...Can a humanistic model of counselling be integrated with a cognitive one? In this essay I am going to compare the Person-Centred Therapy founded by Carl Rogers and the Cognitive Therapy Model of Aaron Becks. I shall compare the two approaches, outlining the theory to explain their similarities as well as their differences. I shall compare the two approaches to show whether a humanistic and cognitive approach can be integrated successfully into a therapy session. In order to compare the two approaches it is necessary to summarise the main features of the two. Cognitive Therapy in brief can be described as: 1. Formulating a plan for treatment. 2. Focussing on the current, presenting problems as defined by the client. 3. Goal setting. 4. Time-limited. 5. Agreement to set and complete homework. 6. Connecting the way a client thinks about situations and how they feel and behave in order to change these thoughts. 7. Assisting the client in identifying and using coping skills for self-help in the future. Cognitive Therapy (CT) is organised around a formulation devised by Becks in 1976 to assist patients who were suffering from depression. The aim of CT is to understand the person's environment, values, beliefs and the way the person assesses events in their life. The CT model evaluates how people believe that a situation affects their feelings, behaviour and their view of 'self' and 'others'. A CT Therapist believes these views will be distorted...
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...Japonism From the 1860’s uklyo-e Japenese wood block prints, became a source of inspiration for many European impressionists painters in france and elsewhere. Artists were especially affected by the lack of perspective and shadow, the flat areas of strong colour, the compositional freedom in placing the subject off-center, with mostly a low diagonal axis to the background. Unlike other varieties of orientalism, Japonism mostly involved Western artists using elements of Eastern styles in work showing their own culture; if only because of the difficulty of travel, there were relatively few artists attempting Eastern scenes in a Western style. Much of the Japanese art, which found it's way across the seas to Europe and America was of the ukiyo-e. At first this consisted mainly of prints produced by the artists of the time, but as Western appreciation for the art form increased, the work of the Edo Period masters became increasingly sought after by collectors. To western observers the work of the Edo Period epitomized the Japanese tradition, unlike modern prints, which were already showing the influence of Western art. The man who can be seen as the first true champion of Japonism was the French impressionist painter and etcher Félix Bracquemond . Around 1856 Bracquemond discovered a set of Hokusai's manga sketches in Paris and was soon extolling their virtues to his circle of friends and acquaintances. Through his efforts artists such as Manet, Pierre Bonnard, Henri de...
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...Practical – Do leading questions have an effect on memory? Aim: To find out whether leading questions result in the inaccuracy of memory. Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that participants who are asked a leading question will have a higher estimate of speed after watching the video clip. I have suggested this due to the Loftus and Palmer Study (1974), in which Loftus and Palmer conclude that leading questions alter a person’s recollection of memory, often activating the wrong schemas and in most cases distort the recalled information by reconstructing the memory with the help of particular cues. The hypothesis created is one-tailed/ directional. Null Hypothesis: My null hypothesis is that participants who are asked a leading question will have a similar estimate of speed as participants who are asked a non-leading question. Apparatus: 1. A video clip of two cars being raced - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfV87TgYH78 2. Paper and pen – For students to write their estimate of speed. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the leading/ non-leading question asked to participants. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the estimation of the speed (mph) of the car in the video clip shown to participants. The two variables above will determine the final results acquired from the experiment I will be conducting with my group. Controlled Variable: I will ensure that the two groups contain equal number of participants. For...
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...Diabetes In the questionnaire attached to this document, we are able to recognize the signs and symptoms that my case study receives and we can then compare it against the signs and symptoms the NHS believe people receive when they have diabetes. My case study explains that she has suffered with diabetes for quite some years and was diagnosed in 2004 a year after moving to the UK from Antigua. She explains the changes she had to make in order to reduce the symptoms of her diabetes and how she has managed in keeping up the lifestyle changes. She suffers from other illnesses also and some of the lifestyle changes have helped to reduce symptoms of the other illnesses also. Diabetes is caused by you having too much glucose in the blood. The blood glucose levels are regulated by the hormone insulin. My case study has Type 2 diabetes and the following information tells us how she may deal with it. Insulin is needed for moving glucose out of the blood and into the cells where it is broken down and used to produce energy. There are many different types of diabetes including: TYPE 1 (IDDM – Insulin Dependent Diabetes) This is when the body produces little or no insulin because the immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. A lack of insulin causes the blood glucose level to become too high and the person to have a HYPERGLYCAEMIC attack. A HYPOGLYCAEMIC attack happens if the blood levels are too low i.e. too much insulin has been taken. TYPE 2 ...
