...In considering the process of change in the development of Irish Nationalism between the years 1815 and 1922, how far can the Potato Famine (1845-49) be seen as a turning point? Irish nationalism has been said to have changed hugely during the period of 1815 to 1922 in which the movement of nationalism took many changes in directions to complete a vast range of goals including fair rent and Home Rule. These changes were caused by different turning points along the way of which the Potato Famine has been said a key one. The Potato Famine did cause change to an extent but was not alone in the changing in direction of the Irish nationalist movement as other turning points contributed such as Catholic Emancipation, and the first Home Rule bill which both changed the objectives and strategies of the nationalist movement to an extent. The Potato Famine can be seen as a turning point in the change of Irish Nationalism as it was the first time the country had collectively focused on campaigning for cultural nationalism and this suddenly came about due to the catastrophic changes the famine had on the majority of the classes in Ireland, especially amongst the lower-class. It not only created a deep-seated hatred towards Britain amongst the Catholic population, but also had the devastating effect on the Irish population. It led to the death of approximately one million people and, by 1850, to the emigration of a further one and a half million. It accelerated a prolonged reversal of...
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...Understanding Famine: Entitled failure, Food Availability Decline or something else? Famine is defined in the dictionary as “extreme and general scarcity of food, as in a country or a large geographical area, any extreme and general scarcity, extreme hunger; starvation.” (Dictionary.com) Famines happen as a result of things such as Natural Disasters, Lack of rain/drought and not much money. Most droughts happen in the developing countries (Third world countries), which aren't economically successful and also near the equator (latitude), as their climate is very different. Amartya Sen’s paper “Ingredients of famine analysis: availability and entitlements” looks at other approaches of famine. The paper looks more into the command of food and the legal means in society more then the shortages and availability’s of food. Firstly Amartya Sen looks at the Availability approach: This looks directly into the availability of food. He highlights the main increasing problems with lack of food and confesses his concern on the continuation in famines. Sen seems to question the traditional definition of the Famine “extreme and general scarcity of food….”. Sen believes that starvation is directly as a result of people not having enough food and not the there is not enough food available to eat. If there is enough food available surely means that famine should not exist. Unluckily this is not the case and Sen’s paper continues and looks at the “Entitlement Approach”. The Entitlement...
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...for the scale of the great famine in China, 1958-65? Mao introduced collectivisation in 1956, two years before the beginning of the great famine. It lasted between the years of 1958 and 1961, where millions of peasants and industrial worker died due to a severe lack of food. Most historians argue that the scale of the famine was due to the agricultural reforms introduced by Mao in the Great Leap Forward, but Mao blamed other factors. Collectivisation involved the peasants joining together to farm collectively rather than individually. They then had to share the food produced with the rest of the community, as opposed to just their families, which had been the way the previous, traditional system worked. This, in theory, was a good idea; if the peasants worked together they could share knowledge and potentially grow more food. However, they didn’t like the policy as it meant, regardless of how much they grew individually, they would only get a set amount, and it was never enough to feed the whole family. Mao believed that many peasants were growing more food than necessary and keeping some for themselves, however this was proved not to be the case; production rate had fallen from 200million in 1958 to 143.5million in 1960, proving that they were innocent; Mao simply didn’t trust the peasants, believing they were ‘inherently capitalist’ and were against being a communist state. The policy of collectivisation contributed hugely to the scale of the famine; the peasants resented...
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...Leroy Davis In 1755, Lisbon was one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. The Lisbon, Portugal earth quake occurred along the Azores-Gilbratar fracture zone. This is an active seismic region where large earthquakes occur with frequency. At the time of the earthquake, Lisbon was preparing for one of the biggest celebrations in the religious calendar and the city was alive with activity in preparation for the forthcoming commemoration. A strange frightful noise underground was first heard, it sounded like distant rumbling of thunder. The first three shocks were over a ten minute period followed by an even more powerful second shock which sent buildings toppling down. There were two major aftershocks that caused added agony and despair to survivors. The Lisbon earthquakes caused considerable damage not only in Portugal but in Spain, Madrid and Seville. The shock waves were felt throughout Europe and North Africa, over an area of about 1,300,000 square miles. Moe than 18,000 buildings representing about 85% of the total were completely demolished. Over 30,000 people lost their lives in the first two minutes. The total death toll in Lisbon, a city of 230,000, was estimated to be about 90,000. Another 10, 000 people were killed in Morocco. The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia. The earthquake had struck on an important church holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst...
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...Introduction Famine is described by the Global Express Edition as a “crisis in which starvation from too little food results in a sharp amount of deaths in one place,”[1] and a crisis it is. In addition to war, famine is also one of the most common ways of which people are dieing in the sub-Saharan Africa region. Famine, on the other hand, is not as widely talked about, around the world, but leads to the same result, numerous amounts of deaths. Hundreds of thousands to millions of people in sub-Saharan Africa have died as a result of this crisis in different nations, such as Sudan, Ethiopia, (fill in different countries). However, famine is not something that happens overnight, and many factors lead to this major crisis. There are many major factors that build up to the final occurrence of a famine in sub-Saharan Africa. The major causes of famine are droughts, war, economic issues, and food distribution. One of the five causes may lead to a major famine, however, when two or more of the causes “work together” to produce a famine, the situation may become hectic. For example, if a war happens to erupt during a drought, it becomes harder for a nation to prevent an all-out famine crisis rather than if their was just a drought. It has become apparent that international and national intervention is needed to help prevent future famines from taking place. Organizations such as the United Nations (UN), Food Association Organization (FAO), United States Aid...
