...during World War II, Europe sought to establish a community of peace, stability, and prosperity with the common interest of humanity (De Vasconcelos, 2005). This unification has been achieved through the liberalization of four essential freedoms of movement: goods, service, capital, and labour (Molchanov, 2007). Even reconciliation between former enemies, such as France and Germany, came from the understanding that new world order has dampened the ability of nations to solve their problems on their own. Integration at a regional level can be thought of as integral part of globalization as it has become Europe’s primary defense amidst rising global competition (Murray, 2011). In fact, Peter Schmitt-Egner identified the process undertaken by the EU as transnational regionalism, as it seeks to 1: Utilize European integration as arena for transnational learning to foster internal regional development and; 2: Enhance regional competence to create a ‘Europe of Regions of Citizens’ (Schmitt-Egner, 2002). For Europe, regional integration has presented itself as a window of opportunity that allows for: “outward looking trade policy, internal competitiveness and involvement in cross-border agreements” (Downs, 2002). Traditionally, this European model based on competitiveness and biggest commercial trading powers in the world, rendering Europe to become the most important regional zone with total exports and imports representing upwards of 40% word trade (Sava, 2006). However, the combination...
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...relations between the EU and Turkey. As a preliminary remark, it is established that only two articles of the EU-Treaty address the question of enlargement. The first one, article 49 1 states that the applicant country has to respect the principles set out in article 6(1) 2, i.e. liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. In reality, these articles entail a long and complicated process, where the Commission is particularly involved. There is a difference between when an entity can qualify as a European state, a prerequisite for the acceptation of the application, and that a state later on will be accepted as a Member State. This hierarchy will be highlighted and further discussed. Compliance with the Copenhagen Criteria 3 is of vital importance before a state is recognized as a candidate state. However, total compliance does not seem to be necessary. In connection to this, the body of EU-law, the so-called acquis communitaire, is discussed. All new Member States have to implement and comply with the “acquis”. The political trend within the EU is moving towards a constantly deepening cooperation. The European Union of today is more of a political Union than an economical Union, which means that a constantly evolving EU legislation renders accession to the Union increasingly difficult. The issue of human rights is of importance during the candidacy process, since it forms a part of the Copenhagen Criteria and EU legislation. The jurisprudence...
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...| The accession of Croatia to EU: A timely change for EU? | | | | | | Introduction This paper discusses the path of Croatia to the European Union. It explains all the different challenges Croatia faced in order to be able to comply with the EU standards and obligations. There is the Fundamental Rights chapter that presents the arguments that showing the great effort that Croatia has put in adopting new frameworks in all areas of the chapter. After, there are the benefits and risks that Croatia could face after EU accession. Some concerns about the economic crisis are mentioned from the public opinion and other EU members’ point of view. Finally there is a conclusion explaining what Croatia could benefit from or be deprived of by joining the EU, followed by a last explanation if there are still challenges in the political criteria. The path to the European Union The war in Croatia cost them loss of a whole decade in the path to European Union. In particular the war was detrimental for the economy. Was Croatia lagging behind to meet EU standards back then? Was there enough stability or any limitations toward accession to EU? The first step towards EU was on 29th October 2001 when Croatia signed the Stabilisation and Association Agreement in Luxembourg, becoming a potential candidate for joining the EU. All candidates which aim in joining the EU have to adopt the EU’s legal patrimony known as acquis which contains 31 chapters. The process of integration...
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...Projekt Monetäre Finanzinstitut Russ Anna Alina & Elisabeta Moise Gr 322 Ein monetarisches Finanzinstitut ist ein Finanzinstitut, das Einlagen entgegennimmt, die nach der statistischen Abgrenzung der Europäischen Zentralbank zur Geldmenge zählen, und das Kredite gewährt und/oder in Wertpapiere investiert. Dazu gehören: 1. Banken (einschließlich Bausparkassen), 2. Zentralnotenbanken des Eurosystems d.h. Unternehmen, deren wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit darin besteht, Einlagen und andere rückzahlbare Gelder des Publikums entgegenzunehmen und Kredit auf eigene Rechnung zu gewähren. 3. Geldmarktfonds, (wirtschaftlich mit Kreditinstituten verwandte Finanzinstitute) die Einlagen oder Einlagensubstitute entgegennehmen und zumindest im wirtschaftlichen Sinne Kredite auf eigene Rechnung gewähren und/oder in Wertpapieren investieren. 4. Europäische Zentralbank Zentralbank Eine Zentralbank (auch Notenbank, Zentralnotenbank, zentrale Notenbank oder Nationalbank) ist eine für die Geld- und Währungspolitik eines Währungsraums oder Staates zuständige Institution. In vielen Staaten wurden die Zentralbanken auf das Hauptziel festgelegt, die Preisniveau-und Geldwertstabilität zu wahren. Eine Zentralbank hält die Währungsreserve eines Währungsraumes, refinanziert Geschäftsbanken und den Staat. Zentralbanken emittieren Banknoten und bringen diese in Umlauf. Zur Erfüllung ihrer Ziele und Aufgaben steht der Notenbank eine Reihe von Instrumentarien (im Wesentlichen die Steuerung...
