...The Concept of Power The concept of power is present within various realms of all organizations. Power, however, is not something that should necessarily be looked at negatively. There are justifiable types of power that may be important to criminal justice organizations. The main role of power in criminal justice administration should be to gain compliance from subordinates of all types, and turn that power over time into acceptable forms of authority (Stojkovic et al., 2008). It is for this reason that power is an important attribute in criminal justice agencies. It is important as a criminal justice manager, and agency as a whole, to have legitimate power. Power that is not coercive and works for the good of the organization is beneficial in gathering information, resources, and compliance. Legitimate, expert, and referent power can be effective in the attainment of goals (Stojkovic et al., 2008). Legitimate power operates on the assumption that those in traditional authority positions are the power holder and wield their authority over the power recipient because their internalized norms justify the amount of compliance needed (Stojkovic et al., 2008). Legitimate power is most useful within criminal justice agencies because it takes into account the culture, and social structure, and operates within a hierarchy to promote successful delegation of duties. While political power does have some benefits within a criminal justice agency, it is easily corruptible and...
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...Concept of Separation of Powers in the American Democracy There are three branches of the government that represent the will of the people. These are the legislative, executive and judicial branches of the government. These three branches are the main organs of the government. The legislative branch makes the laws, executive enforces the laws and judicial applies them to the specific cases that arise out of the breach of law. While each branch works individually in performing their tasks it tends to interfere in the sphere of working of another functionary because a strict demarcation of functions is not possible in their dealings with the general public. Even when acting in ambit of their own power, overlapping functions tend to appear among the branches. It is important that the political system to be stable and that the power need to be balanced off against each other. The separation of power deals with the mutual relations among the three branches of government: Legislative, Executive, and Judiciary. The Constitution was written to bring forth a functioning sense of the three branches and hence a strict demarcation of power is the aim sought to be achieved by this principle. The constitution signifies the fact that one person or one body should not excess all the three powers of the government. A French scholar by the name of Montesquieu found that concentration of power in one person or a group results in tyranny. Montesquieu felt the need for decentralization of power...
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...Realism is considered to be the dominant theory of International Relations because it explains the power struggle among states in the international system very well. From the realist point of view, the rule in this system is cruel, or we should say there is no rule in the operation of international relations because the only thing can be relied on is nations’ own power. Power is an important issue in realism. As Thucydides put it thousands years ago, “The strong do what they can and the weak suffer what they must”. The power they discuss here is not absolute power but relative power. It’s a concept that should be compared with other states. The interesting thing is that nothing seems to have been changed now. The international environment, in which obligation and personal emotions are set aside and the interests and survival of the states become top priorities, remains cruel as it used to be. Therefore, realists claim that pursuing power for a state is not only to fulfill its ambition but to survive. The question is why do nations need power to survive? To begin with, in realists’ definition, the state is the main actor in the international system. Though it might be city-state, empire, kingdom or tribe that represented the state at times, the point is this basic unit represents the collective will of people. (Dunne) To quest the good life of its people, the state needs power to fulfill the goal. In addition, realists believe the states operate in an anarchic system, in which...
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...Power and Politics Power and Politics Unit P1: Basic Concepts Unit M1: Basic Concepts Power and Politics Basic Concepts Introduction We need to begin by noting and understanding the definitions of - and interrelationship between - the following concepts: a. Power b. Politics c. Authority d. Ideology The concepts of power and politics are entwined / inter-dependent in the sense that politics - whether of the specifically governmental kind (political parties, pressure groups, etc.), the economic kind (bureaucracies, the organization of the workplace into social hierarchies based upon status, etc.) or the interpersonal (relations between males and females, children and adults, etc) - involves the exercising of power. What we have to begin by doing, therefore, is to define the concept of power (and understand the differing dimensions / aspects of power - coercive power, types of authority and so forth) and relate it to such ideas as: a. The social characteristics of the powerful and the powerless. b. The development of ideological frameworks that legitimise the exercise of power. c. The social effects / consequences of the exercising of power. Explicitly, in relation to politics and power there are two basic kinds of sociological question that we need to explore: a. Who rules in society? b. How is their power created, legitimised and reproduced? In social terms, power, almost by definition, involves the rule by the few over the majority and we have to understand...