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...seventh trumpet introduces the seven bowls (Revelation 11:15-19,15:1-8). The first four of the seven seals are known as the four horsemen of the Apocalypse. The first seal introduces the Antichrist (Revelation 6:1-2). The second seal causes great warfare (Revelation 6:3-4). The third of the seven seals causes famine (Revelation 6:5-6). The fourth seal brings about plague, further famine, and further warfare (Revelation 6:7-8). The fifth seal tells us of those who will be martyred for their faith in Christ during the end times (Revelation 6:9-11). God hears their cries for justice and will deliver it in His timing—in the form of the sixth seal, along with the trumpet and bowl judgments. When the sixth of the seven seals is broken, a devastating earthquake occurs, causing massive upheaval and terrible devastation—along with unusual astronomical phenomena (Revelation 6:12-14). Those who survive are right to cry out, “Fall on us and hide us from the face of him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb! For the great day of their wrath has come, and who can stand?” (Revelation 6:16-17). The seven trumpets are described inRevelation 8:6-13. The seven trumpets are the “contents” of the seventh seal (Revelation 8:1-5). The first trumpet causes hail and fire that destroys much of the plant life in the world (Revelation 8:7). The second trumpet brings about what seems to be a meteor hitting the oceans and causing the death of much of the...
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...STAR of the SEA-Joseph O’ Connor Assignment 1 Introduction; In this assignment I am going to be looking at the two main topics associated with the Great Famine. The two main topics which I will be analysing in detail is both Kingscourt and The Famine. I will be looking and analysing the view of Kingscourt himself in Chapter two, G.G. Dixon the journalist in chapter 3, Mary Duane and her view on Kingscourt in chapter eight and finally Pius Mulvey on the famine in chapter 11. I am going to be comparing and reviewing the opinions of each character towards both Kingscourt and The Famine. I will then finish off with a conclusion of what my opinion is of both Kingscourt and The famine after analysing each character and what their opinions are in detail. Paragraph One, Chapter two; Lord Kingscourt Lord Kingscourt is firstly introduced to us in chapter 2. Our first encounter and impression of Lord Kingscourt is that he is a man of very high class, we know this as he is firstly introduced by statement ‘The Right Honourable Thomas David Nelson, the noble Lord Kingscourt, the Viscount of Roundstone, the ninth Earl of Cashel, Kilkerrin and Carna.’(pg.5) From looking at the following statement and how he is firstly put across to us we already know that Lord Kingscourt in a man that holds a lot of responsibilities and is held in very high regard. When Lord Kingscourt was in the dinning saloon we know that a negro man holding an overload of charged champagne flutes stumbles near the...
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...The time period between 400 AD and 1400 AD was a dark age for Europe, a time of cultural decline, yet also a time of loss of education. In document A, it shows that "During the early Middle Ages, from 476 to about 1100, European civilization slipped back into semi-barbarism." Also in Capitulary of Aix-la-Chapelle concerning Adulterers of Money, 817. "Concerning false money, we have ordered that he who has been proved to have made it shall have his hand cut off." (Document C) Lastly, in Abbey of Xanten Records, 853: "A great famine in Saxony so that many were forced to live on horse meat." (Document C) In the example of document A, the sentence it reads that during most of the period between 400 AD and 1400 AD, civilization turned back it's clock and turned to semi barbarism. The definition of semi barbarism is "The quality or state of being half barbarous or uncivilized" which explains itself on one of the reasons on why the period between 400 AD and 1400 AD would be considered a Dark Age....
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...cover all of Ireland. The British had taken over the culture and oppressed the Irish. The Irish concluded their only hope was separation from the British, and as London wasn’t going to grant freedom, they would have to fight for it. During the Great Famine, the London government offered little aid as an act of genocide. Many Irish emigrated from Ireland to America and started the Fenians, an Irish group that fought against the British for freedom. The Fenians were Freedom Fighters because they fought for the independence of Ireland. One of the best ways to do this was to attack British North America. Over a series of raids (as the 1866...
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...In “Famine, Affluence, and Morality”, Peter Singer discusses that individuals who live in a more developed and economical country such as the united states, have a moral obligation to contribute far more than than we actually do in the aid for famine, disaster relief, etc. Singer believes that if we were to change our lifestyles, it would benefit those in need. When faced with a situation that involves either the life of another individual or also just lending a hand we should help them. Singer states that, “If it is in our power to prevent something bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought, morally, to do it”(235). Singer also discusses that by helping someone we aren't sacrificing...
