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The Deadliest War in the World

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ENG 102 – Research Paper The Deadliest War in the World Roy A. Richards
Union Institute & University

October, 2008

The Deadliest War in the World

In this article, I will discuss the battle in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the struggle that thousands of people face as they battle the government for natural resources. This article will show how this country is affected by famine, rape, and murder and what steps the government is taking to eliminate these problems. The Democratic Republic of Congo is the third largest country in Africa and is located in the Central African UN subregion. The word “Congo” means “hunter” and was named after the Bakongo ethnic group who live in the Congo River basin. Following the country’s post-independence the former Belgian Congo was changed to The Democratic Republic of Congo on August 1, 1964 to distinguish it from the Republic of Congo. In 1960 General Joseph Motubu came into power, changed his name to Motubu Sese Seko, and changed the country’s name to the Republic of Zaire. 1997 was the year rebel forces (backed by Laurent Kabila) changed the country’s name back to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and this change cased a new rebellion between him and former allies in 1998, and so began “Africa’s World War”.
Conflicts that contributed to this crisis Laurent Kabila had accused some of his former allies, such as Rwanda and Uganda as having ulterior motives.

In 1996 Rwanda and Uganda combined with rebel groups to invade Congo to vanquish Hutu militia, known as the Interhambwe, who were responsible for the Rwanda genocide and were hiding in the Congo’s forests. Motubu left the country and Laurent Kabila became the new president. There are a multitude of resources and minerals that contribute to this conflict such as water, uranium, diamonds, cassiterite, tin, copper, timber and tantalum (coltan) which is used in electronic devices such as cell phones and laptop computers. Plus, every side has been accused of having commercial interests in this war due to the boundless resources. The Democratic Republic of Congo’s rich resources provide easy ways to finance the conflict and the rebels were successful in setting up financial administration in their specific areas, especially concerning trades with Rwanda and Uganda, while Kabila had also been able to finance his side of the conflict. The ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has claimed an estimated 3.3 million lives since 1998, mostly women, children and elderly according to the International Rescue Committee (IRC) report, Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey, Conducted September to November 2002, reported April 2003. This war has dramatically reduced national output and government revenue; foreign businesses have halted production due to the financial operations, have increased external debt, and as a result, caused numerous deaths from famine and disease. In conflict zones, especially in eastern DRC, sexual violence against women and girls is rampant and used as a weapon of war by most forces involved in conflict. Rape and other forms of sexual brutality are essential to the war and often carried out without anyone

