...INDEX Question number Page number Question 1: discuss the distinctive characteristics that set chordates apart from all other phyla Page 3 Question 2.1: Describe the events that takes place during metamorphosis of solitary ascidians Page 4 Question 2.2: Discuss the feeding method of larvaceans Page 5 Question 3: discuss each of the following aspects of Hemichordates Phylogeny body organisation Page 6 Question 4 write explanatory notes on each of the following 4.1) Adaptation of sharks which promote buoyancy in water 4.2) Osmoregulation in freshwater and marine bony fishes Page 7 Page 8 Question 5 discuss the different types of snake venom and their effect on pray Page 10 Bibliography Page 11 Question 1 Discuss the distinctive characteristics that set chordates appart from all other phyla: (Hickman et al 1994) The animals most familiar to most people belong to the great phylum chordate. Humans themselves are members and share one of the common characteristics from which the phylum derives its name, the notochord. 1) Notochord A structure to prevent body shortening. All chordates have as their primary internal longitudinal skeletal element the notochord, a stiff but flexible rod that runs the length of the bilaterally symmetrical animal just ventral to the nerve cord. The notochord develops in every chordate embryo and is retained in many adults. 2) Dorsal tubular nerve cord A structure to coordinate movement. In...
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...environment is one that consists in water. The abiotic characteristics of an aquatic environment include: Buoyancy – This refers to the upward pressure (or thrust) that is applied on the organism by its medium. Buoyancy is determined by the density of the medium and determines the floating ability of an organism. Water provides sufficient buoyancy for many organisms, e.g., the jellyfish. If a jellyfish is taken out of water and placed on land it will disintegrate by spreading apart. Thus, the water provides enough buoyancy (pressure) in order to keep the shape of the jellyfish. Pressure – This is the downward force that is applied on an organism by its medium. In water, the pressure is dependent on the depth. Organisms that live at the bottom of the ocean experience the effects of extreme pressure and they must have specific adaptations that enable them to survive in such harsh environments. Temperature Variations – Usually in an aquatic environment there are minimal temperature variations to that compared with terrestrial environments. The temperature variations also depend on the size of the body of water; a large body of water will experience much less temperature variations than a smaller body of water. Also, as depth increases the temperature of the water decreases. Availability of gases – in water the availability of gases depends on factors such as temperature, depth and turbulence. Hot water holds much less oxygen than cold water. The availability of gases...
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...collected assists the prevention of erosion, slowing the rate at which land is lost to the sea. ANIMAL: Bottlenose Dolphin STRUCTURAL ADAPTATION: Bottlenose dolphins have adapted to maximise their swimming efficiency by evolving structurally. Their streamlined bodies, dorsal fin, flippers and a tail with flukes are vital in helping them hunt and catch prey and escape from potential predators. Their smooth rubbery skin allows them to move swiftly through the water while the colour of their skin allows them to blend into the habitat. PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION: To adapt while diving, the bottlenose dolphin slows down its heart rate while increasing the blood supply to the heart and brain and decreasing the supply to muscle tissue. By doing so, the bottleneck dolphin is able to conserve oxygen to allow them to dive and ultimately hunt for longer. BEHAVIOURAL...
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... First generation biofuels are made from sugars, starches, oil, and animal fats that are converted into fuel using already-known processes or technologies. These fuels include biodiesel, bioalcohols, ethanol, and biogases, like methane captured from landfill decomposition. Second generation biofuels are made from non-food crops or agricultural waste, especially ligno-cellulosic biomass like switch-grass, willow, or wood chips. Third generation biofuels are made from algae or other quickly growing biomass sources. Fourth generation biofuels are made from specially engineered plants or biomass that may have higher energy yields or lower barriers to cellulosic breakdown or are able to be grown on non-agricultural land or bodies of water. However, criticism falls on this solution, with the biofuels being pursued to reduce climate change impacts from energy consumption being relatively ineffective. Analysis of the carbon lifecycle associated with biofuels articulates that carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is absorbed by the biomass feedstock to cultivate and grow. But the biofuel production process and burning of the...
