...According to an article titled Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System by Phillip Low, MD, he states “…The autonomic nervous system regulates certain body processes, such as blood pressure and the rate of breathing. This system works automatically (autonomously), without a person’s conscious effort.” He also states “…The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system that supplies the internal organs, including the blood vessels, stomach, intestine, liver, kidneys, bladder, genitals, lungs, pupils, heart, and sweat, salivary, and digestive glands… After the autonomic nervous system receives information about the body and external environment, it responds by stimulating body processes, usually through the sympathetic division, or inhibiting them, usually through the parasympathetic...
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...cerebellum, which is part of the brain, is involved. This cerebellum is the part of the brain that has the responsibility of maintaining body balance and posture, among other things. The cerebellum is very important for body balance, as well as in body functions. This is because it plays an important role in the maintenance of body balance and posture. This is possible given that it uses the vestibular receptor in conjunction with the proprioceptors to control commands. It is the motor neurons that are responsible for ensuring that body changes as well as position are maintained (Cerebellum, nd). The cerebellum also is very important in cognitive functions. In addition, once the cerebellum has received information from the sensory system as well as the spinal cord, it regulates different voluntary movements such as speech, coordination as well as muscular activity (Knierim, n.d). Given that Mr. Stevens experiences a loss of balance, then it is definite that there must be cerebellar damage. Even more proof is added to with his inability to draw a straight line, which can be attributed to the inability of proper coordination of muscular activities. In addition, Mr. Stevens asserts that he feels like a drunken man when he is walking, this can be also linked to cognitive functions, a role that is performed by the cerebellum. Thus, Mr. Stevens’ symptoms indicate cerebellar damage. Case Study 2. The body has its homeostatic way of preparing and reacting towards...
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...Autonomic Nervous System Organization of Nervous System CNS PNS Autonomic Nervous System Somatic | Autonomic | Fibers do not synapse once they have left the CNS | Fibers synapse once in ganglia after they have left the CNS | Innervates skeletal muscle | Innervates Smooth/Cardiac muscles & Gland cells | Always Excitation of the muscle | Either Excitation or Inhibition of effector cells | Function:Locomotion | Function:Regulates visceral functions | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSNeuroeffector Junction | Sites of Inhibition of impulse:CNSGanglionNeuroeffector Junction | | | Subdivisions of ANS | Sympathetic | Parasympathetic | Origin of preganglionic fibers | Spinal Nerves T1-L2(Thoracolumbar Division) | Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, XSpinal Nerves S2-S4(Craniosacral Division) | Location of Ganglia | In Sympathetic Chain(Paravertebral GangliaOr Abdominal PrevertebralOr Collateral Ganglion)Preganglionic usually shorter than Postganglionic Fibers(Except Adrenal Medulla) | In or near effector organsPreganglionic usually longer than Postganglionic Fibers | Branching of Preganglionic Fibers | Extensive branchingAve. Ratio Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:20 | Limited branchingAve. Ration Preganglionic to Postganglionic1:1(Except the Vagus) | General Description of effect on organ response | Preparation for emergency/Stressful situations“Fight or Flight” | Conservation and restoration of body’s resources“Rest & Digest” | Localization of...
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...is a wonderful machine that controls all of the body’s functions, the one’s you think about and the one’s you don’t. We are going to take a brief look into these functions and how they benefit ourselves and our lives. Central Nervous System (CNS) There are two parts to the CNS, the brain and the spinal cord. The Brain The brain is the central hub or better known as the main computer. The brain is the main controller of everything, and the storage of our memories, including the good and bad, our feelings, and who we are as a person. Without the brain we would be a sack of skin, bones, blood and water, with no function(s) or use. The Spinal Cord As the brain controls what we do, the spinal cord communicates what to do. The messages travel up and down the spinal cord like a great highway to and from the brain. With points along the spinal column to correspond to the brains desired reaction. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Here this system uses the CNS to communicate and control all aspects of the human body. It is divided into the Somatic System and the Autonomic System, which in itself is divided even further into the Sympathetic System and the Parasympathetic System. To explain it a little better we will break it down. Somatic System Here the highway of nerves and messages travels to and from the sense organs to the skeletal muscles. It controls “Voluntary” muscle movement like...
