...to secure the company to stay in top financial shape. When using risk management is vital with promises that security also governs spending are fair, with the risks that come with it to which the companies are exposed. Subsequent an inclusive, also proper risk management method needed the clear understanding of values with danger in the matter. The danger is further than inquiries, with effectiveness, also the method with it. In this paper, it will talk about the part and nature of authoritative risk management in justice and security associations why it is essential. Getting ready for threats and distinguishing assets, the reason justice also security associations deal with risk, expenditure connected with overseeing risk, penalties for not supervising the risk, Benefits also accurately performed risk analysis has for management and key partners, also the conclusion. Therefore, the reader can have an in-depth, understanding of the security and criminal justice organizations. Role and nature of organizational risk management Risk management considered one, of the best assets that an organization could have. They make sure the business is financial safeguarded when finding different business endeavors they interested in investing into to broadening their company enterprise. “The Risk Management Function has been regarded as an advisory function for senior management rather than a control function within the business” (Martin, P., 2010). For that reason...
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...Criminal Justice Trends Paper Dwight Blackshire September 9, 2013 CJA/484 Mr. James Herring Criminal Justice Trends Paper New philosophies to aid in the future progress of corrections are being developed as a result of past and current trends. The issues and concerns surrounding the corrections component of the criminal justice system are overcrowded prisons and their decreasing budget. If these issues and concerns are not address, they will continue to affect the effectiveness and future operations of corrections. Restorative and community justice programs are options being considered for the future of corrections as administrators, legislators, and activists debate philosophies to address these issues and concerns resulting from past and current trends. In the past, the national political climate favored the “get tough” approach against crime. It was believed that treatment programs could not reduce recidivism. Furthermore, it was also believed to keep the national crime rate low and protect the public, offenders of crime must be punished to deter crime. As a result, reforms such as truth-in-sentencing and three-strike legislation were implemented into the law. These...
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...Introduction to Corrections November 13, 2014 When I look at our justice system and how it works, I cannot help but perceive the death penalty’s main function is retribution. The punishment as a whole is flawed and there will always be a substantial risk of executing an innocent person. This negative aspect cannot be overlooked. Furthermore, the cost of this farce is completely appalling and we should not continue to irresponsibly waste crucial funding of the criminal justice system in this way. Capital punishment is hurting our government more than it is helping. Unless the research proves that it is an effective form of deterrence, we should abolish this form of punishment outright. I do not see how the death penalty would deter anyone from committing a heinous act. This is because someone in the commission of a crime is not thinking about sitting in a court room and being sentenced to death. Many people use the term “eye for an eye” but is this the right way to uphold justice? For the reasons of lack of substantial evidence of capital punishment being an effective deterrent, the wasteful spending of valuable funds, and the potential death of innocent people, I do not support the use of the death penalty. For centuries, governments have tried to utilize the death sentence for deterrence and to keep the crime rate lowered. We must ask ourselves, does executing wrongdoers actually lower the rates of crime punishable by death? In my research, I have come to the conclusion...
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...and types of risk. An organization without the knowledge of the potential threats will not adequately respond in the case of an emergency or crisis. Planning for the Risk and Identify Resources An organization will face various risk; these risks could be cyber crimes, terrorism, natural disasters, and accidents within the workplace, lawsuits, and physical crimes. An organization will face some risk, and some organizations may never have to face a risk; however, the organization that faces the risk will need to have a way to respond to the risk. For example the criminal justice system faces a potential threat with the legal responsibility of providing the necessary response, which faces a greater risk in an illegal situation. A possible risk for the police department is a riot; this situation will require employees to respond with the training that he or she receives. Each branch of the criminal justice system will need a plan on how to assess the risk as it occurs. For example, a police department has the responsibility of responding to each criminal activity including terrorist threats. The police department will need to have a plan in place to assess the situation as it occurs. The plan will include how to respond to each risk as it...
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...Running Head: Effectiveness of Juvenile Correctional Facilities Effectiveness of Juvenile Correctional Facilities: Juvenile Crime Kalah Jiggetts Criminal Justice Abstract This paper uses data on juvenile offenders released from correctional facilities in Florida to explore the effects of facility management type (private for-profit, private nonprofit, public state-operated, and public county-operated) on recidivism outcomes and costs. The data provide detailed information on individual characteristics, criminal and correctional histories, judge-assigned restrictiveness levels, and home zip codes—allowing us to control for the non-random assignment of individuals to facilities far better than any previous study. Relative to all other management types, for-profit management leads to a statistically significant increase in recidivism, but, relative to nonprofit and state-operated facilities, for-profit facilities operate at a lower cost to the government per comparable individual released. Cost- benefit analysis implies that the short-run savings offered by for-profit over nonprofit management are negated in the long run due to increased recidivism rates, even if one measures the benefits of reducing criminal activity as only the avoided costs of additional confinement. Since its beginnings in the mid-1980s, prison privatization in the United States has provoked several rounds of congressional hearings and hundreds of articles...
