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The Curse

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Submitted By najiyah
Words 1776
Pages 8
Praktis Formatif: Kertas 3
Cadangan Peraturan Pemarkahan 1. Pengenalan/latar belakang pembinaan negara dan bangsa.
Konsep kerajaan dan negeri dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional.
…Sistem politik masyarakat Melayu tradisional adalah berbeza daripada sistem politik negara moden.
…Dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional muncul kerajaan yang membawa kepada kewujudan raja.
…Kedudukan raja adalah begitu tinggi dan istimewa dalam sesebuah kerajaan.
…Raja bertanggungjawab memberikan perlindungan politik dan jaminan keselamatan kepada rakyat yang mendiami kawasan kekuasaannya.
…Rakyat yang mendiami wilayah yang diperintah raja pula akan menerima dan mengakui kekuasaan raja.
…Kesetiaan rakyat terhadap rajanya menentukan sempadan kerajaan atau wilayah yang diperintah oleh raja tersebut.
…Kerajaan yang kuat akan menakluk atau menaungi kerajaan lain yang lemah untuk mengembangkan empayarnya.
…Kesultanan Melayu Melaka mempunyai banyak negeri taklukan dan naungan.
…Dalam masyarakat Melayu tradisional,negeri bererti kawasan seperti Larut,negeri Bernam,dan negeri Krian.
…Dalam perjanjian antara sesebuah kerajaan Melayu dengan kuasa asing,keseluruhan kerajaan merujuk kepada negeri dengan segala jajahan takluknya.

Konsep Kerajaan dan negeri pada zaman penjajahan
…Penjajahan kuasa barat telah mengubah konsep kerajaan dan negeri dalam masyarakat Melayu Tradisional.
…Setelah British campurtangan di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu,British mulai merujuk setiap kerajaan Melayu sebagai negeri.
…British menetapkan sempadan setiap kerajaan.
…Konsep kerajaan beransur luput dan digantikan dengan konsep negeri.
…Pada tahun 1946,British telah memperkenalkan gagasan Malayan Union untuk membina sebuah negara dan bangsa yang moden tetapi telah ditentang oleh orang Melayu.
…Pada tahun 1948,sebuah pentdbiran pusat yang menggabungkan semua negeri Melayu telah ditubuhkan di bawah Persekutuan Tanah Melayu.
…Pemberian kemerdekaan oleh British kepada Persekutuan Tanah Melayu pada tahun 1957 menjadikan Tanah Melayu sebagai sebuah negara baru yang merdeka.
…Persetujuan negeri Sarawak dan Sabah untuk bergabung dengan Persekutuan Tanah Melayu mewujudkan negara Malaysia yang berdaulat.