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...parts of the body. Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, typically expressed as beats per minute (bpm). Heart rate can vary as the body's need to absorb oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide changes, such as during exercise or sleep. The measurement of heart rate is used by medical professionals to assist in the diagnosis and tracking of medical conditions. It is also used by individuals, such as athletes, who are interested in monitoring their heart rate to gain maximum efficiency from their training The beating frequency (heart rate) is controlled by the balance of stimulation coming from the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Both nervous inputs to the heart converge on a small area of tissue on the right atrium. Roles of Internal Receptors Autonomic Nervous System Two major divisions * Sympathetic; activated in response to challenge- * Parasympathetic; active in the absence of challenges * Both...
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...Autonomic Computing: An Overview Manish Parashar1 and Salim Hariri2 The Applied Software Systems Laboratory, Rutgers University, Piscataway NJ, USA 2 High Performance Distributed Computing Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA parashar@caip.rutgers.edu, hariri@ece.arizona.edu 1 Abstract. The increasing scale complexity, heterogeneity and dynamism of networks, systems and applications have made our computational and information infrastructure brittle, unmanageable and insecure. This has necessitated the investigation of an alternate paradigm for system and application design, which is based on strategies used by biological systems to deal with similar challenges – a vision that has been referred to as autonomic computing. The overarching goal of autonomic computing is to realize computer and software systems and applications that can manage themselves in accordance with high-level guidance from humans. Meeting the grand challenges of autonomic computing requires scientific and technological advances in a wide variety of fields, as well as new software and system architectures that support the effective integration of the constituent technologies. This paper presents an introduction to autonomic computing, its challenges, and opportunities. 1 Introduction Advances in networking and computing technology and software tools have resulted in an explosive growth in networked applications and information services that cover all aspects of our life. These sophisticated...
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...Biopsychology The brain is the control centre for the body and it sits in the skull at the top of the spinal chord. The brain is so complex that doctors and scientists still don’t know what some parts do. The brain is made up of different sections consisting of the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Memory Part of the brain that is responsible for memory is also known as the hippocampus, it is located within the temporal lobes, adjacent to the amygdale. The hippocampus is involved in memory forming, organizing and storing information. It is particularly important in storing new memories and connecting emotions and senses, such as smell and sound to, memories. A case study of H.M. (1953) highlights how important the function of the hippocampus is. H.M. was a man who suffered from epilepsy who had surgery to remove the hippocampus to prevent his severe symptoms. After his operation he suffered from major memory loss, which then went on to cause an inability to transfer new information into his long term memory. This resulted in the realisation that the removal of the hippocampus can have detrimental effects on the brains memory. Language and speech The Boca’s area is one of the main areas of the brain which is responsible for producing language. It is located in the lower portion of the left frontal lobe and was discovered by French neurosurgeon Paul Broca .He realised that people who had language difficulties often had damage to this area of the brain. This...
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...done automatically, otherwise we would be very busy people, regulating our internal environment repeatedly. Homeostasis is controlled by the nervous system and the endocrine system. Homeostasis is described as a ‘negative feedback system’. This just basically means that the system is able to take remedial action to preserve a constant environment. Homeostasis is in charge of maintaining the constant level of many body functions, such as heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature and blood sugar levels. (Rasheed, Hetherington and Irvine, 2010). Heart rate Roles of internal receptors, autonomic nervous system-sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply, cardiac centre and sinoatrial node A receptor is the structure that monitors internal conditions. Receptors intellect changes in function and begins the body's homeostatic response. The receptors transmit a message to the brain, which in turn sends a message to the effectors, the heart and blood vessels. The heart rate decreases and blood vessels increase in diameter, which cause the blood pressure to fall back within the normal range or set point. (Scince.jrank.org, 2015). Automatic Nervous System In contrast, your heart beats and your intestines digest without your conscious control. Spontaneous actions such as these are regulated by your autonomic nervous system. The autonomic part of your...
