...IMPLICATIONS FOR CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA. INTRODUCTION • According to the International Labour Office, any activity other than study or play, remunerated or unremunerated, carried out by a person under the age of 15 years is defined as child labour. • 90 % of the total child employment is concentrated in Asia & Africa, with more than 44 million child labourers in India alone. REVIEW OF LITERATURE • Economic Impact of child labour- a) Micro family level- Short run effect on house hold income, long run effect on house hold poverty through human capital. b) Macro variables- Long run growth & development, FDI & Labour market. • Forms of Child Labour- a) Hazardous and non-hazardous activities b) Agricultural and non-agricultural work c) Jobs in the modern and traditional industries d) Economic and non-economic activities e) wage earners and unpaid family workers • Effect of Child Labour- a) Loss of human capital. b) Slows down technological progress. c) Health problem. • Causes of Child Labour- a) Lack of enforcement of minimum age requirement (confusion regarding description of age limit of child) b) Poverty & schooling problem (inaccessibility of school & lack of quality education). c) Rigid cultural & social role limiting educational attainment. d) Acceptance of social class separation.(lower castes expected to perfirm manual labour and hence do not...
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...Children are being used as cheap labour in many countries to produce low lost goods: The cocoa and coffee industries have tried to deal with this issue through Fair Trade. Topic words Child labour, Fair trade Limiting words Cheap labour, Cocoa and coffee industries Directive words Analyse Primary question How do the cocoa and coffee industries deal with child labour issue through Fair Trade? -Secondary Descriptive questions 1. What is definition of ’child labour’? 2. What are some of the issues related to using children in the labour force? 3. What is definition of ‘Fair Trade’? 4. What have the policies that the cocoa and coffee industries implemented? -Secondary analytical questions 1. Does child labour occur?(Why do companies use children labour) 2. How can we solve the children labour problems-----fair trade? 3. How does Fair Trade work in issues related to child labour? 4. Is this method useful for solving this issue?(evaluate the Fair Trade, whether it is good or not) Cocoa and coffee industries example---to show whether is useful or not http://search.proquest.com.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/docview/204023704 http://search.informit.com.au.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/fullText;dn=709375255984097;res=IELBUS Is Child Labor Inefficient? http://www.jstor.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stable/10.1086/316097 Child labour issues and challenges http://search.proquest...
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...Child Labour, unsolvable? The International Labour Organisation (ILO) defines “Child Labour” as “work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, and that is harmful to physical and mental development”. It refers to work that is physically, morally and mentally dangerous for a child to engage in while also often depriving them of some of their basic human rights such as a right to an education. The types of work children are engaging in varies, from children working on a family farm or in the home to situations involving children working in hazardous environments such as manufacturing plants in Asia or mining and quarrying operations in Brazil and Colombia. However there is also a darker side to the child labour problem where many children are forced to engage in activities such as armed conflict, drug trafficking, prostitution and even slavery. It is important to note that child labour is not a thing of the past. It is still a huge problem worldwide. The ILO estimated that in the year 2000 there were as many as 246 million children worldwide engaged in some form of child labour with almost three quarters of these children engaged in the worst forms of child labour such as trafficking and prostitution. As of the year 2012 the worldwide figure has since fallen to approximately 168 million, a huge decrease in the number of children engaged in child labour. Most of these children live within the South East Asia and Pacific region where many children...
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...Child labour Strategic Issue Report Author: Stephie Daniel Angel Introduction Throughout the world, especially in the less-developed countries, an immeasurable amount of children have been involved in what has been called child labour, and its prevalence has now sparked much worry. Child labour can be defined as any work that is harmful to a child’s health or interrupt a child’s education (International Labour Organisation, 2012). According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), there were approximately 153 million child labourers aged 5-14 worldwide in 2008 and this number has increased to 250 million nowadays. Also, ILO investigated that 60 percent of the child labour was engaged in agricultural work such as farming, dairy and fisheries. The rest is in service industries and manufacturing, 25% and 15% respectively (Diallo, et al., 2010). Child labour is difficult to deal with because of the number of sections and categorization of child labour. It is not only because of poverty but also the surrounding societal and cultural causes. This report will examine the effects and implications of child labour, identify the causes, and propose some feasible solutions. Impacts Child labour is mentally, physically, socially dangerous and harmful to children, and also brings disadvantages to the development of economies across the world, especially in impoverished countries. Obviously and essentially, working in sweatshops and other inhumane conditions may...