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...Introduction The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) is the principal federal program through which the federal government sets standards for juvenile justice systems at the state and local levels. It provides direct funding for states, research, training, and technical assistance, and evaluation. The JJDPA was originally enacted in 1974 and even though the JJDPA has been revised several times over the past 30 years, its basic composition has remained the same. Since the act was passed in 1974, the JJDPA focused solitary on preventing juvenile delinquency and on rehabilitating juvenile offenders. Since the original enactment of the JJDPA in 1974, the periodic reauthorizations have been controversial, as the Act's opponents have sought to weaken its protections for youth, reduce prevention resources, and encourage the transfer of youth to the adult criminal justice system. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act follow a series of federal protections, known as the "core protections," on the care and treatment of youth in the justice system. The four "core protections" of the act are, the Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders (DSO), Sight and Sound separation, Jail Removal, and Disproportionate Minority Confinement (DMC). The "DSO" and "Sight and Sound" protections were part of the original law in 1974. The "Jail Removal" provision was added in 1980 in response to finding youth incarcerated in adult facilities resulted in "a high suicide...
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...psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: enquiries@supremecourt.gsi.gov.uk You can download this publication from www.supremecourt.gov.uk ISBN: 9780102983234 Printed in the UK by The Stationery Office Limited on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office ID 2557463 05/13 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum. The Supreme Court Annual Report and Accounts 2012–2013 4 Contents one FOREWORD AND INTRODUCTION SETTING DIRECTION: OUR OBJECTIVES AND OPERATING CONTEXT two THE SUPREME COURT JUSTICES three SERVING THE UK AND BEYOND: JURISDICTION AND CASEWORK (A) UKSC (B) JCPC 15 (A) UKSC Overview of jurisdictions Rules and Practice Directions 19 19 19 four INCREASING ACCESSIBILITY: COMMUNICATIONS AND EXTERNAL RELATIONS A warm welcome to visitors Educating and inspiring Explaining our role Working with media A user-focused online presence...
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...My understanding of social justice is that it is society’s responsibility to ensure that everyone has equal access to public services, healthcare, and quality of life. Inequalities come in many forms. Some people are poorer, less well educated, and live shorter and less healthy lives than others, etc. It is well known that wealthier people are on average healthier than poorer people. Why then is that a wealthy country like the United States is not healthier than some poorer countries? Access to care is the answer, equality to that access, regardless of ethnicity, geography, economic status, or educational level. Powers and Faden’s (2008) view is that social justice, while developed for the specific contexts of public health and health policy, also applies equally well to other realms of social policy, including education and economic development. Madison Powers and Ruth Faden argue that our institutions must provide a sufficient level of six basic dimensions of human well-being, for every individual 1) a healthy life and life span (relative to the wealth and technological capability of the society) 2) personal security against violence 3) the respect of self and others 4) the ability to form and to benefit from attachments to others, particularly in childhood 5) autonomy with respect to decisions affecting one's own future 6) and a healthy amount of reasoning abilities. They felt that our institutions must prioritize the health and overall well-being of children when forced...
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...women in the United States are beaten in their homes each year by their husbands, ex-husbands, or male lovers. ("Women and Violence," Hearings before the U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, August 29 and December 11, 1990, Senate Hearing 101-939, pt. 1, p. 12.) One woman is beaten by her husband or partner every 15 seconds in the United States. (Uniform Crime Reports, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1991). One in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. (Tjaden, Patricia & Thoennes, Nancy. National Institute of Justice and the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, “Extent, Nature and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey,” 2000; Sara Glazer, "Violence, Against Women" CO Researcher, Congressional Quarterly, Inc., Volume 3, Number 8, February, 1993, p. 171; The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and The National Institute of Justice, Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence, July 2000; The Commonwealth Fund, Health Concerns Across a Woman’s Lifespan: 1998 Survey of Women’s Health, 1999). In 1992, the American Medical Association reported that as many as 1 in 3 women will be assaulted by a domestic partner in her lifetime -- 4 million in any given year. ("When Violence Hits Home." Time. June 4, 1994). An estimated 1.3 million women are victims of...
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...the machinery was already tooled when the defect was found and would add an extra $11 per car to correct the flaw. Ford officials calculated that the benefits derived from spending an extra $11 per car would amount to $49.5 million, whereas the costs would be $137 million (Satchi 3).1 Ford decided it would be more profitable to produce the Pinto with the defect rather than correct the flaw. When the case was brought to trial in 1978, the court awarded an unprecedented $137 million in damages, more than the normal amount for a negligence case (Satchi 3). The decision to award such an extravagant sum came from a desire on behalf of the court to punish Ford for its actions and to deter other companies from ignoring safety in favour of the bottom line. The decision to award the enormous damages is not without controversy, however. The damages awarded were for personal injuries, a tort case. Tort law is justified by what Aristotle calls corrective justice (Weinrib 74). According to Aristotle, when tort damages are awarded the purpose is to restore the balance of things to the state it was before the tort occurred (Aristotle 127). Cases of corrective justice should never be used to punish the defendant or deter others, as using corrective justice in this manner would create a new injustice....