Konsep bangsa
…Konsep bangsa merujuk kepada sekumpulan manusia dalam ikatan ketatanegaraan atau dengan kata lain warganegara sesebuah negara.
…Konsep bangsa Malaysia merupakan konsep baru bagi rakyat berbilang kaum di negara ini.
…Konsep bangsa Malaysia dikemukakan oleh Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad dalam ucapannya di Majlis Perniagaan Malaysia pada 28 Februari 1991.
…Negara dan bangsa Malaysia terbentuk apabila Persekutuan Tanah Melayu diisytiharkan merdeka pada 31 Ogos 1957 dan pembentukan Malaysia pada 16 September 1963.
…Bangsa Malaysia terdiri daripada masyarakat berbilang kaum yang mempunyai bahasa,budaya,kepercayaan,dan pendapat terhadap keduniaan yang berbeza.
…bangsa Malaysia dibentuk melalui penggunaan satu bahasa kebangsaan.
…Pengamalan kebudayaan kebangsaan.
…Pengamalan rukun negara dalam setiap aspek kehidupan.
…Pembentukan bangsa Malaysia merupakan hasil perjuangan kemerdekaan,pengisian kemerdekaan,dan pengekalan kemerdekaan.
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2. Pembinaan negara dan bangsa Eropah (a) Pembinaan negara bangsa di Itali
…Itali pada mulanya terbahagi kepada beberapa buah wilyah.
…Di bahagian Utaranya,beberapa wilayahnya seperti Venetia dan Lombardy masih dikuasai oleh Austria.
…Orang Itali ingin menyatukan wilayah-wilayah mereka di bawah sebuah pemerintahan.
…dengan menghalau keluar orang Austria dari bumi Itali.
…Count Camillo Benso di Cavour berusaha menyatukan Itali sebagai sebuah negara.
…dengan menggunakan amalan realpolitik.
…Count Camillo Benso di Cavour sangat menyanjung penyatuan Itali berlandaskan pemerintahan monarki.
…Beliau telah bekerjasama dengan Napoleon III (pemerintah Perancis) bagi menentang Austria pada tahun 1860.
…Hasil bantuan Napoleon III,Itali berjaya mengalahkan Austria.
…Melalui satu pungutan suara yang diadakan Count Camillo Benso di Cavour memperoleh sokongan majority rakyat untuk menyatukan itali.
…Pada tahun 1866,wilayah Venetia telah dipulangkan kepada Itali.
…sebagai membalas jasa Itali,dalam membantu Prussia menewaskan Austria.
…Pada tahun 1870,Perancis mengundurkan tenteranya dari Rom.
…dan Count Camillo Benso di Cavour mengambil peluang tersebut untuk menyatukan Rom dengan Itali.
…Penyatuan ini berjaya membentuk sebuah negara bangsa Itali.
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(b) Pembinaan negara bangsa di Jerman
…Di Jerman,Otto Eduard von Bismarck turut mengamalkan realpolitik dan politik darah dan besi untuk menyatukan negara Jerman pada tahun 1871.
…Bismarck menggunakan pelbagai teknik.
…seperti tipu helah,pemalsuan dokumen,provokasi,penipuan dan ugutan untuk mencetuskan peperangan.
…Rakyat Jerman bersedia menerima sistem kediktatoran yang dianjurkan oleh Bismarck untuk menyatukan Jerman.
…Bismarck menggunakan isu membenci kuasa asing untuk memenangi dan semangat rakyat Prussia di medan tempur.
…Bismarck telah melancarkan tiga siri peperangan untuk menentang musuhnya.
…iaitu Denmarck (1864),Austria (1866) dan Perancis (1870).
[9x1m)[Maksimum:5 markah] (c) Pembentukan kerajaan Islam di Madinah
…Pembentukan kerajaan Islam di Madinah merupakan satu contoh penyatuan melalui prinsip Islam.
…Nabi Muhammad s.a.w terlebih dahulu menyusun perlembagaan Madinah sebelum mengasaskan kerajaan Islam di Madinah.
…melalui cara diplomasi,musyawarah,dan permuafakatan.
…Pembentukan kerajaan Islam Madinah membuktikan bahawa kejayaan tersebut adalah hasil daripada amalan kerjasama dan permuafakatan antara pemimpin dengan pemimpin dan pemimpin dengan rakyat.
[7x1m][Maksimum:5 markah] (d) Pembentukan negara dan bangsa Malaysia
…Pembentukan negara Malaysia adalah berkat kebijaksanaan pemimpin negara.
…Pandangan jauh pemimpin tidak menumpahkan darah.
…Kemerdekaan yang dicapai oleh Malaysia adalah melalui rundingan.
…pakatan murni.
…dan tolak ansur antara tiga kaum yang terbesar di negara ini.[5x1m] [Maksimum:5 markah]

3. Ciri-ciri pembinaan negara dan bangsa pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka.
…Kesultanan Melayu Melaka pada abad ke-15 merupakan asas pembinaan negara dan bangsa negara kita.
…Peradaban dan peraturan kenegaraan kerajaan Melaka tercatat dalam buku Sejarah Melayu atau Sulalatus Salatin yang dikarang oleh Tun Sri Lanang.
…Sejarah Melayu merupakan dokumen historiografi Melayu yang terpenting.
…Kesultanan Melayu Melaka mempunyai masyarakat yang tersusun,berperaturan dan mempunyai sistem pentadbiran dan politik yang tersendiri.
…Kesultanan Melayu Melaka banyak meninggalkan pelabgai kesan dan warisan sosial politik dalam sistem pemerintahan negara kita.
…Ciri-ciri Kesultanan Melayu Melaka mempunyai banyak persamaan dengan cirri-ciri negara bangsa moden pada hari ini.
…Ciri-ciri negara dan bangsa Kesultanan Melayu Melaka ialah wilayah pengaruh.
…Setiap negara mempunyai wilayah,iaitu tempat tinggal rakyat dan sempadannya sendiri yang diterima umum.
…Wilayah pengaruh merujuk kepada kawasan yang rakyatnya menerima dan mengakui pemerintahan seorang raja.
…Kesultanan Melayu Melaka mempunyai kawasan lingkungan pengaruhnya yang luas walaupun sempadannya tidak ditetapkan.
…Empayar Kesultanan Melayu Melaka meliputi keseluruhan tanah Melayu dan seluruh bahagian Timur Sumatera.