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...how the war ultimately bought about India as an independent nation. This essay will examine the short-term significance of Second World War on India (1939-47). September 3rd 1939 Viceroy Linlithgow, with no consultation or warning, committed over 300 million Indians to war with an enemy they knew little about. India had a long history of being ruled by Britain since it established a trading post there in the 17th century, and this declaration showed how they were still part of the British Empire. Whilst many rejected fascist ideologies, for the predominately Hindu populace, for whom engagement in violence was in direct contravention of their religion’s teachings, involvement in European war was deeply resented. “Nowhere do these great principles of morality and justice mean more than in India”. This statement, by Viceroy Linlithgow, following his declaration of war, illustrates how imperialistic and short-sighted Britain was to their relationship with India as these ‘principles’ had no place in how India was governed. For nearly 200 years the British Empire had suppressed India into submission, turning it an east-empire trading dock. This shows that even though India had been a huge help in the First World War many British officials still believed in India still being treated similarly to India 200 years ago. For Linlithgow to talk about morality, principles and justice was ironic to say the least. Once their country had been declared at war, Congress stated that...
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...How far were Mao’s Agricultural Policies the reason to the Great Famine? There were many factors that led to the contribution of the great famine. Some were blamed upon Mao’s bad decisions others were thought to be out of his reach to control. These policies included collectivisation, which forced the villagers to work as one unit; this bought more than it did well. Lysenkoism a soviet theory was bought in from Russia to help China grow more food but again Mao had not calculated this thoroughly. Sparrowcide contributed to the downfall of the great famine also, the four noes acted more as a barrier for the peasants. Other factors such as bad weather conditions and the conspiracy of silence by the Cadres and the CCP was something that even Mao could not control. Mao’s party was also corrupting, many were starting to resent the way he was doing things and parties were starting to quarrel. Collectivisation was the first agricultural policy introduced by Mao; this policy was not one of his most popular choices. Collectivisation involved the peasants working as a unit rather than individually, Mao did not like the idea of having levels of higher achy in the unit of peasants as he believed in equality. This came to be an issue amongst the peasants because they were no longer aloud to farm for themselves as the grain they produced went to the state instead. It seemed as though Mao had prioritised the needs of the city to the villagers. The peasants were starting to feel as though...
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...transition Russia into a modern industrial economy, however, it came the expense of brutal oppression, forced labor, and millions of deaths to all which initially were spread through propaganda messages that incited national pride among many and was in a sense “successful” in achieving “increased production” but would come at the cost of devastating the Russian peoples’ living conditions (Keefe, pg.1). The process of collectivization from the 1927 to the 1930s and beyond lead to “cataclysmic “famines in Russia, killing anywhere from “five to six million” or more people per famine (Keefe, p.2). The Russian peasant class were severely oppressed as their rights, property, and work were taken away from them through fear and intimidation. In general, as with Zedong’s political decisions, Stalin’s decisions to make Russia an industrialized economy neglected certain aspects of the economy, which caused a shortage of food supplies that lead to famines. Notably, the government's reaction to the famines in Russia had been nothing as Stalin did not seek to aid those in need of...
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...The Soviet Famine of the early nineteen thirties brought the deaths of millions of people over the course of three years. The tragedy, localized mainly in the Ukrainian region of the Soviet Union was brought on by a series of events that would leave the villages of this Soviet nation with nothing to nourish the extensive population. Women, children, and men alike starved to death as the crops of their villages were taken away, leaving them with nothing, not even small scraps of food or grain to survive on through the seasons between harvests. When harvest came, the grain and other crops would be taken away before the local population could feed their own bodies, leaving people to steal anything that they could to feed themselves and their families. The question that has plagued historians for decades is who exactly is at fault for causing a tragedy of this nature to occur. The purpose of this paper is to bring to light a possible factor of guilt for this event, and give supporting evidence from both eyewitness accounts and research, done since the occurrence of the events in 1931-1933, to prove that there is indeed guilt to be placed on a party. It is this authors viewpoint that suggests that criminal charges be brought against the government of the Soviet Union, and the Communist Party as a whole. It is important to mention that no one person was responsible for the famine, and this paper will cover the parties responsible for the atrocities that took place from 1932-1933. ...
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...beneficial results. specific, significant moment when something begins to change * I disagree because the famine had devastating effects on the people of Ireland Catholic Emancipation: Granted virtually full civil and political rights to Roman Catholics, which meant they could now become MP’s and could occupy the highest positions in the state How was it a turning point? * Opened the door to the possibility of a Catholic-controlled Ireland * Blow to the ‘Protestant Ascendancy’s’ monopoly on power as it opened up opportunities for Catholic advancement in politics, professions and government service. * led to the rise of the Irish tenant farmers as a powerful voice for change ( a desire for Home Rule) * Enabled Catholics to hold public office. E.G Daniel O’Connell * Showed how successful the mobilisation of popular support could be to the constitutional nationalist cause for change. * had limited initial impact on the electoral system until at least 1852, (Until ‘Independent Irish Party’ was created.) * fundamental change in Ireland after 1829 was slow after the passing of the act. Indeed, since the Catholic Emancipation Act was regarded as primarily a Catholic victory, sectarianism actually increased, Act of Union: legislative agreement uniting Great Britain (England and Scotland) and Ireland under the name of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. How was it a truing point? * Set the political, economic and religious agenda...
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