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...Chocolate Industry” Instructor: Perran Akan Student: Neşe Roman Student ID: 2006104603 From the perspective of Utilitarianism, child slavery contributes the economics position of the country. As I know, the economic situation of the country is bad, they are one of the third world countries. What is more, cocoa beans prices decreased in the year 1996 - 2000. So, farmers want to reduce the cost of production with cutting the wages and using slavery. According to Utilitarianism, the “right” action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs. From that point, they reduce costs, and maximize their net benefits from child slavery. The major difficulty with Utilitarianism is that it is unable to deal with rights and justice. For instance, from the point of social justice, it is clear that child slavery is the result of unequal distribution of burdens. Utilitarianism only looks at the utility, not the distribution of it among the members of society. The important ignorance on ethics in Utilitarianism, bring the consideration of justice and rights. Justice looks at how the benefits and burdens distributed among the society. On the other hand, rights look at the individual entitlements to freedom of choice and well being. From the rights point of view, there are no clues about the legal rights of the children. I do not think that government has labor or child labor rights. Also, poor children deprived of the moral rights. They tortured, they...
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...on Defining Legislating Morality and Justice In any discussion, it is important that all parties understand the terms being used. Unfortunately, as noted earlier, Christians have had a shotgun approach to what they consider to be appropriate roles for government intervention. In the attempt to form a coherent and consistent philosophy, we will have to be more precise. As such, this is an important minichapter. I encourage you to read this section carefully and to think through alternative ways to define the key terms. This will enable you to better understand my arguments and to test them properly. In defining “morality” and “justice” in the context of government activism, I am using the terms as they are commonly (although not exclusively) used in the political arena. I will refer to “legislating morality” (LM) as efforts to regulate and restrict consensual but sinful acts between two adults in which no significant, direct costs are imposed on others. Although both parties enter the agreement willingly and expect to benefit, Christians believe that, as sin, the activity is, on net, harmful. But the key point is that the behavior is voluntary for both parties and both parties expect to benefit-- what economists call “mutually beneficial trade.” Examples of this include sex outside of marriage and drug use. (A second category of LM is using government to force or legitimize “good behaviors” such as prayer in schools.) In contrast, “justice” issues will be those in which someone's...
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...operation of prisons and jails to private, for-profit companies. Prison privatization is a controversial issue, with ongoing debate over the ethics of delegating the punishment function of the criminal justice system to private actors, weather private prisons cost less to operate than public facilities, and if the quality of security and conditions of confinement differ between public and private prisons. In 2005, approximately 200 private correctional facilities operated in the United States, housing a total of 107,000 inmates. Four companies provide more than 90 percent of private prison capacity. About 6 percent of all state inmates and 14 percent of federal inmates are incarcerated in privatized facilities. The idea of privatizing prisons emerged in the 1980s as a policy remedy to the problem of growing incarceration rates, severe prison overcrowding, and constraints on increasing government funding of new prison space. Public investment in new prisons climbed eightfold from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, but was at or approaching its limits in many jurisdictions due to voter rejection of construction bonds, statutory ceilings on state debt, or general taxpayer unwillingness to support increases in government spending. With privatization used as a way of reducing costs and increasing capacity in other areas of government...
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...issues on how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it affects victims and their family. I will also discuss how it affects offenders, the impact it has on society, and the fiscal impact upon society. Punishment and rehabilitation helps the inmate in different ways. This will show both pros and cons to punishment and rehabilitation. Punishment versus Rehabilitation The criminal justice system uses two objectives, these are punishment and rehabilitation. Society looks at these two with high prospects but the question is will the justice system live up to these expectation? The justice system and the community have beliefs on punishment and rehabilitation and how they should or should not work. Each one of these objectives will be addressed. Deterrence of Crime Deterrence theory comes down to if an offender commits a crime the benefit should outweigh the crime itself, if not, the offender will think twice before committing another crime. The deterrence theory does not explain criminal behavior. To prevent crime from happening again the criminal justice system use punishment, but the punishment should outweigh the potential crime. Crime has been a part of society for centuries. The most common form of punishment for the offender is to be put in prison. Many times imprisonment is a temporary fix for offenders. Some people think that rehabilitation is a permanent fix. Rehabilitation can have lasting effect on offenders since it would prevent future...
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...government ran systems exist of social support. Such systems are Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. These systems seem to be widely accepted in other countries than in America. Individualism and justice has been included in the United States foundation of welfare. Citizens feel a level of appropriateness allowing the government to spend tax monies to help an unfortunate person who has exhausted all of his or her energy, strength, and abilities to help himself. Americans further feel the efforts to help are satisfactory if an unreasonable amount of money is not used. Bioethics is a prevelent and sensitive topic of debate in health care. A single mother with children who is particially dependent upon welfare takes it upon herself to pay privately for a single treatment of Invitro Fertilization (IVF). This mother is implanted with several embryos and chooses not to reduce the number of fetuses and successfully delivers multiple premature babies. We must take into account the cost of delivery, care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and future cost to the Welfare system for all of this mother’s children. Reviewing this issue from a health care professional’s point of view, the four basic principles of ethics, beneficence, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and social justice, are part of this issue. The Four Basic Principals Autonomy Medicine Net (2011), defines autonomy as the right of a patient to make decisions about the care received without influence from a...
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