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...Hydrostatic vs Osmotic Pressure Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure going outward from the capillary. Hydrostatic Pressure forces the fluid from capillary to move outward into the interstitial space. Osmotic pressure is the water trying to move from interstitial space into the capillary Hydrostatic pressure will be greater in the arterial side as opposed to the venule side. Osmotic Pressure is constant throughout the capillary. Because the hydrostatic pressure drops across the capillary, at the artery side fluid is pushed into the interstitial space whereas in the venule side, fluid is pushed into the vessel. If you have high blood pressure, it can cause build up of fluid in interstitial space (due to high hydrostatic pressure) and cause edema. Also, if fluid is not taken in by lymphatic vessels, it can also cause edema. Water that is lost from fluid due to hydrostatic pressure eventually goes into lymph vessels and is put back into the vessels. Note: Capillary walls are made up of endothelial cells Sodium Potassium ATPase: Pumps 3 Na ions out and 2 K ions in. Ketone Bodies: Ketone bodies are produced when AcetylcoA exceeds krebs cycles capacity. So, when you are starving, ketone bodies are used primarily rather than glucose. Glucose is preserved for brain. Brain, heart, muscle can use ketone bodies. Liver cannot use ketone bodies. Insulin: Insulin helps glucose intake by cells normally. Unsaturated fat is easy to burn off because they produce...
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...explanations about phenomena and testable hypotheses * The more observations and other kinds of evidence that support an hypotheses, the stronger is that hypothesis Scientists * Employ a variety of techniques to investigate the natural world * Make their explanations public through presentations and publications (meetings and oral presentations) * Critique the explanations proposed by other scientist * In discussing sections of publications * Reviewing manuscripts and grant proposals Our typical experience * Body temp is 37 degrees C * 1 atm of pressure What is the highest temperature for life? * 132 degrees C * Cell/body temperatures from -2 to 132 degrees C * High pressure the water is not boiling * Range of pressure: 1 atm to 1100 atm * At the deepest part of the ocean the pressure is 1100 atm * The deep ocean is the most common habitat for life * Conditions at the average death of the ocean is about 2-4 degrees C * 380 atm * no sunlight * Organisms confront a variety of problems due to their environment * Example * Antarctic fishes * Live (and have no body temperatures) at -2 degrees (ectoderm) * Penguins * Endotherm- use their metabolic produced heat to stay warm * Keep warm at similar temperatures * Diving seals * Hold their breath for as long as 90 minutes * Dive down to 1500m...
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...the propulsion to move the fish forward. over time this fish has developed these different types of fins to allow the fish stability and speed to ecscape preditors. Along with a defence mechinism that are the spinny protruberences on the dorsal fin. the lateral line is a wonder of adaption and evolution. The lateral line is a senory organ that is filled with fluid sac with hair-like sensory appartus that senses water currents, pressure, and movement in the water vie under water vibrations, and is capable of determining the direction of it their source. it uses a series of pores that are open to the water, which enables it to sense the water.It is ovious that the lateral line was developed over time through adaption for the purpose of detecting preditors, pry, and mates. without this lateral line the largemouth bass would have an extremely hard time surviving in the ecosystem that it currently resides. The air bladder is also a producted of evolution. it is a hollow, gas-filled balance organ that allows a fish to conserve energy by maintaining neutral buoyancy in the water. Without this air bladder the big mouth bass would have to consumes more food to...
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...usually have a streamline shape to assist them with moving more easily through water. | An advantage over aquatic as it is easier for animals to move through air than water. | Buoyancy: A measure of a substances ability to support or hold an object. | Water is more buoyant than air. i.e a cork in air compared to a cork in water.An advantage over terrestrial as it provides a greater support for the organism that air.Water not only helps hold the organism up but can also assist in maintaining their shape (jellyfish) | Air offers some buoyancy.i.e a piece of paper being dropped is supported by the air. Adaptations such as wings are required to make use of this. | Temperature variation: | The temperature of water does not experience much variation (even in very small bodies of water)Except for the very edges of the water the temperature of the ocean remain constant from year to year. However even small changes of a few degrees can have massive consequences.An advantage of this is that it is much easer to adapt to a constant environment therefore this environment is much more conducive to life. | Huge variations in very short periods. i.e in one day variations of 15-20 degrees are not uncommon and far greater fluctuations occur in the desert. | Conduction of heat: | Although temperatures remain more constant in water than on land organisms tend to loose heat more rapidly in water. This is because water conducts heat better than air.People lost at sea probably die due to heat loss...
