...use has constantly increased for many years and significant numbers of Filipino youth are smokers. In effect to the high levels of tobacco use, the Philippines had considerably facing adverse health issues and economic consequences from tobacco. With the current low tobacco product taxes and prices in the Philippines, significant increases in tobacco taxes will recline tobacco use and its harmful effects on health and economic consequences while directly generating new revenues. Tobacco Use and Its Consequences According to recent statistics, 30% of most adult Filipinos use some form of tobacco product, with 27.9% smoking manufactured cigarettes and 22.5% recorded daily smoking. Predominantly men smokes and about one in ten women are also tobacco users. The current population estimates, roughly 19 million adults consume tobacco in the Philippines. The socio-economic gradients in smoking prevalence are strong in the Philippines, coming from the lower socioeconomic sector two or more times as likely to smoke as those in higher socioeconomic sector. Tobacco use among the youth sector is a significant problem in the Philippines with 22.7% of 13 to 15 year olds in 2007 reporting using some tobacco product, and 17.5% reporting cigarette smoking. Tobacco use among girls has been increasing, raising concerns about significantly increased prevalence among women in future years. Most Filipino youth are regularly exposed to tobacco smoke at their own homes (54.5%) or in public areas...
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...Effects of Taxation on Cigarette Smoking In economics the demand elasticity refers to the sensitivity of the quantity demand for a product to the changes in price. This relationship correlates to the basic law of demand which states that if the price of a product or good increase, then the consumer demand would fall and decrease because of the change. However not all products follow this fundamental theory. In fact products that are considered addictive substances, such as tobacco and cigarettes can be the exception to this basic law because we must take into account not just the pricing but other factors such as time, usage, limitations, and restrictions. Imposing higher taxes on cigarettes will have a mix effect as to who the price increase affects. As noted in the Chaloupka article, “The effects of prices and tobacco”, paying higher taxes on cigarettes as well as placing stronger controls as to who is able to purchase them will lead to a reduction in the consumption of cigarette smoking. The article is supported by studies done in the early eighties and late ninnies, confirming the reduction is towards both adults and youths alike. However price sensitivity is significant in its responsiveness between youths and young adults than compared to adults; up to three times more sensitive. Some reasons as to why this may be, is due to the strict regulations and laws set by states and local governments that enforce and control the purchase of tobacco products to the consumer...
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...Assessing the Main Effects of population strategies, such as tobacco taxation and pricing, on high-risk subpopulations is important for understanding the reach and effectiveness of such strategies. Increased tobacco taxes, passed on to consumers in the form of higher cigarette prices, provide an economic disincentive to those who smoke or may be contemplating smoking. Indeed, evidence from this knowledge synthesis strongly supports increasing cigarette prices through tobacco taxation as a powerful strategy for achieving major reductions in smoking among some, but not all, high-risk populations. This is a highly effective policy tool for reducing smoking participation and consumption among youth, young adults and persons of low socioeconomic status. In contrast, major gaps exist in our knowledge about the impact of price on persons diagnosed with mental health or non-nicotine substance abuse disorders, heavy and/or long-term smokers. Raising cigarette prices is an effective tobacco control policy in reducing smoking among youth. While most studies of young adults found that increased prices also result in reductions in smoking behavior, the magnitude tends to be smaller than for youth. Chaloupka and Pacula argue that because tobacco is an addictive substance, response to increased prices will occur more slowly than for non-addictive goods; therefore long-term gains may be larger than short-term gains. The impact of increased price on smoking initiation among youth and young adults...
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...Taxation On Cigarette Smoking Economics Essay In the following paper you will be able to see who is likely to be more affected by tax increases on cigarettes: all adults or young adults. You will also be able to see how we can reduce the effects of cancer by reducing the cost of other tobacco products. You will also see long term elasticity of demand for cigarette smoking and what does this mean for the likely impact of taxes on long-term cigarette use and do you think taxing can be effective in decreasing the use of alcohol? Explain your answer using economic theory The people that are mostly affected by the increases in tax on cigarettes according to Frank J. Chaloupka would be the youth and Adults. The single most consistent finding of many econometric studies of the issue of cigarettes price being increased would lead to a drop in smoking. The ten percent increase in cigarettes price would overall drop the consumption of cigarettes sales by fiver percent. (Chaloupka, p. 3) By increasing the price in cigarettes it would most likely affect the youth and young adults do to the price increase. According to Study in 1996 by Chaloupka and Grossman they confirmed the earlier studies that the are three times as sensitive to the price increase then the adults (Chaloupka, p. 4) because they don’t have money like adults would have. Over all with the tax increase we will see a decrease in overall sales of cigarettes. To have the great effect on reducing cancer from the use of tobacco...
