United States have come along way in terms of making society what it is today. These ground that we walk on have been the pot in which many different races brew. From the beginning of the development of the United States, there have always been at least two or three different types of races talked about in almost every historical event. The United States would not be what it is today without unity, and the combination of all of the different type of culture and races that it carries. In the process of building this land, the Americans had help from people that they brought over from Africa in which they turn into slaves. These people were called African Americans, people of color, and Negros. African Americans lived under the rule of the White American people. They served them, and did everything that they were told to do. Many did not know how to read nor did they know how to write. Living as an African American in those times was like not living at all. Many were killed, raped, and treated like animals. With the United States progressing there was another process in the making. With the help from their own people, legislatures, and many other types of movements, African Americans were able to accomplish ultimate freedom. As they came into slavery, they stayed slaves for many years. African Americans worked day and night, not as people but as property. The nation was very much divided...
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...Everyday people turn on the television set and see violence things happening all over the world. With the way violence is publicized over the news, television, Internet, radio, movies and games it is no wonder that people feel that the world is more violent then any other time in history. But, in my option, if you look at our history, you will see that the world today is no more violent than has been in the past. It is rarely known why someone would commit a violent act upon another person. The spectrum of violence can range anywhere from a scuffle between two individuals to a full scale World War among many nations. Generally, violence is associated with aggression, brute force, and the intention of causing harm. Political, social, religious, economic, criminal and personal differences are some of the most passionate issues we face as human beings. They are often the most common reasons for violence as they are often how people define themselves. (Alder & Denmark, 2004) Violence on a political level may be used to protect citizens or defend from outside forces. Ethnic or racial groups may use violence to fight against oppression and discrimination. Religion can also be a driving force of violence, because of differences in religion or performing terrorist attacks in the name of God. When someone assaults, robs, or commits a homicide there is usually violence involved. Emotions are probably one of the biggest triggers of violence. Individuals can be easily perform...
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...From the many inventions that emerged from the American Civil War, the Ironclad, designed by Captain John Ericsson and Robert L. Stevens, has impacted the world by advancing naval warfare technology. It gave America more influence in Europe and put America ahead of Europe in naval matters. The impact and influence changed naval warfare’s forever by forcing wooden ships to become obsolete. The Ironclad was among the first technological and modern tools of war. Its impact on technology in navies can still be seen today in the designs and the construction of naval ships.(Mac Bride,1) It has impacted technology in the way ships are built. Because of the ironclads the ships that are used in wars today are much safer. They are stronger and easier to maneuver. The first ironclad to ironclad battle between the Merrimac and the Monitor was long and drawn out. Although neither one emerged victorious, the world began to see what a major improvement in warfare these ironclads were. A reporter from the Norfolk Day wrote: “This work will create a revolution in naval warfare. America’s improvement has impacted naval history in a way that no other invention ever has!” Many times in United States history the major nations of the world, such as England, France and Germany, have ignored the United States in political matters but this invention and the ironclad to ironclad battle changed a large percentage of their attitudes toward the United States. It made America become feared and respected by...
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...Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael...
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...World War II: The Internment of Japanese Americans Josh White Sothern New Hampshire University WORLD WAR II: THE INTERNMENT OF JAPANESE AMERICANS The topic of Japanese American Internment during the Second World War is a very important part of American history.It happened during the Second World War when nations were against each other and after the Japanese attack on the Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, Japan automatically became an enemy to the United States thus leading to the government of the day led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 to take several measures against Japan and its origins mainly living in the United states. What followed was an executive order by the president to allow forceful removal of Americans of Japanese origin from their homes and incarcerated into camps.The government had feared another attack by the Japanese would be imminent and so they had to come up with some measures to get rid of Japanese spies that were living in the west coast. This led to one of the lowest moments in American history as these camps were an absolute human rights violation to these Japanese Americans. Most of these Japanese Americans who had been taken to these camps were actually legal American citizens thus showing that this move was based on racial stereotypes and propaganda that was being peddled during that time referring to the Japanese as less of human beings. This incarceration seriously affected these Japanese Americans...
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...BOOK REVIEW: AN AMERICAN SOLDIER IN WORLD WAR I xxxxxxxxx History xxx xxxx November x, xxxx An American Soldier in World War I Any individual in one way or another is part of History just by living during a certain time period. This setting takes place during World War I. Through a soldier and his fiancée their constant letters written back and forth to each other also serve as an avenue for the reader to understand in more detail what transpired during this horrific war. Amazingly, by using these letters a new historical book was born, “An American Soldier in World War I.” George Browne, Brownie, chooses to enlist in the Army when the United States declares war with Germany on April 6, 1917. In early, July Browine was processed into the army and was assigned to the 117th Engineers Regiment, 42nd Division. Preparation and training became of utmost importance. This account took place around September 29, 1917. The preparation for the men was unfortunately limited. The shortage of equipment was one major issue. With the means being unavailable, only certain drills like elementary, close order, and those of the brigades existed. The training of the officers and soldiers alike was a very aggressive lifestyle. On the other hand, they participated in wholesome games while making many lasting friendships. On September 2, 1917 they finally arrived in France. The trip over to France from the United States was not positive. It took forever across the Atlantic Ocean...