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...Master Diver Diving Equipment Open circuit demand scuba is the most commonly used by recreational divers, but closed circuit and semi-closed rebreathers are now available. Test Pressure: the pressure to which the cylinder is subjected to during hydrostatic testing. For a 200 bar cylinder it is 300 bars, for a 232 bar cylinder it is 348 bars. If internal inspection reveals corrosion, it may have to be cleaned by tumbling. The tumbling process involves filling the cylinder approximately half full of an abrasive material such as carbide chips, or aluminum oxide chips, and rotating it for a number of hours. A dual valve for a single cylinder, known as a Y-valve, or an H-valve, allows a diver to mount 2 regulator systems on a single cylinder. The first stage reduces cylinder pressure to an intermediate pressure (or low pressure) of approximately 90-150 psi (6 to 10 bar). The second stage reduces the intermediate (low) pressure to ambient pressure. Because of their tendency to fail in a closed position, upstream valves are rare in modern scuba regulators. In a Balanced Valve regulator the operation of the regulator is independent of the cylinder or applied pressure. (Breathes the same at low tank pressure) The internal valves of scuba regulator first stages are available in 2 basic types, diaphragm and piston. The main valve of a Pilot Valve regulator is opened and closed with air pressure, rather than mechanical leverage. Some regulators may...
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...Bacterium Research: Thiobacillus Thiobacillus are small, Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells (0.3–0.5 × 0.9–4.0 µm). Some species are motile by means of polar flagella. No resting stages known. Energy is derived by the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds, including sulfides, sulfur, thiosulfate, polythionates, and thiocyanate. Sulfate is the end product of sulfur-compound oxidation, but sulfur, sulfite, and polythionates may be accumulated by most species, sometimes transiently. All species can fix carbon dioxide by means of the Benson–Calvin cycle and are capable of autotrophic growth; some species are obligate chemolithotrophic, (this means a bacterium that obtains its energy from inorganic compounds containing iron, nitrogen, or sulfur, and not from living on decaying organisms) while others are chemoorganotrophic. The genus currently includes obligate aerobes and facultative denitrifiers. Denitrifiers contribute to the nitrogen cycle which consists of the ongoing processes that Nitrogen has to undertake as it is the largest gas compound in the atmosphere. Their primary purpose being to metabolize nitrogenous compounds, with the assistance of the nitrate reductase enzyme, to turn oxides back to nitrogen gas or nitrous oxides for energy generation. The process of denitrification lowers the fertility rate of reproduction of the soil and thus is less common in areas where the land is rather well-cultivated. But this loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere can eventually...
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...Renewable Energy Wave Technologies Table of Contents: 1.0) Introduction 2.0) Wave Technologies 3.0) Where can it be used? 4.0) Wave Technologies 4.1) For the Study only consider the following Technologies: 4.2) Current Issues with Wave Energy Generation 4.3) Oscillating Water Column (Scowcroft) 4.3)1. Construction of OWC at Isle of Islay, Scotland 4.3)2. Installed OWC Technology 4.3)3. OWC cost 4.3)4. Problems with OWC 4.4) Pelamis 4.4)1. Construction of Pelamis 4.4)2. Installed Pelamis Technology 4.4)3. Pelamis Costs 4.4)4. Problems with Pelmis 4.5) Wave Technology: CETO 4.5)1. Installed CETO Technology 4.5)2. Construction of the CETO Technology 4.5)3. CETO Costs 4.5)4. Problems with CETO 5.0) Application in Australia 5.1) Wave Technology feasibility in Australia 5.2) What is the plan for Western Australia? 5.2)1. Wave Technology selected for Western Australia is the CETO system by Carnegie Wave Energy Limited 5.2)2. Why is the CETO the right option for...