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...sports sponsorships - for example, boys are twice as likely to smoke if they follow car racing. Movies too: the more kids see their favorite movie stars smoking on the screen, the more likely they'll try it themselves. Some researchers think that tobacco advertising carries even more weight than peer influence. Teenagers usually smoke cigarettes because they are seeking the answer to try to be "cool" or try to be "adult". Sometimes, teens see their parents smoking and want to do it. This is a major problem because they want to be like their parents and sense they are adults, teens also want to feel like adults. A lot of adults and teens have depression and when they feel sad, smokers find cigarettes to "help" them go through their sadness. Not all people with depression smoke though. Take homeless people as an example. Smokers want to forget about their troubles and smoke weed or get drunk because homeless people think that getting high or drunk will make them happier. Sometimes, teens see their friends do it. Smoker’s friends are cool to them. Then teens will attempt to "fit in" with their friends. Most of the time, the most common cause is peer-pressure with others. Peer-pressure is when other person pressures someone to do something when the person says no. There are over 4,000 chemical compounds are created by burning a cigarette and at least 69 of those chemicals are known to cause cancer....
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...Many people nowadays smoke cigarette even teenagers smoke. Some people have no idea about the chemical of a tobacco and what it can cause to a human body. This paper is intended to give the readers an idea of the factors that trigger cigarette smoking amongst young generation of today, effects of cigarette, like cancer, heart disease, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis. By reading this paper, a person can gain knowledge about the effects of smoking cigarette. So when a person reads this especially those who smoke, he or she may quit or lessen smoking because he or she will know the bad effects of cigarette smoking. It is considered that cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death, leading to an annual five million deaths around the globe. It is estimated that if current smoking patterns carry on, the annual death toll could rise to more than eight million by 2030. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for many cancers and respiratory diseases. The heavier the usage of an individual and the longer he smokes, the higher the risks for smoking-related illnesses. Cigarette smoking involves inhaling smoke into the lungs. A cigarette contains more than 4000 poisonous chemicals such as nicotine, arsenic, methane, ammonia, cadmium, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, butane, and hydrogen cyanide. Inhaled cigarette smoke can damage the lungs' cilia, tiny hair-like structures that sweep away debris from the lungs. With the cilia paralyzed by smoking, particles such as dirt and...
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...Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Ontario Tobacco Research Unit November 2012 Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Suggested Citation: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit. Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report. Toronto: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Special Report, November 2012. Ontario Tobacco Research Unit ii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Acknowledgements Many people were involved in the preparation of this report. Key authors are Robert Schwartz, Shawn O’Connor, Alexey Babayan, Maritt Kirst, and Jolene Dubray. Marilyn Pope, David Ip, Pamela Kaufman, and Marian Smith provided editorial comments on an earlier draft and Sonja Johnston provided production assistance. The interpretation and opinions expressed in this report are the responsibility of the Principal Investigators of the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit (OTRU): Susan Bondy, University of Toronto K. Stephen Brown, University of Waterloo Joanna Cohen, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, University of Toronto Roberta Ferrence, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health John M. Garcia, University of Waterloo Paul McDonald, University of Waterloo Robert Schwartz, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Peter Selby, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto Ontario Tobacco Research Unit iii Smoke-Free Ontario Strategy Evaluation Report Table of Contents Acknowledgements...
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...November 7, 2012 Smoking Smoking has become a trending topic in today’s world, as leading problem in today’s society that starts for many reasons. The habit may start because of curiosity, peer pressure, stress, personal issues, even though people know how harmful it can. Some people begin smoking due to the stress in their lives and are under the misconceived notion that it relaxes them. Others smoke due to the assumption that because their parents smoke, it must be okay. A little common sense would indicate that inhaling smoke cannot be good or healthy for the human body. Smoking is very addicting and it affects youth to adult youth. One effect of smoking, and probably the one that the non-smokers hate the most, is that it stinks up everything around them. Smokers usually have smelly hair, breath, clothes, and, if they smoke indoors, a smelly room/ house. The stench of a cigarette is so strong and very hard to get rid of. Even if the person quits smoking the odor remains for a long time. Another effect of smoking is one that most people don’t even take into consideration. It stains the teeth yellow, or sometimes even brown. Since this effect is long term, most people are not aware of it when they begin smoking. The truth is that a cigarette stain is very hard to eliminate from the teeth, and it can end up costing a considerable amount of money. Yellow teeth are disgusting because they give an unhygienic image and make people look older A third effect of smoking is that it will...