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...Module 8 part 1 Abdulwali saleh 10/31/2014 In the promise of Europe, Steven Hill has raised many points in many areas that he believes EU has been achieved. He compares those areas to the United States, and clearly in his book prefers the EU policy than that in the United States. After he mentions the three models, actually the forth models; THE USA, china, Japan, and the EU model, He believes that EU developed model is the best one for the world in the 21 century. In order to present the model as the suitable one, Steve stresses many points that EU pass out the USA and show how USA continues to miss lead the public and presents its model as the bet one. Among those issues that he has stressed, USA media and what has associated with it in term of European economy and American view , welfare and social system and what associate with it. Steven Hill stresses that because of American media and political leaders taken a model adaptation, in term of who is right or who is wrong, and which model beats the other. Instead take it, from the point that we just need to learn from together, and we have to teach together in order to save ourselves and the world as the whole. Taken for consideration that there are countries round the world who needs to get to where we are now, to have the same chance that we had have, but how they going to achieve it without burning the world, without global warming environment chaos, if our media until today doesn’t has a transparency...
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...Brief History of EU In 1957, the “Six” countries Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaties of Rome which establish the European Economic Community,(ECC) establishing a customs union and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) for cooperation in developing nuclear energy. In 1967 the Merger Treaty created a single set of institutions for the three communities, collected referred as European Community (EC). The EC was enlarged in 1973 when Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom became members. The first direct election for European Parliament took place in 1979. Greece became member in 1981, Spain and Portugal in 1986. What were the four freedoms of the EC? (main idea behind EU) Goods, services, capital, and labor and would adopt a common policy toward nonmember trading partners and on agriculture transport. What was the main objective of The Single European Act? The Single European Act was signed in Luxembourg in 1986. The main objective was to create the Single Market with European Commission by the end of 1992. What was the significant of the Treaty of Maastricht in the EU? The Treaty of Maastricht was signed in Netherland in 1991. The Treaty of Maastricht created the European Union and the single currency though out Europe. What were the assumptions of the Cecchini Report? This report is the analysis of the benefits and costs anticipated from the European economic integration. The report was...
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...European Union – Yes or No For now we have been member of the EU about 11 years. During that time have come out good sides and some bad sides of this membership. For small country like Estonia is quite important to belong into some union. Mostly because of our safety. Our neighbor is not very kind one – Russia. And for that we are member in NATO. I think that belonging into EU is best option for us in economic terms. We are too small to be completely independent and free. We do not have special mineral resource like Norway or specific service like Switzerland has its bank services. To them these values give freedom to be independent. For my opinion till now we have got more from EU than we have to have to pay. Our agriculture is much better shape at the moment than it would be if we are not in EU. Estonia has got agricultural support a lot and it has improved our agricultural life a lot. I have seen several village centers build up with help of PRIAs support money. Thanks to that village people has places to gather together. The other big thing is that our borders in EU are open now. It promotes easier travelling which improves our tourism. And as well – it helps to go to work to our member country. As well known – in Finland work about 60 thousand Estonians. It is quite big amount. And not very good to Estonia – our country life is not so active anymore because there is no work and because of that younger people goes to cities or foreign countries. Prices increase as...
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...EU Designs is a small company with two main offices; one in New York and the other in Hong Kong. The New York office deals with sales and customer relationships while the Hong Kong office deals with sourcing and product development. The company was set up by an Italian entrepreneur Roberto Berardi. Berardi’s philosophy on management differs greatly from more business like industries. Berardi dislikes strict control over his employees and likes the informal way the company is managed. He is not so much concerned with controlling costs or increasing efficiency. He truly wants his employees to enjoy their work. As the company continues to grow it will become harder to maintain this informal level of management. EU Designs is facing several issues as it transitions form a small company to a medium size company. There needs to be a more formal level of management in the New York office and especially in the Hong Kong office which does not even have a formally assigned manager. The employees in Hong Kong are unhappy with two key issues. The first issue was divisions within their own company competing over resources. The second, and much bigger problem was poor communication between Hong Kong and New York. This extended further to include a lack of communication from New York on Customer’s wishes and inferior communication between suppliers, the two offices and the clients. If EU Designs is going to survive as a medium size company it needs to address these issues, but...
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...Gurleen Kaur Payal Jotwani Nitin Dixit Renu INTRODUCTION The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 28 member states which are located primarily in Europe, currently under the presidency of Herman Van Rompuy. Its capital is de facto Brussels. The EU operates through a system of supranational independent institutions and intergovernmental negotiated decisions by the member states. Important institutions of the EU include the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Council, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and the European Central Bank. The European Parliament is elected every five years by EU citizens. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the Inner Six countries in 1951 and 1958 respectively. In the intervening years the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The Maastricht Treaty established the European Union under its current name in 1993. The latest amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. The EU has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area passport controls have been abolished. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital, enact legislation...