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...Water Temperature. This characteristic has as much to do with personal preference, and event(s) being swum as with actual science. Extremely warm or cold temps are bad for obvious reasons. Some swimmers like the jolt colder water gives while others feel like it tightens their muscles. Some swimmers like the warm water because there is no jolt and their muscled stay loose. Others overheat. As a result, your preference and experience coupled with the kind of event you are swimming will have a large impact. Generally, upper 70's (Fahrenheit) is considered a good temperature, but this is highly debatable. There is little debate over the theory that temperature plays a part in a pool's speed. There is, however, a lot of debate over what is the ideal temperature. We believe, no one right answer will ever surface, but a range of temps for particular body weights and fat percentages and events may eventually surface. For now, just use your experiences as a guide.Air Quality. This characteristic plays a large role in how the swimmers perform. Low humidity, relatively cool temperatures, low elevation, and clean air make for ideal swimming. Since the air a swimmer breathes provides the body's muscles with the oxygen to help it to perform, it only makes sense that better air equates to better swims. As most parents of swimmers know, good air quality is rare in most pools. But as anyone who has ever swam at some of the best pools in the world will tell you, most of the fastest...
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...SIMPLE SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS HANS JURGEN PRESS 1. Astronomy Image of the Sun Place a pair of binoculars in an open window in the direct path of the sun’s rays. Stand a mirror in front of one eyepiece so that it throws an image of the sun on to the opposite wall of the room. Adjust the mirror until the image is sharp, and darken the room. You would risk damaging your eyes if you looked directly at the sun through binoculars, but you can view the bright disc on the wall as large and clear as in the movies. Clouds and birds passing over can also be distinguished and. if the binoculars are good even sunspots. These are a few hot areas on the glowing sphere, some so big that many terrestrial globes could fit into them. Because of the earth’s rotation, the sun’s image moves quite quickly across the wall. Do not forget to re-align the binoculars from time to time onto the sun. The moon and stars cannot be observed in this way because the light coming from them is too weak. 2. Sun clock Place a flowerpot with a long stick fixed into the hole at the bottom in a spot, which is sunny, all day. The stick’s shadow moves along the rim of the pot as the sun moves. Each hour by the clock mark the position of the shadow on the pot. If the sun is shining, you can read off the time. Because of the rotation of the earth the sun apparently passes over us in a semi-circle. In the morning and evening its shadow strikes the pot superficially, while; it midday, around 12 o’clock...
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...Unit 5 Individual Project Name: Date: 3/16/14 Part 1. There are 9 animals in nine different Phyla. Be sure to look at every page. Animal Phylum Dichotomous Key (steps) Classification 1 Cnidaria 1b,2a,3a,4b Scyphozoa 2 Mollusca 1b,2b,6a,7b,11a,12b,13a Gastropoda 3 Annelida 1b,2b,6a,7a,8b,9a Secernentea 4 Arthropoda 1b,2b,6a,7b,11b,14b,15b Insecta 5 Porifera 1a Demospongiae 6 Echinodermata 1b,2a,3b,5a Asteroidea 7 Chordata 1b,2b,6b,16b,18b,19b,20a Aves 8 Image Rights: Allen G. Collins and the UC Museum of Paleontology Platyhelminthes 1b,2b,6a,7a,8b,9b,10a Turbellaria 9 Image Rights: Courtesy of University of Minnesota Nematoda 1b,2b,6a,7a,8b,9a Secernentea Part 2: Answer the following questions as they relate to the nine phyla in the assignment table. (Porifera, Cnidaria, Nematoda, Arthropoda, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.) 1. Which phyla lack organs? What type of symmetry do they have? Porifera is a phyla which lacks organs Myers, P (2001). Cnidaria are also phylum that lack organs. The type of symmetry that Porifera have is asymmetry, which means they have no symmetry. The type of symmetry that Cnidaria have is a radical symmetry. 2. List all of the phyla that show cephalization. Nematoda show cephalization. Arthropoda show cephalization. Platyhelminthes show cephalization. Annelida show cephalization. Mollusca show cephalization and Chordata also show cephalization...
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...warmer in the equator and colder in the poles. With the water transport, also heat, nutrients, salt, organisms and chemical particles in the ocean are moved, regulating the planet whether, climate and marine ecosystems. Both large scale and smaller scale oceanic currents, gyres and eddies, transport water masses long distances. Water masses are homogeneous bodies of seawater on their properties. These bodies of water have formed through surface processes that have their origin...
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