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...1. Kent and Jebreel both ask Danielle out on a date. Kent is very attractive and a lot of fun to be with, but he’s also employed. Jebreel is older than Kent, has a secure job, and owns his own home; however, Jebreel is quite unattractive and not very much fun. Daniel chooses to go out with Jebreel instead of Kent. The ______ theory of motivation would best predict Daniel’s choice. Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 399: Instinct theory is motivation based off of inherent automatic behavior. These occur consistently because of stimuli. This is how birds build nests perfectly as soon as they leave their family. I chose A, Drive reduction theory. Drive reduction focuses on a homeostasis in the body. There are needs that ruin the equlibrium, and our brain responds to these with drives, a feeling that prompts action. This restores balance. This concept is wrong because Danielle makes her decision based off of herself a human being wanting to go to the more secure and safe person, which is instinct. The imbalance was not a part of this question. Correct answer is C, Instinct. 5. Juan is obsessed with building up his bank balance, even though he is quite comfortable and prosperous now. One situation exemplifies the power of Concept tested: Theory’s of motivation Page 402/403 bottom right: Secondary drives are stimuli that achieve primary drives through learned mechanisms. This is usually characterized through money. I chose C, homeostasis. Homeostasis...
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...states that the experience of emotion and the accompanying physiological arousal happen at the same time. • Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory states that people’s experience of emotion depends on physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. • People’s experience of emotion depends on how they evaluate their environment. The Biological Bases of Emotion • Emotion involves activation of the brain and the autonomic nervous system. • Information about emotion-evoking events moves along two pathways in the brain. • The pathway that goes to the amygdala allows people to respond rapidly to events. • The pathway that goes to the cortex allows people to appraise events more slowly. • Researchers use autonomic responses to measure emotion. • The polygraph, or lie detector, is a device that detects changes in autonomic arousal. It is often inaccurate in determining whether or not a person is lying. • Different emotions differ in pattern of brain activation, neurotransmitters released, and autonomic nervous system activity. Expression of Emotion • People worldwide can identify six primary emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust. • The facial-feedback hypothesis states that the brain uses feedback from facial muscles to recognize emotions that are being experienced. • The two...
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...all seems too much, when they are overloaded and don’t feel that they are able to meet all the demands placed upon them. As I have said pressure itself is not bad. In fact, many thrive on it. When those pressures exceed a person’s ability to cope, then that is when the problems start. It follows, therefore, that we can tackle stress either by reducing pressures or by increasing coping resources – or a combination of the two. [pic] The graph above shows there is an optimum point – where you have enough pressure to perform, but not so much that you get overloaded. Everyone’s optimum point is different and learning where yours lies can be important. 1. (b) Explain the fight/flight response [pic] Flight or fight is the nervous system priming our bodies to fight or flee. Let's look at this example: You are walking your daughter down the street in her pram when all of a sudden a pit bull hops the fence and starts chasing you. What are you going to do? Are you going to stay and fight, or are you going to run away? This is known as the 'Fight or Flight' response. Your...