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...Child Labor – A Challenge the World is Facing Childhood is the most innocent stage in a human life. It is that phase of life where a child is free from all the tensions, fun-loving, play and learns new things, and is the sweetheart of all the family members. But this is only one side of the story. The other side is full of tensions and burdens. Here, the innocent child is not the sweetheart of the family members, instead he is an earning machine working the entire day in order to satisfy the needs and wants of his/her family. This is what is called 'CHILD LABOUR'. There are various causes and effects of child labour. Eliminating child labour is one of the biggest challenges that the whole world is facing. Child labour includes working children who are below a certain minimum age. This practice is going on since long and is one of the worst forms of child exploitation. Child labour not only causes damage to a child’s physical and mental health but also keep him deprive of his basic rights to education, development, and freedom. According to statistics provided by UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 years employed in child labour worldwide and this figure is continuously increasing. Child labour is not only affecting under-developed and developing countries, but developed countries are also facing this though the rate is comparatively very less. Child labor in Asia accounts for the highest percentage of child labour (61%) followed by Africa (32%)...
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...Child Labour in Bangladesh Child Labour in Bangladesh Introduction : Child labour is one of the major problems in a developing country such as Bangladesh. It engineers the demolition of futuregenerations. If a child is made to work from a early age, with no scope ofgoing to school, we are gradually narrowing the nations potential to a fewprivileged people of the country. Thus, it is more practical to work at a firmpolicy to gradually reduce it, and set up safe homes for working children. Inthis regard, The Bangladesh government has made a policy commitment tothe issue of child rights. This includes a number of steps taken in recentyears as ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC) in 1991,formulation of the National Policy on Children in 1994 and the National Planof Action for Children 1997-2000. Despite the adoption of these policy measures, it is important to see that these conventions are actually carriedout and that the commitment are met continually. Definitions of child labour : The child labour has been defined asthe employment of children under a certain age, set by national orinternational child labour laws. ILO Convention 138 sets 15 as the minimum age for admission to full time employment and 13 for lightpart time work. ln countries with insulhciently developed economicsand educational facilities, these ages are 14 and 12 respectively. For all hazardous works, the lower age limit is 18 years.According to Employment of Children Act—1938, amended...
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...Introduction : Child labour is one of the major problems in a developing country such as Bangladesh. It engineers the demolition of futuregenerations. If a child is made to work from a early age, with no scope ofgoing to school, we are gradually narrowing the nations potential to a fewprivileged people of the country. Thus, it is more practical to work at a firmpolicy to gradually reduce it, and set up safe homes for working children. Inthis regard, The Bangladesh government has made a policy commitment tothe issue of child rights. This includes a number of steps taken in recentyears as ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC) in 1991,formulation of the National Policy on Children in 1994 and the National Planof Action for Children 1997-2000. Despite the adoption of these policy measures, it is important to see that these conventions are actually carriedout and that the commitment are met continually. Definitions of child labour : The child labour has been defined asthe employment of children under a certain age, set by national orinternational child labour laws. ILO Convention 138 sets 15 as the minimum age for admission to full time employment and 13 for lightpart time work. ln countries with insulhciently developed economicsand educational facilities, these ages are 14 and 12 respectively. For all hazardous works, the lower age limit is 18 years.According to Employment of Children Act—1938, amended in 1951, achild under 17 years can not be employed. Child labour...