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...Course Code ECO111 Course Category Course Title MICRO ECONOMICS Courses with conceptual focus Course Planner 12526::Pooja Kansra Lectures 4.0 Tutorials Practicals Credits 1.0 0.0 5.0 TextBooks Sr No T-1 Title Microeconomics Theory and Applications Reference Books Sr No R-1 R-2 R-3 Other Reading Sr No OR-1 OR-2 OR-3 OR-4 OR-5 OR-6 OR-7 Journals articles as Compulsary reading (specific articles, complete reference) Kwang Ng,Yew,Why Is a Financial Crisis Important? The Significance of the Relaxation of the Assumption of Perfect Competition,International Journal of Business and Economics,2009,Vol.8,No.2,91-114 , Roman Indrest and Tommasso Valletti,Price Discrimination in input markets,The Rand Journal of Economics,Vol. 40,No.1,Spring 2009,1-19 , Cordtz,Dan,Car wars: A global report on Auto Industry,FInancial World,August 22,1989;158,17;ABI/INFORM Global , S.k.Mishra,A Brief History of Production Functions,The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics,November,2010,Vol. VIII,No. 4,pp.6-34 , Monika Jain,Paradox of Plenty,with Special Reference to Inelastic Demand for Apples,The IUP Journal of Managerial Economics,May,2011,Vol. IX,No. 2,pp.4455 , Cathy Locke Bee Staff Writer. The Sacramento Bee ,"EID report reveals household water use on rise An analysis of supply, demand recommends holding off on meters" http://search.proquest.com/docview/246565304?accountid=80692 , Yeung; Vincent Mok,Regional monopoly and interregional and intraregional competition :The parallel trade in coca cola between...
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...One of the Prominent topics included in the Enlightenment phase was the concept of Separation of Power. The ideal created by Baron de Montesquieu, the concept was based on three separate branches: executive, judicial, and legislative, along with the concept of keeping them separate to form a more balanced government. With this concept, many different documents have been created supporting this ideal. Such as the U.S. Constitution, The Saint Domingue Constitution of 1801 and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of The Citizen. One of the highlighted ideals that were created during the Enlightenment period was Separation of Power. This was the concept of the three branches of government being separated and to be able to perform checks and balances. Congress makes the laws, but the President can “veto” or reject them and the Supreme Court can declare them unconstitutional. Thus, each branch is separate and serves a different purpose within the government as a whole. Baron de Montesquieu is the main creator of this idea. Baron de...
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...CHAPTER OBJECTIVES 1. Define what marketing is and discuss its core concepts. 2. Explain the relationships between customer value, satisfaction, and quality. 3. Define marketing management and understand how marketers manage demand and build profitable customer relationships. 4. Compare the five marketing management philosophies. 5. Analyze the major challenges facing marketers headings into the next century. CHAPTER OVERVIEW Marketing is part of all of our lives and touches us in some way every day. To be successful each company that deals with customers on a daily basis must not only be customer-driven, but customer-obsessed. The best way to achieve this objective is to develop a sound marketing function within the organization. Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing is a key factor in business success. The marketing function not only deals with the production and distribution of products and services, but it also is concerned with the ethical and social responsibility functions found in the domestic and global environment. Marketing and its core concepts, the exchange relationship, a brief description of marketing management, the five major philosophies of marketing thought and practice, marketing challenges in the new millennium, marketing’s relationship to the information technology boom...
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...KEY CONCEPTS Part I: Modern Politics: State and Citizens You will find listed below the key concepts for each lecture and chapters from the text. These concepts are what you will be tested on. They will appear on the midterm quiz, in the form of multiple choice questions and in the final exam will be the basis of both the short answer and longer essay questions. Please note that some of the concepts listed under lectures are also covered in the readings, sometimes in more than one chapter. Lec. 1-2 What is Politics? Concepts from the Lecture: Politics ‘Polis’ Plato Machiavelli Modern Age Thomas Hobbes Leviathan Concepts from the Texts: ‘Simile of the Cave’ ‘fortuna’ philosopher-king Behavioural Approach Class Analysis Elite theory Pluralism Institutionalism ‘Power to’ vs. ‘Power over’ Lec. 3 What is the State? Concepts from the Lecture: Treaty of Westphalia Social Contract Legal-institutionalism Branches of State Levels of State Elitism Pluralism Additional Concepts from the Texts: Night Watchman State Neo-liberal state Welfare State Liberal Democracy Lec. 4 The State: Power, Authority, and Sovereignty Concepts from the Lectures and Readings: Power Authority Sovereignty Weber’s Typology of Authority Concepts from Readings: See Lec. 3 concepts Lec. 5 Political Ideologies: Liberalism Concepts from the Lecture Ideology Left vs. Right ideologies John Locke/ Two Treatises of Government J.S...