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...Ashlie Russell GE 258 Nick’s Story 1. Which symptoms that Nick has described so far are relevant to the nervous system? Are his symptoms sensory, motor or both? a. The symptoms that Nick has described that are relevant to the nervous system are the weird pains in his feet, like burning and prickling and he gets real dizzy when he sits down or stands up. Nick’s symptoms are both sensory and motor. 2. Do you think the symptoms Nick describes are likely caused by peripheral nerve damage? Could they be caused by damage to the central nervous system? b. Nick’s symptoms are most likely caused by peripheral nerve damage. Peripheral neuropathy is nerve damage that occurs in the arms and legs. The feet and legs are more likely to be affected before hands and arms. Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy may include: * Numbness or insensitivity to pain or temperature * Tingling, burning or prickling sensation * Sharp pains or cramps * Loss of balance and coordination Nick has some of the symptoms that have been listed. There could be some damage to the central nervous system but not very severe or the symptoms that Nick exhibits would be more severe. 3. Which division of the autonomic nervous system would be affected and would be causing Nick’s GI tract symptoms? c. Sympathetic responses in the automatic motor neurons are affected and cause Nick’s GI tract symptoms. The blood vessel supplying the gastrointestinal tract constrict, which causes...
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...NICK’S STORY UNIT 8 SHATONDA WALDER 1. Nick has been complaining of having this clumsiness, dizziness when he sits or stands says his feet feels like their burning and feels like they are being pricked and he has vision problems. These symptoms are both sensory and motor. 2. If these symptoms were caused by the central nervous system the symptoms would be more severe his receptors are not effectively communicating back to the central nervous system with the symptoms that he have yes he could have had peripheral nerve damage. He also has damage to his somatic nervous system due to the loss of his somatic reflexes in his feet. 3. The sensory neuron is where Nick’s reflex arc damage begins. The receptor is being triggered by the stimuli and the information can’t travel along the damaged sensory neuron to continue the arc to the centers, motor neurons effectors and the damage could be further along the reflex arc giving the exact same symptoms. 4. The sympathetic division would be active which would inhibit the G.I. tract which leads to the parasympathetic division of his nervous system being affected. 5. The parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS connects to the hypothalamus by the neurons in the brain and spinal cord and relay information. The lateral and posterior parts of the hypothalamus controls the sympathetic division which constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure. The anterior and medial parts of the hypothalamus controls the parasympathetic...
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...we behave the way we do, why we express emotion, have feelings, or experience hunger? How does it all work? The human body is comprised of systems all working together to complete an action or a coordinated set of chemical reactions initiated by the nervous system. The nervous system is part of a human’s body that controls voluntary and involuntary behaviors by transmitting information throughout different parts of the brain and the body via neurons and axons. The nervous system consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) which contains the brain and spinal cord and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body. Within the peripheral nervous system you have the somatic nervous system. The somatic nervous system consists mostly of axons that transport messages from sense organs to the central nervous system and from the central nervous system to the muscles (Kalat, 2013). Also within the PNS is the autonomic nervous system, which controls the heart and other organs. The autonomic nervous system consists of two parts, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares organs for fight-or-flight activity such as increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite decreasing heart rate. Both systems work together to regulate involuntary bodily functions and behaviors. One example of regulatory behavior is human reproduction and sexuality...
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...Unit 2 task 1 – Know the body’s response to acute exercise Grading criteria – P1, M1 Musculoskeletal response to exercise Your skeletal system responds to acute exercise just like your muscles. High intensity physical activity can reduce the risk of bone loss. Regular exercise may provide long-term benefits, especially for skeletal systems in children and young adults. http://www.livestrong.com/article/359456-your-skeletal-systems-response-to-exercise/ Your skeletal system responds to exercise by taking in more calcium. Osteoblasts are cells that bring calcium into bones, they slow down and transport less calcium from your blood to your bones during inactivity, but when exercising it has the opposite effect and increases osteoblastic activity. Exercise that require force through a particular bone strengthens that bone. Myoglobin releases its stored oxygen to use in aerobic respiration. During exercise oxygen is diffused into the muscles from the capillaries more quickly due to the decreased oxygen concentration in the muscles. Exercise helps you increase the density and strength of your bones this enables us to maintain muscle strength, coordination, and balance, which helps to prevent falls and related fractures later in life. Muscles and tendons becomes more pliable when they are warm, this helps reduce the risk of injury, and this is because during acute exercise the muscles contract quicker. These fast muscle contractions generate heat, which makes the muscles more...
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