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...Health Economic Costs of Tobacco Smoking in Canada [Name of the Writer] [Name of the Institution] Health Economic Costs of Tobacco Smoking in Canada Introduction This paper is about the use of tobacco in Canada. The paper will also identify the economic and health costs of using tobacco in Canada. There will also be a discussion of tobacco smoking prevention. The paper will follow a proper pattern. There are several concerns about tobacco smoking in Canada. The government is very concern about this issue and working really hard to get rid of this dangerous habit. The Canadian population is addict to this unhealthy habit of tobacco smoking (Albert Health Services, 2012). Discussion Tobacco smoking is really injurious to health. The smoke of tobacco contains several dangerous chemical. These chemicals are injurious to both smokers and nonsmokers. There are more than 7,000 chemicals in the tobacco smoke. Al large amount of them, around 250 chemicals, are very harmful. These harmful chemicals include carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. The habit of tobacco smoking is very dangerous for health. It affects almost every organ and part of the body. The ultimate impact of smoking is the diminishing of overall health (Propel, 2012). Health Consequences of Smoking There are millions of Canadian who smoking has caused lots of problems. It is also the primary cause of cancer. This cancer even leads to death. It cause causes to several parts...
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...K. Burnham 1.) Who is likely to be more affected by tax increases on cigarettes: all adults or young adults? Why? Cite elasticity of demand estimates from the article to support your answer. I would have to say young adults because they are more to be influenced and more young adults are smoking in today’s society. From reading in this passage I have seen that there have been several attempts to prevent youth smoking in the United States. In the combining the components of the youth law access there are six that are relating to the specific tobacco control provisions and three relating to enforcement provisions. I would have to say that the women are lesser than the men. Men are twice as large as the women in the elasticity participation. Being a male myself and from that statistics I feel men would more like and still purchase cigarettes with the tax increase. Therefore all in all young adults will take the bigger hit. 2.) To have the greatest effect on reducing cancer from tobacco use, what other product should the government tax? Why? The biggest reason for going after tobacco products was to prevent cancer and help younger people have a more healthy life. But also you have alcohol which is more dangerous to me than cigarettes are but you can only go by statistics. But also it should be known that more people who smoke drink alcohol and have to have alcohol if they are smoking. Therefore another one that should be taxed is alcohol. I feel that if...
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...THE PATH TO TOBACCO ADDICTION STARTS AT VERY YOUNG AGES Lifetime smoking and other tobacco use almost always begins by the time kids graduate from high school.1 Young kids’ naïve experimentation frequently develops into regular smoking, which typically turns into a strong addiction—well before the age of 18—that can overpower the most well-intentioned efforts to quit. Any efforts to decrease future tobacco use levels among high school students, college-aged youths or adults must include a focus on reducing experimentation and regular tobacco use among teenagers and pre-teens. How Early Do Kids Try Smoking? Every day more than 2,800 kids under 18 try smoking for the first time.2 Though very little data about smoking is regularly collected for kids under 12, the peak years for first trying to smoke appear to be in the sixth and seventh grades (or between the ages of 11 and 13), with a considerable number starting even earlier.3 In 2013, nearly five percent of eighth grade students reported having had their first cigarette by the end of fifth grade (ages 10 to 11), and 14.8 percent had tried smoking by the end of eighth grade. More than one-fourth (28.7%) of twelfth grade students reported having used cigarettes by the end of tenth grade.4 A 2013 nationwide survey found that nearly one in ten high school students (9.3%) had smoked at least one whole cigarette before the age of 13.5 The 2014 nationwide Monitoring the Future Study reports that more than one out of every three twelfth...