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...How does your therapy compare with the competition? ADVANTAGES OF COGNITIVE APPROACH * SIT has been used effectively with individuals, couples and small groups. The technique is flexible and can be inexpensive. * Cognitive therapies recognised that stress causes people to think illogically and in a distorted way and the maladaptive thoughts have effects on both behaviour ( which may become irrational) and emotions (which may lead to panic and feeling out of control) * What significantly separates this approach from the rest is that it provides coping strategies AND addresses the cognitive processes and reasons for the induced stress. It is the only NON –REACTIONARY APPROACH . BEHAVIOURAL * Biofeedback’s ‘long lasting benefits’ maybe due to the technique of biofeedback resulting in general relaxation rather than specific psychological function being controlled. Cognitive approach not only investigates the cognitive processes that induce the stressor but also helps relieve the stress through practical, applicable relaxation techniques. * A person typically learns the technique in a lab wired up to a machine (artificial) .In real life, stress does not occur in this situation. Cognitive theories help an individual cope with their stress and anxiety in a way which is transferable to their everyday life. SOCIAL SUPPORT * Social support is often already offered in an individual’s day to day life by family and peers; this proves that if the stress is...
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...Discuss the cognitive approach to explain psychological abnormality. The cognitive approach focuses on the internal mental processes. In relation to metal disorders, the way a person thinks about events and experiences are assumed to go some way toward being the cause of the disorder; often because these thoughts may be irrational and distorted when it comes to someone with an underlying mental disorder. Beck, for example, in 1987 related ‘negative assumptions’ to depression. Beck (1987): Triad of negative assumptions • Negative view of self. ‘I am a worthless person.’ • Negative view of circumstance: ‘Everything is bleak and I cannot cope with what people expect of me.’ • Negative view of the future: ‘Things can only get worse and there is nothing I can do to change them.’ Eating disorders suggest that irrational negative thinking is a cause of mental disorders as people will this illness have the belief that being thin will lead to happiness and attractiveness, which therefore reinforces the idea that they are doing the right thing. Because of this type of behaviour a person is unable to behave adaptively. Therapies associated with this approach aim to challenge the negative thoughts, the cognitive approach is in some ways very similar to the behavioural approach, this is because the cognitive approach is a branch of the behavioural approach, it arose out of disappointment of behavioural therapies and its limitations. The difference between behavioural and cognitive therapy...
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...Describe the cognitive approach in psychology and evaluate the research methods used. In the cognitive approach, lab experiments are reductionist because it’s focusing on basic processes and compares human cognition to computer functioning; ignoring the complexity of the human mind. The cognitive approach often takes this narrow focus and ignores social and emotional factors which may impact on cognition. This is evident from studies such as Ebinghaus experiment where he investigated forgetting and how memory ‘decays’. Although there are some explanations that relate to the brain and how our brain deals with information to remember it, there is another explanation that supports the reductionist side. Humans are like computers and if we don’t recall the information to remind ourselves of something, like in a computer drive we will simply get overloaded with other information that will overshadow this one and simply make us forget. This therefore shows how lab experiments can be reductionist. Furthermore, because it was a lab experiment where Ebinghaus knew what to expect from his inference we can say it was unfair and invalid because he was appreciative. The use of case studies in the cognitive approach is longitudinal which is good as it allows information to be gathered over a period of time and can therefore show changes in behaviour or thoughts over the set period. The Ebinghaus study, where he collected data over several weeks to see if he was capable of remembering things...