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...Child labour Child labour remains a major source of concern in Nigeria, in spite of legislative measures. Child labour is defined as work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children and deprives them of opportunities for schooling and development. According to the International Labour Organization, the number of working children under the age of 14 in Nigeria is estimated at 15 million. The high level of diverse and tedious jobs that children execute in dangerous circumstances is particularly worrying. These jobs include being street vendors, beggars, car washers or watchers and shoe shiners. Others work as apprentice mechanics, hairdressers and bus conductors while a large number work as domestic servants and farm hands. Research also shows that child workers display poor educational achievements. Girls start working at an earlier age than boys, particularly in the rural areas. They also suffer the triple burden of housework, school work and work out of home whether paid or unpaid. One of the most common practices is the use of children as child domestics –especially girls. Major causes of child labour are widespread poverty, rapid urbanisation, breakdown in extended family afiliations, high school drop out rates, and lack of enforcement of legal instruments meant to protect children. Traditionally, children have worked with their families, but today children are forced to work for their own and their family’s survival. The...
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...------------------------------------------------- Child labour in India From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Young boy stacking plates in Bangalore Child labor in India and rest of the world, per World Bank data. India is colored in green with 10-20% incidence levels, along with countries colored in red (30-40%) and black (>40%). Child labour in India is the practice where children engage in economic activity, on part-time or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good schools and growth of informal economy are considered as the important causes of child labour in India.[1][2] b The 2001 national census of India estimated the total number of child labour, aged 5–14, to be at 12.6 million.[3] Child labor problem is not unique to India; worldwide, about 215 million children work, many full-time.[4] In 2001, out of a 12.6 million, about 0.12 million children in India were in a hazardous job.[5]UNICEF estimates that India with its larger population, has the highest number of labourers in the world under 14 years of age, while sub-saharan African countries have the highest percentage of children who are deployed as child labour.[6][7][8] International Labour Organization estimates that agriculture at 60 percent is the largest employer of child labor in India,[9] while United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization estimates 70 percent of child labour is deployed in agriculture and related...
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...Case study 1.1 What did that really cost you? Economists measure costs using a concept called opportunity cost. The opportunity cost of an action is the resources used when that action is taken valued in their next best alternative use. It is the problem of scarcity that explains why economists think opportunity cost is the appropriate measure of cost. Scarcity of resources implies that the real cost of an action to society is the resources that are used when that action is taken. Therefore, to properly account for the costs of the action, all resources that are used need to be incorporated into the measure of cost. The monetary price you pay for a product is an important part of its opportunity cost. But since time is a resource, the costs of time used in shopping for and consuming a product are also part of its opportunity cost. Examples are when we need to take time to compare potential suppliers to find the best price for a product, when we need to spend time queuing to buy a product, or when it takes time to consume or use a product. Question: Sally Stockbroker has to decide whether to return to university to study for a Masters of Business Association (MBA). The MBA will take three years to complete. Sally knows that the information relevant to calculating opportunity cost is that: (a) MBA fees will cost $20000 per year; (b) her salary as a stockbroker in every future year of her working life would be $80000 per year if Sally does not do an MBA; (c) during her time...
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...Action against child labour ( ilo) IPEC’s aim is the progressive elimination of child labour worldwide, with the eradication of the worst forms an urgent priority. Since it began operations in 1992, IPEC has worked to achieve this in several ways: through country-based programmes which promote policy reform, build institutional capacity and put in place concrete measures to end child labour; and through awareness raising and mobilization intended to change social attitudes and promote ratification and effective implementation of ILO child labour Conventions. These efforts have resulted in hundreds of thousands of children being withdrawn from work and rehabilitated or prevented from entering the workforce. Complementary to this direct action throughout has been substantial in-depth statistical and qualitative research, policy and legal analysis, programme evaluation and child labour monitoring, which have permitted the accumulation of vast knowledge base of statistical data and methodologies, thematic studies, good practices, guidelines and training materials. Use the menu on the left to explore the many areas addressed by IPEC in the fight against child labour. Child labour and education Education is a crucial component of any effective effort to eliminate child labour. There are many interlinked explanations for child labour. No single factor can fully explain its persistence and, in some cases, growth. The way in which different causes, at different levels, interact...
