...Criminal Offences Criminal offences are dealt with by the police, they will arrest the suspect for what criminal actions may be and then will take them to the station for questioning. They will either release the suspect without a charge, will charge the suspect of an offence or bail the suspect and they will return at a later date, the suspect can be cautioned. However after an arrest the arrestee may want to be granted bail, this will be given by the police if they choose to give this. The offences are categorized into three main headings; Summary offences, Indictable offences and either-way offences. Summary offences will be heard at Magistrates Courts and will involve actions such as motoring offences e.g. speeding, driving without a licence or valid licence, no insurance and drink driving. The maximum penalty for summary offences include a 6 month imprisonment, or a fine of £5,000. Indictable offences are the most serious cases that will be tried in the Crown Courts, e.g. murder. Either-way offences are offences that could be tried ‘either-way’ depending on the seriousness of the case; this could be tried in the Crown Court or Magistrates Court. An example of an either-way offence is theft. Cases that take place in a Magistrates Court are heard by Lay Magistrates or a District Judge, in the Crown Court the juries will make the final decision. A judge will also be present to see if the procedures are all done properly. A Court of First Instance is dealt with within the District...
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...Law and Justice THEORIES OF JUSTICE Plato In Plato’s major work, The Republic, he used Socrates as a mouth piece to develop his on view of justice. Socrates outlines his, i.e Plato’s view of justice both for the individual and for society. Dealing with the man first; a man’s soul has 3 elements: 1. Reason 2. Spirt 3. Appetite or desire A man is just when each of these three elements fulfils its appropriate function and there is a harmonious relationship between them. Within society there are three groups society is just hen each class fulfils its appropriate function and there is a harmonious relationship between them. Therefore Plato viewed justice as harmony between the warring elements. Distributive Justice This is concerned with fairly shaking the benefits such as money, property, family, takes and civic duties of life within an organisation. Aristotle Aristotle stressed the need for proportionality and achieving the middle ay and a proper balance between extremes. He said a ‘just state’ ill distribute its wealth on the basis of worth (merit) therefore giving to each according to their virtue and contribution to society. He stated there was a need for corrective justice to ensure that individuals can keep what they are entitled to. The role of the court is making sure the offender does not benefit from his crime ad victim does not suffer loss. In this sense, the balance or ‘middle way’ is achieved. Thomas Aquinas Illustrated his view of...
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...An Argument for Regulation of the Reciprocal Trade (Barter) Exchange Industry Daniel Evans, Ormita Commerce Network It is well known that trust is the corner-stone of the financial services industry. Keynote speech by Dr Prasarn Trairatvorakul, Governor of the Bank of Thailand, The Asian Banker Summit 2012 “Trust as a Pillar of the Industry”, Bangkok, 26 April 2012. Introduction Trust is a critically important ingredient in the recipe for well-functioning markets and a successful and vibrant economy. Unfortunately, due to market scandals, incompetence and fraud, trust in our neighbours is something that is in shorter supply today than any other time in history. As Alan Greenspan once remarked: "[O]ur market system depends critically on trust—trust in the word of our colleagues and trust in the word of those with whom we do business."1 Despite outward appearances, public confidence in the integrity of the reciprocal trade exchange industry is alarmingly low. While numerous factors have contributed to this problem, one of the most potent is the widespread failure of reciprocal exchange networks of all sizes over the past 30 years. These failures include the spectacular collapses of large commercial exchange networks such as Bartercard (in USA, Canada, India, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Turkey, South Africa, Jordan 2 3 ), BarterTrust/Tradaq (USA, UK, Canada) 4 , BarterNet/Intagio (Canada, Mexico, USA & Europe) and Bigvine (Australia, Canada, USA)5; through to the dramatic...
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...Obama Dreams from My Father “For we are strangers before them, and sojourners, as were all our fathers. 1 CHRONICLES 29:15 PREFACE TO THE 2004 EDITION A LMOST A DECADE HAS passed since this book was first published. As I mention in the original introduction, the opportunity to write the book came while I was in law school, the result of my election as the first African-American president of the Harvard Law Review. In the wake of some modest publicity, I received an advance from a publisher and went to work with the belief that the story of my family, and my efforts to understand that story, might speak in some way to the fissures of race that have characterized the American experience, as well as the fluid state of identitythe leaps through time, the collision of cultures-that mark our modern life. Like most first-time authors, I was filled with hope and despair upon the book’s publication-hope that the book might succeed beyond my youthful dreams, despair that I had failed to say anything worth saying. The reality fell somewhere in between. The reviews were mildly favorable. People actually showed up at the readings my publisher arranged. The sales were underwhelming. And, after a few months, I went on with the business of my life, certain that my career as an author would be short-lived, but glad to have survived the process with my dignity more or less intact. I had little time for reflection over the next ten years. I ran a voter registration project in the 1992...
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