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...The Theoretical Perspective of the Cognitive Personality Approach Brett Abstract What I as an author am trying to do in this essay is to grab my audiences attention and explain and appeal to them about the theoretical perspective of the Cognitive Personality approach. I provided historical statements, theories, and research to make each individual aspect of the perspective as clear as possible. This essay will consist of the Theoretical perspective of the approach, Theorists who have contributed to this approach, Compare and contrast two theorists perspectives within this approach, Identify and describe measurement and assessment instruments, and Clinical application of the approach. If you believe the saying 'Perception is everything,' then you may well be a cognitivist. Cognitive theory is focused on the individual's thoughts as the determinate of his or her emotions and behaviors and therefore personality (Dasen). Many cognitive theorists believe that without these thought processes, we could have no emotions and no behavior and would therefore not function. In other words, thoughts always come before any feeling and before any action. The theoretical perspective of the Cognitive approach of personality can be simply described as what personality does, but is much more complex than that. Cognitive Psychology revolves around the notion that if we want to know what makes people tick then we need to understand the internal processes of their mind (Dasen). Cognition...
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...Cognitive Personality Approach Introduction Psychology definition is the study of the human mind and human behaviors. It is an theoretical discipline and is applied science in which seeks the understanding of individuals and groups by establishing overall principles, along with researching specific form of cases. There are many different approaches to psychology such as humanist, behavioral, and cognitive. One must understand the cognitive approach before truly understand the cognitive personality approach. Cognitive psychology “is the scientific investigation of human cognition, that is, all our mental abilities – perceiving, learning, remembering, thinking, reasoning, and understanding”(Lu & Dosher, 2007, p. 1). As the term ‘cognition’ comes from the Latin word “cognoscere”. Cognitive psychology is the study in which how people obtain and apply knowledge or information to their everyday lives. It is a modern form that includes a set of new technologies in the field of psychological science. The study of human cognitive is traced back to Aristotle De Memoria in Hothersall in 1984. The overall concept of cognitive psychology began with the cognitive approaches to psychological issues in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the work of Wundt, Cattell, and William James. It claimed the first half of the approach during the 20th century with the behaviorism approach in cognitive psychology. Within this dissertation it will be covering different aspects of cognitive personality...
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...Humanistic approach being the first to be evaluated with a brief description then the Cognitive approach is described and evaluated. The last approach to be described and evaluated was the Behaviourist. Three approaches will have pros and cons within the evaluation given Humanism is a psychological approach that emphasises on the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behaviour not only through the eyes of the observer, but also through the eyes of the person doing the behaviour. Yet, they also believe that an individual’s behaviour is connected to their inner feelings. However, the Humanistic approach was developed as a rebellion against what some psychologists saw as limitations of the behaviourist and psychodynamics approaches within psychology. Therefore, this approach is often called the “third force” in psychology after psychoanalysis and behaviourism. One of the leading humanistic psychologist, Carl Rogers, was trained as a psychoanalyst and a leading therapist (Saul McLeod, 2007). Humanistic psychologists believe, that people have free will and are capable of choosing their own actions, although they may not realise this. They also take the view that people also have a tendency towards growth and fulfilment of their own potential (Sammons, 2011) The humanistic approach promotes a positive image of human being and the human condition the apparent lack of objectivity in the humanistic methods is a significant criticism of this approach. Other approaches...
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...The cognitive approach to human and comparative psychology rests on two main assumptions: 1) there are cognitive representations and processes that act on those representations 2) we can discover these representations and processes, albeit indirectly (Willingham, 2007). This approach offers a middle ground between B.F. Skinner’s cut-and-dry input—output relations and C.L. Hull’s hypothetical constructs and intervening variables. In the first case, there is no room for intermediary cognitive processes between stimulus and response, outside the realm of simple associative learning. In the second case, there is lacking an explicit scientific means by which to objectively observe the theoretical cognitive mechanisms in question. However, E. C. Tolman was one of the first psychologists to suggest that intermediary cognitive processes could be deduced through the results of scientifically rigorous experimentation (Zentall, 2002). It is on this very basic proposition, that theoretical cognitive processes can be inferred by observing behavior, which most informs the developmental milestones in the formation of the cognitive perspective as a branch of psychology. Development of Cognitive Psychology The development of the cognitive approach as a mainstream psychological perspective is marked by four major milestones: 1) the shortfalls of the behaviorist perspective of psychology 2) the ability for abstract constructs to account for the aforementioned shortfalls 3) the bridging of abstract...