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...Delhi Prime minister: Manmohan Singh Official language: Hindi Language, English Language Population: 1,241,491,960 (2011) World Bank Average income: Rs 50,000 Gross domestic product: 1.848 trillion USD (2011) World Bank. Statistics Statistics Child labor in India BBB4M Miss Doty 28/03/13 Child labor in India BBB4M Miss Doty 28/03/13 HARRIS, GARDINER. "Children Toil in India’s Mines, Despite Legal Ban." the new York times 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. International labor organization. ILO, n.d. Web. 27 Mar.2013.<http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/ child-labour/lang--en/index.htm#a2>. McDougall, Dan. The Guardian. N.p., 28 Oct. 2007. Web.27Mar.2013.<http://www.guardian.co.u k/world/2007/oct/28/ethicalbusiness.retail> Unicef. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58 009.html>. Wisom jobs. N.p., 10 Feb. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://blog.wisdomjobs.com/child-labour- in-india/>. HARRIS, GARDINER. "Children Toil in India’s Mines, Despite Legal Ban." the new York times 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. International labor organization. ILO, n.d. Web. 27 Mar.2013.<http://www.ilo.org/global/topics/ child-labour/lang--en/index.htm#a2>. McDougall, Dan. The Guardian. N.p., 28 Oct. 2007. Web.27Mar.2013.<http://www.guardian.co.u k/world/2007/oct/28/ethicalbusiness.retail> Unicef. N.p., 10 Jan. 2013. Web. 27 Mar. 2013. <http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58...
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...Child labour is one of the many concerns in the Philippines and one of the most rampant problems we face. In the endeavour to create an awareness of an already existing law is evidently not properly implemented, child labour falls within this category. Every child has the right to the most basic of necessities in life like a healthy environment, formal education, and most importantly, a loving family to come home to. Yet poverty hinders the child to any of these things and forces labour in farming fields, mining shafts and peddling in the busy and dangerous streets of the country. I would want to focus on the most disturbing problem here in the Philippines – Child Labour. Child labour refers to the illegal employment of children below 18 years old in hazardous occupations. Underage children are being forced to manual labour to help their families due to poverty. As researched, about 2.4 million children all around the Philippines are compelled to do labour, such as in crop plantations, mining caves, rock quarries and factories. Child labour has many ill effects in children who are supposed to be in the environment of a classroom rather than roaming the streets and risking every chance and time just to earn enough money. It is appalling knowing that there are a lot of children experiencing such heavy problem. Parents, indeed, have the responsibility of educating their children. It is their main duty to send their children to school. But it is dismaying to realize that because...
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...Daniela Klaus VALUE OF CHILDREN IN SIX CULTURES Pp. 244-245 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOZIUM ORGANISED BY FACULTY OF SOCIAL STUDIES MASARYK UNIVERSITY BRNO (19-21 SEPT. 2002) 1) Psychological-emotional value of children 2) Economic-utilitarian value of children 3) Social-normative value of children. Psychological-emotional reasons for getting children are for instance; 'to have someone to love and care for', 'because of the pleasure you get from watching children grow' and 'because it's fun to have young children around the house'. Statements such as 'because a child helps around the house', 'to have one more person to help the family economically' or 'children can help when you're old' illustrate the economic-utilitarian dimension. The dimension of social-normative value of children is expressed by items such as 'to carry on the family name' or 'because parenthood improves your standing and betters your reputation among your kin'. The decision for or against children is embedded in different context levels. Certain institutional conditions, the structures of opportunity, the relational and social network and the individual characteristics of the (potential) parents determine the value of children for the parents...
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...------------------------------------------------- Child labour From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A succession of laws on child labour, the so-calledFactory Acts, were passed in Britain in the 19th century. Children younger than nine were not allowed to work, those aged 9-16 could work 16 hours per day per Cotton Mills Act. In 1856, the law permitted child labour past age 9, for 60 hours per week, night or day. In 1901, the permissible child labour age was raised to 12.[1][2] Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.[3] This practice is considered exploitative by manyinternational organisations. Legislations across the world prohibit child labour.[4][5] These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, and others.[6][7] Child labour was employed to varying extents through most of history. Before 1940, numerous children aged 5–14 worked in Europe, the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as newsies. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence...
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