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...been brought up by different ideas and concepts in documents, like the Magna Carta or the English Bill of Rights, and people like Thomas Hobbes or John Locke. A few of the most influential concepts in the development of the U.S constitutional government is the freedom of the people, freedom to petition, and the separation of powers. The freedom of the people has been a key factor in the development of the U.S. constitutional. In this form of democracy, the people have the power. This was important to the development of the government because it gives people the hand in the way they want to live. They vote on who they choose to lead them, different laws they want to follow so they don’t feel like they are being controlled by the government or one appointed ruler. Another concept that was influential to the constitutional government of the U.S. is the freedom of petition. This is another way that the people have freedom. It was written in English Bill of Rights that that citizens had the right to petition the king without fear of arrest. It gives people the freedom of speech, to speak their mind without worrying about being arrested and prosecuted. When adding this to the constitutional government, it gave more power and freedom to the people. The separation of powers is the final key concept in the development of the U.S. government. The separation of powers is a big concept because it limits the power one person has. It divides the powers between different people, so one person...
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...Empowerment is a concept we all have heard at one time or another it is utilized in numerous professions and specialties. Analysis of this concept will further understanding of empowerment for nursing professionals in areas from research, theory development or practice. Exploring the attributes, consequences, implications and model cases of empowerment can assist the nursing professional in utilizing empowerment to its fullest potential. Within the scope of nursing, empowerment can be seen not purely as how it relates to the client, or the nurse but also how it relates to both the client and the nurse (Rodwell 1996). The Walker-Avant method was used to analyze this concept, as it was the most commonly seen in nursing literature (McEwen & Willis, 2007). Aim This paper’s aim is to clarify the concept of empowerment and its implications for the nursing profession, by exploring how it pertains to nursing as well as other disciplines, its essential attributes, antecedents, consequences and empirical referents. Definition What is empowerment, and what does it mean? American Heritage dictionary defines empowerment as “To invest with power, especially legal power or official authority” or “To equip or supply with an ability; enable”. Dictionary.com defines it as “to give power or authority to; authorize, especially by legal or official means” or “to enable or permit”. Synonyms for empower include capacitate, entrust, permit and privilege according to Rogets Thesaurus. Understanding...
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...Power and Politics : Chapter 19 Power and politics are among the most important concepts in the study of organization behavior. Both power and politics are dynamic concepts and are a function of the interaction between different elements in organizations. Power has been defined as "the ability to influence and control anything that is of value to others." It is the ability to influence the behavior of other people in the organization and to get them to do what they otherwise would not have done. Although the terms power, authority and influence are often used synonymously, there is a difference between them. Power is the ability to effect a change in an individual or a group in some way. Power may or may not be legitimate. That is, power need not correspond with a person's organizational position. Authority, on the other hand, is legitimate. It is the power which is sanctioned by the organization and is often the 'source' of power. Influence is a much broader concept than both power and authority. French and Raven, social psychologists, identified five sources of power - coercive, reward, legitimate, expert and referent. Coercive power is based on fear and is the ability to influence another person through threats or fear of punishment. Reward power is a positive power which refers to the ability to get things done through others on the basis of one's power to grant rewards. Legitimate power depends on organizational position and authority. It refers to the power conferred by...
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...MGT/521 Knowledge Checks Contents Week 2: Planning 1 Concept: Strategies for SWOT Analyses 1 Concept: Strategic and Operational Plans 2 Concept: Differentiate Between Goals and Plans 2 Concept: Examples of Contingency Factors in Planning 3 Week 3: Organizing 3 Concept: Six Key Elements in Determining Organizational Structure 3 Concept: Mechanistic and Organic Structures 4 Concept: Types of Contemporary Organizational Designs 4 Concept: Types of Internal and External Collaboration 5 Concept: Stages of Group Development 5 Concept: Five Conflict Management Techniques 6 Concept: Six Aspects of Group Structure 6 Week 4: Leading 7 Concept: Early Leadership Theories 7 Concept: Contingency Leadership Theories 8 Concept: Contemporary Leadership Theories 8 Concept: Five Sources of Leader Power 9 Concept: Goals of Organizational Behavior 9 Concept: The Big Five Model 10 Concept: Attribution Theory 10 Week 5: Controlling 11 Concept: Control Process 11 Concept: Feedforward/Concurrent/Feedback Controls 11 Concept: Financial Controls 12 Concept: Balanced Scorecard 12 Concept: Benchmarking 13 Week 6: Business Ethics 13 Concept: Differences Between a Firm’s Social Obligations, Social Responsiveness, and Social Responsibility 13 Concept: Politics: Green Approaches/Shades of Green Model 14 Concept: Factors to Determine Ethical Behavior 14 Concept: Ways Managers Can Encourage Ethical Behavior 15 Week...