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...K. Burnham 1.) Who is likely to be more affected by tax increases on cigarettes: all adults or young adults? Why? Cite elasticity of demand estimates from the article to support your answer. I would have to say young adults because they are more to be influenced and more young adults are smoking in today’s society. From reading in this passage I have seen that there have been several attempts to prevent youth smoking in the United States. In the combining the components of the youth law access there are six that are relating to the specific tobacco control provisions and three relating to enforcement provisions. I would have to say that the women are lesser than the men. Men are twice as large as the women in the elasticity participation. Being a male myself and from that statistics I feel men would more like and still purchase cigarettes with the tax increase. Therefore all in all young adults will take the bigger hit. 2.) To have the greatest effect on reducing cancer from tobacco use, what other product should the government tax? Why? The biggest reason for going after tobacco products was to prevent cancer and help younger people have a more healthy life. But also you have alcohol which is more dangerous to me than cigarettes are but you can only go by statistics. But also it should be known that more people who smoke drink alcohol and have to have alcohol if they are smoking. Therefore another one that should be taxed is alcohol. I feel that if...
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...Abstract This paper is a cumulation of a three part portfolio assignment describing the tobacco tax issue in the United States. The first part of the paper defines the tax issue and gives a brief history of the tobacco excise tax. The second section discusses the stakeholders and an analysis of the issue. And lastly, I describe my policy perspective. The Tobacco Tax Issue Is taxation on tobacco an effective means of decreasing the smoking rate or is it just an elaborate ploy to increase taxes by playing on voter emotions? The message is clear and has been etched in our minds over the years; tobacco kills. Tobacco and secondary tobacco products kill an estimated 440,000 Americans per year. Over the past several decades, state and local governments have passed tobacco excise taxes and other laws regulating the use of tobacco. But who is actually behind the legislature? First Tobacco Tax Tax on tobacco was first implemented by Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, in 1794 (Altman, 2009). The tax was soon repealed, but excise taxes have been a staple in federal revenues since the American Civil War. In 1921, Iowa successfully passed the first state tax on tobacco, with many states to follow. Not only does the federal government and state governments tax tobacco, but now city municipalities are also imposing a local tax on tobacco (Altman, 2009). But what is the current tobacco tax about? There are several sides to...
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...Review of Related Literature Why do people smoke? According to http://healthliteracy.worlded.org, Most people start smoking when they are in their teens and are addicted by the time they reach adulthood. Some have tried to quit but have returned to cigarettes because smoking is such a strong addiction. It is a habit that is very difficult to break. There are many different reasons why people smoke. Three of the main reasons that young people smoke are to look mature, to be like their friends, and to experiment. Since teens see older people all around them smoking, especially their parents and relatives, they smoke to act older. If their friends or peers smoke, they may feel pressured into doing the same to be accepted. The last reason is the excitement of experimenting with something that is forbidden. As defined by The 1988 report, The Health Consequences of Smoking: Nicotine Addiction: A Report of the Surgeon General “,”Nicotine addiction is the fundamental reason that individuals persist in using tobacco products, and this persistent tobacco use contributes to many diseases”. And according to the WHO (World Health Organization) official website, tobacco kills up to half of its users, it also kills nearly 6 million people each year. More than five million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use while more than 600 000 are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke and nearly percent of the world's one billion tobacco users live in low- and...
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...Tobacco in America Edward Seavey Drugs and Society Professor Fuchs DeVry University TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction p. 3 II. History of Tobacco p. 4 III. Social Acceptability p. 6 IV. Medical Issues Related to Tobacco Use p. 8 V. Public Health Campaign p. 9 VI. Legal Measures to Ban Cigarettes p. 10 VII. Conclusion p. 12 Introduction Tobacco and nicotine are legal substances in the United States but are surrounded in a flurry of conflict and controversy. Tobacco can be used in the form of snuff, chewing tobacco, traditional cigarettes and more recently the electronic cigarette. After heavy advertisement and use over the past decades there have been many studies that have shown the negative health effects that tobacco can have on the individual and those around them. Tobacco use is the leading cause of lung and mouth cancers in the United States and also plays a role in many other organs such as the heart and lungs. Armed with this information the government and many other agencies have taken to public health campaigns to raise awareness of these negative effects. In recent years there have been many laws put into place to control tobacco ranging from increased taxes and prohibiting where it can be used. This paper is going to lay out how tobacco production helped shape the United States, how it was an acceptable act to partake in and how in modern times it is becoming a health and legal issue and whether or not it is okay for the government...
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