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...Caitlin Cox Year 13 Unit 8 D1- Evaluate two psychological approaches to health and social care service provision. When comparing the two psychological approaches that I had chosen which were the cognitive approach and behavioural approach I feel the cognitive approach is more effective. The reason I think this is because the cognitive approach focuses on the way that people think and feel as they believe that it has an impact on the actions that we carry out. The cognitive approach focuses on the reason why people make the decisions that they make and also memory. One of the reasons that I feel the cognitive approach is better than the behavioural approach is because the reason the cognitive approach was created is because a lot of people...
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...Disorder Specific Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Interventions – WHM-M-030 Introduction The purpose of the paper is to discuss the current theory and empirical literature for using a transdiagnostic approach in cognitive behaviour therapy and it’s relevance in current practice. I will discuss the theory and evidence for using a transdiagnostic approach and highlight the main processes. A discussion on the strengths and limitations of the approach will conclude the first part of the paper. The second part will be a review of personal clinical work discussing the transdiagnostic process and its hypothesised effectiveness. To conclude the author will provide a personal reflection. There has been a long widely accepted claim for the effectiveness of CBT with prolific amount of evidence for it’s effectiveness for Depression, Anxiety and Mood disorders (Roth & Fongy, 1995) Models such as cognitive therapy for depression (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979), panic disorder (Clark, 1986,), posttraumatic stress disorder (Clark & Ehlers, 2004); and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Salkovskis, 1989) have led to disorder-specific interventions for treating common mental health problems. The benefits of devising a model on specific disorders is the high degree of research and comparable data involved; from that the therapist will be highly trained in the use of the model to deliver the approach for each disorder (Salkovskis 2002). Disorder specific models are seen to be easily delivered...
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...What is Cognitive Psychology? Donyelle Best PSY/360 Cognitive Psychology Luvenia Jackson September 4, 2014 What is Cognitive Psychology? The word cognitive refers to the mental processes involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension. These mental processes include the acts of thinking, knowing, remembering, reasoning, judging, learning, perceiving, speaking, believing, speaking, decision making and problem solving. These are more complex functions of the brain and include language, imagination, perception and planning. It uses scientific research methods in studying the mental processes. In other words, cognitive psychology is a scientific approach to studying the mind. The main focus of cognitive psychology is on how an individual acquires, processes, and stores information, and it studies how individuals view and comprehend the world around him or her. Cognitive psychology also focuses on trying to identify behavior through characteristics other than its obvious properties (Willingham, 2007). Cognitive psychology rose to the top due to top in response to the flaws in other methods of studying the mind. Key Milestones in the Development of Cognitive Psychology Cognitive psychology developed primarily from the inability of the behaviorist approach to fully explain every form of behavior. While there were many things that drove its development, there were four...
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...started at age 11 as a means to “cope with her emotions and depression”. Demi attended rehab for these mental health illnesses, and from this is now back on track and has had a very successful career. Approach 1: To help treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm, the cognitive approach would use talking therapy, where a therapist/counsellor sits with the individual and allows the individual to talk about their problems and with this find ways to help the individual work out how to deal with negative thoughts and feelings and make positive changes. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an active type of counselling. It is the first-line treatment for outpatients with bulimia. CBT is used to treat the mental and emotional elements of an eating disorder. Approach 2: The behavioural approach would help to treat Demi’s bipolar and self-harm by using techniques to minimise stress levels. Behavioural therapy aims to change harmful and unhelpful behaviours that an individual may have e.g. eating disorder. The behavioural approach system controls approach motivation and goal-directed behaviour to achieve rewards. It is activated by rewards or goal-relevant cues, which can be either external (presence of a desired goal) or internal (expectancies of goal achievement). The behavioural approach system activation is compromised in the generation of positive goal-striving emotions such as happiness (reinforcement and punishment). By seeing a therapist or counsellor Demi could have set goals e.g...
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