being held accountable (Human Rights Watch, 2002). Many infections have occurred as a result of rape and other forms of sexual violence against women and girls. Parties involved in the conflict have all recruited and used child soldiers in violation of international humanitarian and human rights law. Despite the order by chief of staff of the armed forces, 300 to 500 children, some as young as 13, are serving in newly formed army brigades, according to international and local child protection workers. How has the Nation tried to resolve the crisis in the past? In July 1999, endorsed by the Organization of African Unity, the Democratic Republic of Congo government, Congolese armed opposition groups and foreign states signed the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. The United Nations started a peacekeeping operation, United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to monitor the situation. Also, in accordance with the agreement, several foreign countries involved in the conflict began to disengage. Most foreign troops, including Angola, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe, withdrew during 2002. The Rwandan and Ugandan withdrawals were arranged through two separate peace agreements with the government of Democratic Republic of Congo. Some have not upheld peace agreements, and the fighting has continued in eastern (DRC), particularly in Ituri District and the Kivus. The United Nations has spent billions on a peacekeeping mission in the Congo since 2000, which has been the largest force anywhere in the world. There were 17,500 troops assisting but that is considered a small number in such a large country and that about 45,000 troops are needed to secure the country. In February of that year the United Nations and aid group asked for $682 million in humanitarian funds. As of now they have only received $94 million- or $9.40 for every person in need. In comparison, the U.N.’s tsunami appeal last year raised $500 per person. DR Congo was the first country to be considered by the UN Security Council’s new monitoring and reporting source on children in armed conflict, in regards to strong measures against those responsible for child recruitment. The Security Council’s Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict called on the government to take appropriate legal action against members of the Congolese army accused of major crimes against children and the repeated responsibility of MONUC to aid the government in apprehending those responsible for recruiting and using child soldiers. In 2004, the UN Security Council called on Rwanda to immediately pull out any of its troops who may have crossed the border into the Democratic Republic of the Congo. "The Security Council demands that the government of Rwanda withdraw without delay any forces it may have in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo," the 15-nation council said in a statement. Government forces have also unlawfully imprisoned or in some cases tortured captured children, and continue to rape and sexually abuse women and girls. Amnesty International is pressing the DRC government and armed groups to renew their commitment to upholding international human rights and humanitarian law, in deed this time, not just in words. The organization urges the international mediators in charge of the peace process to concentrate on all efforts to be focused on addressing human rights abuses and violations of international humanitarian law is made a priority. How is the world at large responding to the crisis? Oxfam is a registered charity in England and Wales, and Scotland and there website has a section dedicated to the DRC emergency appeal to assist the survivors with short-term relief of what is being called one of the worlds deadliest civil wars. They have installed and maintained water tanks in the camps to ensure the thousands of people living together, that there is sufficient clean water and to minimize disease. They receive donations to build water testing kits, toilets, and water tanks. They also work with communities that host thousands of displaced people. The International Rescue Committee (IRC) is an organization that helps staff United Nations efforts to protect refugees during crises. “The (IRC) is providing survivors of sexual abuse with psychosocial support as well as ensuring access to clinical care at the local hospital,” said Sergio Trevisan, the IRC’s provincial director in South Kivu. In the past parliament has launched some good initiatives, including an audit of state companies and a review of mining contracts, but it has not been able to push through any of its recommendations. The incoming government will provide a new opportunity to strengthen the legislature’s impact at the national and local level. Twenty-six new provincial assemblies will be set up that could, if endowed with the necessary resources and checks and balances, make local administration more accountable.
What is currently being done to cope with the crisis? The United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) is the UN’s peacekeeping operation in DRC, established in 1999. In December 2002, the Security Council authorized a size increase of up to 8,700 military personnel, initially made up of two task forces to be deployed one after another, when the caseload of the first task force can no longer be met by its capacity (UN Security Council Resolution 1445, para. 10). According to MONUC representatives, as of June 2003, the force size is approximately 6,000 military personnel. MONUC also includes up to 700 military observers supported by specialists in human rights, humanitarian affairs, public, political affairs, child protection and medical and administrative support. Unfortunately, Amnesty International has gained evidence that armed groups in North Kivu have continued to commit crimes under international law, including unlawful killings, rape, torture, and the recruitment and use of child soldiers, even after the armed groups promised to immediately end the abuse in a 23 January 2008 “Act of Engagement”. This report is based on eyewitness testimony collected in the province of North Kivu during February and March 2008. It examines alleged human rights abuses committed before and after the signature of Act of Engagement, focusing primarily on sexual violence and the recruitment and use of children by parties to the conflict.
Even with the assistance given to the Democratic Republic of Congo, it seems that the war has continued in spite of efforts to cease the destruction already created years ago.

References:
1. Time Magazine. Robinson, K. (5/28/2006). The Deadliest War In The World
Website: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1198921,00.html

7
2. Wikipedia. Democratic Republic of the Congo. Last modified on September 23, 2008. Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.

3. National Geographic Atlas of the World, Eighth Edition, 2004. Website:http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_demrepcongo.html

4. Global Issuses. An International Battle over Resources.
Updated March 27, 2008.
Website:http://www.globalissues.org/article/87/the-democratic-republic-of-congo#AnInternationalBattleOverResources

5. Oxfam. (2008) Help Congo’s Conflict Survivors.
Website:http://www.oxfam.org.uk/oxfam_in_action/where_we_work/drc/rankin.html

6. Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict. The Impact of Armed Conflict on Children in the Democratic Republic of Congo. (June 2003).
Website: http://www.watchlist.org/reports/files/dr_congo.report.php http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1630890,00.html 7. Democratic Republic of Congo North Kivu: No End To War On Women and Children Website:http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR62/005/2008/en/f23caedf-8e4a-11dd-8e5e-43ea85d15a69/afr620052008en.html

International Rescue Committee .IRC Responds to Deepening Crisis in Congo’s North Kivu. 08 Oct 2008
Website: http://www.theirc.org/news/irc-responds-to-congo-kivu-crisis1008.html

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