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...American Citizens: Racism, Discrimination, and Identity The creation of history is an ongoing process we all participate in. According to Kristine Kuramitsu, Internment and Identity in Japanese American Art, “an ethnic community is never a monolithic entity but a group that is, by definition, connected by some set of memories and experiences.” Collective memories have shaped our identity; some people protest others choose to agree with version illustrated and perceived which best defines their relative existence. However, “with this personal identification with a community subgroup comes the threat of isolation” (Kuramitsu). The more an individual begins to recognize their heritage and embrace their origin, Gayatri Spivak, “Acting Bits/Identity Talk”, Critical Inquiry would assert, “history slouches in one’s origins, ready to comfort and kill.” The consequences of history offer to narratives, peace and equality or secondly protest and pain. In America which operates on the principle of Democracy, people and citizens believe in fundamental rights as intuitively recognizable. These provisions are grounded in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. During World War II these rights were quickly destroyed. Internment camp prisoner Henry Sugimoto and War Relocation Authority photographer Dorothea Lange’s; uncensored artwork and photography lifted the veil capturing the plight and destitute existence Japanese Americans citizens endured as a result of...
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... not to write propaganda in this war at all. I am willing to go to it and will send my kids to it and will give what money I have to it but I want to write just what I believe all the way through it and after it. It was the writers in the last war who wrote propaganda that finished themselves off that way. There is plenty of stuff that you believe absolutely that you can write which is useful enough without having to write propaganda….If we are fighting for what we believe in we might as well always keep on believing in what we have believed, and for me this is to write nothing that I do not think is the absolute truth.” -To Maxwell Perkins, Finca Vigia, Cuba, May 30, 1942 It would be nice to designate the Second World War with a factual title, such as The Good War, or The Best War Ever, but in retrospect neither of these titles would be an honest opinion to the military or the civilian victims of the war. Historians and journalists alike, being that one cannot be the other and therefore should never be confused but for the instance of the following should be entitled to the same mistakes, insinuate that the portrayal of the Second World War was an accurate one without the tremendous censorship and propaganda that transpired out of the First World War. Undoubtedly, to believe such an apparent statement of propaganda would be to dismiss the actions and the transformation of the techniques used by propaganda agencies between the two wars. Institutions, which included the...
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...LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY REFLECTION PAPER TWO: THE AMERICAN CHAPLAIN IN 1607-1865 A PAPER SUBMITTED TO PROFESSOR JAMES FISHER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR CHPL 500 BY HARRY PITTS VILLA RICA, GEORGIA SEPTEMBER 7, 2013 Introduction The American Chaplain Association was a very formidable resource for military personnel during the defining period within America. Understanding the contribution of chaplaincy is a vital part of understanding American history, and how chaplains help servicemen and women in wartimes. It is important to note that some military chaplains in the early 1800’s were not part of the military organization, and these individuals were not commissioned. With all of the bureaucracy that took place during this era, it made it somewhat difficult for chaplains to professionalize their positions. Chaplaincy service has been a part of world history, and the contributions that have been made by clergy in times of transition and militaristic occurrences cannot be considered irrelevant or unimportant. The historical foundation of chaplaincy within the United States has stood the course of time. American chaplaincy has matured significantly, and the age of Chaplaincy is as old as some European colonial explorations. The example of American Colonial Chaplaincy that was conceived in the womb of the United States was birthed by caring for earlier settlers and military organizations colonists...
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...Collective Action In capitalist labor markets, which developed in the nineteenth-century in the United States and Western Europe, workers exchange their time and effort for wages. But even while laboring under the supervision of others, wage earners have never been slaves, because they have recourse from abuse. They can quit to seek better employment. Or they are free to join with others to take collective action, forming political movements or labor unions. By the end of the nineteenth century, labor unions and labor-oriented political parties had become major forces influencing wages and working conditions. This article explores the nature and development of labor unions in the United States. It reviews the growth and recent decline of the American labor movement and makes comparisons with the experience of foreign labor unions to clarify particular aspects of the history of labor unions in the United States. Unions and the Free-Rider Problem Quitting, exit, is straightforward, a simple act for individuals unhappy with their employment. By contrast, collective action, such as forming a labor union, is always difficult because it requires that individuals commit themselves to produce "public goods" enjoyed by all, including those who "free ride" rather than contribute to the group effort. If the union succeeds, free riders receive the same benefits as do activists; but if it fails, the activists suffer while those who remained outside lose nothing. Because individualist logic...
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