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... Complete the short exercise below and then we’ll explain what this might mean for you. Data Generation For each of the questions below, rank order the words in each ROW below where 4 is high and 1 is low in terms of their importance to you. A. Promotion ( ) Learning ( ) Expertise ( ) Escaping ( ) B. Variety ( ) Adventure ( ) Power ( ) Craftsmanship ( ) C. Recreation ( ) Moving Up ( ) Skill ( ) New Challenges ( ) D. Artisan ( ) Executive ( ) Vagabond ( ) Researcher ( ) E. Wandering ( ) Controlling ( ) Studying ( ) Perfecting ( ) F. Knowledge ( ) Rapid Change ( ) Talent Recognition ( ) Advancement ( ) Please double check that you ranked the ROW items above. Each row should have one word ranked 1, 2, 3, or 4. 4 is high, 1 is low. Once you’ve confirmed your answers, turn the page to learn what your responses might mean. 2007 © James G. Clawson, 2007. All rights reserved. -2 Theory Society defines success, typically, in terms of wealth and power. We read about the rich and famous in the newspapers and biographies, and see them in the news and in films. It turns out though, that left to their own devices, people will choose a variety of career paths, only one of which really leads ever upward. Professors Michael Driver1 and Ken Brousseau of the University of Southern ...
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...How To: Use Comparing Strategies DQ3: HELPING STUDENTS PRACTICE AND DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF NEW KNOWLEDGE Element 17 Examining Similarities and Differences Comparing is the process of identifying similarities and differences between ideas or things. A variety of strategies can be used when designing comparison activities. We will discuss sentence stems, Venn diagrams, double bubble diagrams and comparison matrices. Sentence Stem Comparisons This strategy can be used to have the students compare and contrast people, characters, places, events, concepts or processes. The comparisons can be general or specific. Marzano’s Becoming a Reflective Teacher, gives the following examples: General – House cats are similar to lions because ____________________. House cats are different than lions because _______________________. Specific – Sherlock Holmes and Gandalf are both characters who enjoy solving mysteries, but they are different because ____________________________. After a gym teacher has provided a series of critical-input experiences on baseball and fast pitch softball, he might assign a sentence stem assignment comparing and contrasting the two sports. A completed example can be found in Marzano’s A Handbook for the Art and Science of Teaching and looks something like this. Baseball and fast pitch softball are similar because they both… • Have 4 bases in a diamond shape • Have 9 defensive players. • Have the same ball/strike counts: 4 balls = walk & 3 strikes = out ...
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...Hegemonic masculinity is the ideal form of masculinity. According to R.W Connell and James Messeschmidt the concept hegemonic masculinity requires comprehensive re-examination (Connell and Messeschmidt, p.830) because hegemonic masculinity as a concept does not refer to all men. To speak of masculinities is to speak about gender relations. Masculinities concern the position of men in a gender order in terms of hierarchy. Hegemonic masculinity serves not to empower men but celebrates a particular form of masculinity exalted by the most privileged in society. Conell and Messeschmidt suggest that there is a gender hierarchy amongst men in which particular groups of men are considered in subordination to others. The authours concept of hegemonic masculinity provides a more dynamic perspective of the existing power structures and subordination. It takes into account a wide array of sociopolitical/socioeconomic factors and cultural groups in consideration rather than approaching hegemonic masculinity in terms of binary absolutes. They also lay out the problems with granting superiority to an ideal form of masculinity which is unattainable by most men and excludes women. Drawing on empirical research and the history of hegemonic masculinity concept, this article examines the complex ways in which hegemonic masculinity is used to legitimize the power structures put in place in a patriarchy society. In patriarchy societies, people with hegemonic masculine qualities such as white...
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