Kedaulatan
...Kedaulatan merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi sesebuah wilayah ke atas rakyatnya.
…Kekuasaan ini tidak boleh dihadkan oleh mana-mana pihak.
…Kedaulatan juga dirujuk pada kekuasaan yang dimiliki oleh sesebuah negara atau pemerintah.
…Negara atau pemerintah boleh menggunakan segala kuasa yang dimilikinya untuk menggubal dan menguatkuasakan undang-undang.
…Ini bermakna negara berkenaan mempunyai hak mutlak terhadap rakyatnya.
…Kedaulatan memastikan sesebuah negara itu bebas daripada campur tangan,paksaan,taklukan,atau penjajahan kuasa asing.
…Pengertian tentang kedaulatan dalam konteks Kesultanan Melayu Melaka adalah berbeza dengan negara moden kerana kedaulatan pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka dirujuk terus kepada raja yang memerintah..
…Raja yang memerintah mewakili negeri atau kawasan pemerintahan.

Lambang-lambang
…Lambang negara merupakan symbol atau tanda yang menjadi identiti sesebuah negara.
…Bahasa Melayu merupakan bahasa kebangsaan dan lambing penaytuan bangsa dan negara.
…Sistem pemerintahan beraja,adat istiadat Melayu,bahasa Melayud an agama Islam merupakan warisan yang dikekalkan sejak zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka.
…Kebesaran sultan dan Kesultanan Melayu Melaka dilambangkan dengan alat regalia,nobat,warna,bahasa,undang-undang,protocol,dan adat istiadat istana.
…Antara alat kebesaran diraja yang menjadi symbol kedaulatan raja dan kerajaan yang memerintah ialah tengkolok diraja,cogan agama,gendik diraja,kalung diraja,dan pending diraja.

Keunggulan Undang-undang
…Penguatkuasaan undang-undang merupakan cara formal untuk mengawal masyarakat melalui peraturan yang telah diwartakan.
…Undang-undang dicipta untuk memeliharakeamanan dan melindungi rakyat.
…Keunggulan undang-undang menentukan struktur kerajaan,kehakiman,bahasa,agama,dan kerakyatan yang diterima oleh masyarkat.
…Pada zaman kesultanan Melayu Melaka,terdapat dua sumber undang-undang bertulis yang dipengaruhi oleh hokum adat tempatan dan agama Islam,iaitu hokum kanun Melaka dan Undang-undang Laut Melaka.
…Hukum Kanun Melaka mempunyai 44 fasal.
…yang menyentuh tentang bidang kuasa raja dan pembesar serta pantang larang dalam kalangan anggota masyarakat.
…turut menyatakan kesalahan terhadap kesalahan jenayah awam,undang-undang keluarga dan sebagainya.
…Undang-undang laut Melaka memperuntukkan perkara yang berkaitan dengan tatacara pelayaran di laut.
…Seperti tanggungjawab pegawai kapal.
…aturcara pelayaran.
…cara perniagaan.
…bidang kuasa nahkhoda kapal.
…hukuman bagi kesalahan jenayah.

Rakyat
…Rakyat islah seluruh penduduk bagi sesebuah wilayah.
…Rakyat terikat kepada undang-undang dan peraturan yang dikuatkuasakan dalam wilayah tersebut.
…Pada zaman kesultanan Melayu Melaka,rakyat bertanggungjawab mentaati raja yang memerintah.
…Sebagai tanda ketaatan,rakyat bersedia untuk mempertahankan negara,menghadiri adat istiadat kerajaan,mengadakan gotong royong,kerahan tenaga.

Kerajaan
…Kerajaan merupakan badan yang diberikan kuasa untuk menguruskan pentadbiran.
…menjaga keamanan.
…mempertahankan kedaulatan negara.
…menjalin hubungan diplomatik dengan negara lain.
…Pada masa dahulu,kerajaan hanya wujud apabila adanya raja.
…Pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka,raja atau sultan merupakan pemerintah tertinggi yang dibantu oleh Bendahara,Penghulu Bendahari,Temenggung dan Laksamana.
…Pembesar berempat ini menjadi tonggak institusi kerajaan yang memerintah dan diberi portfolio mengikut bidang tugas masing-masing iaitu di darat,di laut,di sekitar Melaka,dan di jajahan takluk Melaka.
…Sistem Pembesar 4 lipatan ini menjamin kesentosaan sistem pemerintahan beraja dan kerajaan di Melaka.
[49x1m][Maksimum :15 markah]

4. Bagaimanakah masyarakat Malaysia memanfaatkan kedudukan yang strategik di Rantau Asia Tenggara bagi memajukan negara?
…Memperlengkap kemudahan di pelabuhan.
…Menguruskan urusan di pelabuhan dengan cekap.
…Memajukan industry perkapalan.
…Menambah bilangan akademi Maritim.
…Menjadikan pelabuhan bertaraf antarabangsa.
…Mempelbagaikan fungsi pelabuhan.
…Memajukan sukan kapal layar.
…Menjadikan kawasan pantai sebagai industry pelancongan terkemuka.
…Memulihara khazanah laut.
…Memperketat kawalan kawasan perairan.
…Menggalakkan kemasukan pelabur asing.
…Menjamin kestabilan politik.
…Menjalin hubungan perdagangan dengan semua negara.
…Menyediakan kemudahan infrastruktur bertaraf dunia
…Menggunakan teknologi terkini.
…Menganjurkan persidangan antarabangsa/Komanwel/PBB/NAM/OIC.
…Menjadi pusat kecemerlangan pendidikan serantau.
…Mengekalkan keamanan serantau
[18x1m][Maksimum:15 markah]
[mana-mana jawapan lain yang munasabah]

5. Kejayaan Malaysia setelah memanfaatkan kedudukan yang strategik di Asia Tenggara
…Kemajuan ekonomi negara.
…Sektor pertanian berkembang pesat.
…Kepesatan sector perindustrian.
…Aktiviti perlombongan dijalankan secara produktif.
…Industri pelancongan berkembang maju/tumpuan pelancong asing.
…Perkembangan bidang maritime.
…Kemajuan sistem pengangkutan.
…Kemajuan perhubungan/komunikasi.
…Pusat tumpuan pelajar asing.
…Wujud hospital pelancongan.
…Pelaksanaan e-dagang
[11x1m][Maksimum:10 markah]
[Mana-mana jawapan yang munasabah]

6. (a) Cabaran yang dihadapi oleh Malaysia dalam memajukan negara.
...Ekonomi dunia yang tidak menentu.
…Kenaikan harga barangan.
…Kurang tenaga pakar.
…Memperkukuh perpaduan pelbagai kaum.
…Kadar pengangguran tinggi.
…Merapatkan jurng ekonomi antara penduduk Bandar dan luar Bandar.
…Bersaing dengan negara maju.
…Membendung gejala sosial.
…Kemasukan pendatang asing tanpa izin.
[9x1m][Maksimum:5 markah]
[Mana-mana jawapan lain yang munasabah]
(b) Langkah-langkah untuk mengatasi cabaran
…Meningkatkan penyelidikan dan pembangunan (R&D)
…Menjayakan konsep 1 Malaysia.
…Merealisasikan wawasan 2020.
…Meneruskan pelaksanaan Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB)
…Meningkatkan mutu pendidikan bertaraf dunia.
…Membentuk minda rakyat kelas pertama.
…Menjadi pusat kecemerlangan ilmu serantau.
…Meluaskan pasaran barangan .
[8x1m][Maksimum:5 markah]
[Mana-mana jawapan lain yang munasabah]

7. Penerapan nilai-nilai murni/iktibar/patriotism
…Mengekalkan kegemilangan tradisi.
…Mengukuhkan jati diri bangsa.
…Meningkatkan semangat patriotism.
…Memanfaatkan kurniaan tuhan.
…Gigih berusaha.
…Berdaya saing.
…Bersikap inovatif dan kreatif.
…Berfikiran terbuka dengan nilai-nilai yang bermanfaat.
…Berani menghadapi cabaran.
…Sedia menerima perubahan yang positif.
…Mengekalkan keamanan negara.
…Menguasai ilmu pengetahuan.
…Bertoleransi antara kaum
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[Mana-mana jawapan lain yang munasabah]

8. Rumusan
…Pengetahuan yang diperoleh
…Iktibar kepada diri,bangsa dan negara.
…Harapan untuk masa depan ekonomi Malaysia yang lebih cemerlang.

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