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...Principle of Supremacy The EU Treaties do not contain a specific legal base or express declaration for the supremacy of EU law but some articles logically imply supremacy. The Lisbon Treaty is silent about the principle of the supremacy of the European Union law over national law. However, Declaration number 17 was attached to the aforementioned Treaty to this effect. There can be seen a very unambiguous perspective on the issue of supremacy of European Union law over disagreeing national law: ‘under the principle of supremacy, precedence must always be given to Community law over conflicting national law however framed and including national constitutional provisions'. As it is firmly known, the discussed principle of supremacy was established as well as developed in almost historical case of Costa v. Enel. In that case the collision between the law of the European Community and the Italian national law had been analysed. The conclusion of the European Court of Justice (hereinafter referred to as ‘ECJ') was based upon the limitation of sovereignty of each Member State and also on the transfer of powers from the States to the Community. The ECJ's core justifications for the discussed principle are ‘independence, uniformity and efficacy' of Community law. From this point of view, European Union law is ‘an integral part of ... the legal order applicable in the territory of each of the Member States'. The ECJ has developed arguments that would validate the conclusion about the...
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...International Business, year 1 07\11\2013 Table of content Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………… pg3 1. Immigration…………………………………………………………………………………………… pg3 2.1 What is migration?..............................................................................................................pg3 2.2 Reasons for migration……………………………………………………………………………pg4 2.3 European Policy about migration…………………………………………………………pg7 2. Immigration: Costs and Benefits………………………………………………………………..pg8 3.4 Analyze of the social-economic and political effects on the EU by migration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….pg 8 3.5 Cost and Benefit Table………………………………………………………………………pg10 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………...pg12 Introduction Migration is an actual and controversial topic that is a complex phenomenon that concerns the new as well as the future generations. Migration can be describes as “move to survive!” . The move towards opportunities for life, tied to the human spirit, seeking adventure, pursuing dreams, and finding reasons to hope even in the most adverse circumstances. This is the reason for migration!...
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...The Impact of the EU on Greece’s Economy INT 650 9-2 Short Paper Greece is one of the most affected country’s that entered into the European Union because the unification of the economies of the sovereign states in the region known as Europe is limiting their ability to emerge from their own financial crisis. In-order for Greece to devise a solution to their current national debt they must negotiate with the leaders of the European Union to create terms that will allow them the ability to correct their economy. However, the social unrest that this delay of negotiations is causing continues to inhibit Greece from moving forward in-order to restore stability to their country. Russia is interested in helping the country, but this would violate the terms set by the EU; plus the population of Greece is split between the ideas of removing itself from the European Union and entering into another agreement with other nations such as Russia. The Unification of Greece into the Union was not the creation of their financial issues, but is hindering the ability of the country to correct it in-order to help its citizens. The country is experiencing tremendous instability in their banking system due to the distrust of the people losing their money in the banks because the government fears that if they do not freeze the people’s accounts a rush to withdraw their cash will occur once the announcement after June, 2015 passes that a resolution for Greece’s debt was not agreed upon...
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...Ukratko o EU fondovima Poštovani polaznici radionice, Pred Vama se nalazi kratki prikaz najvažnijih fondova dostupnih u ovoj pretpristupnoj fazi. Ova skripta je skraćena verzija, sabrana sa niza internetskih stranica koje javno objavljuju informacije o raznim mogućnostima prijave na EU projekte. Informacije su preuzete poštujući autorsko pravo autora i navodeći izvor objave. U ovoj skripti trudili smo se ukratko objaviti informaciju o najvažnijim fondovima koji bi Vam koristili, uz navođenje linkova na stranice na kojima možete pročitati detaljne informacije. Želimo Vam sreću u prijavama na EU projekte! 1 Sadržaj Ukratko o EU fondovima ........................................................................................................... 1 Uvod – ukratko o IPA pretpristupnom programu EU i programima Zajednice ......................... 3 IPA .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Programi zajednice ................................................................................................................. 4 Mogućnosti za poslovni sektor, obrazovne i ostale institucije te javni sektor ....................... 5 O pojedinim fondovima .............................................................................................................. 7 Istraživanje i razvoj/Konkurentnost i Inovacije..................................................................
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...PC to EU To export from the United States, we have to make sure that the trade secrets of the product are kept safe in the company. We do not need to include outside people which will be obligatory when the expansion is outsourced. However, expansion like this will breed higher costs in manpower so that the manufactured goods will meet the demands. The taxes and what you have to do for exportation is also another load. Therefore, an international manager might consider three options: FDI, licensing, and export. With export, assuming there are no trade barriers, the key considerations would likely be transport costs and localization. While transport costs might be pretty low for a comparatively light and high value product like a computer, localization can present some difficulties. Power supplies, keyboards, and preferences in mode are different from country to country. It may be hard to completely address these localization issues from the US, but it is not impossible. Since there are many computer producers and suppliers in Europe, there are likely to be a number of possible licensees. Licensing a European firm for manufacturing and marketing is an option which will waive the problems on taxes and duties. The price of the manufactured goods may possibly be also custom-made to that in the European market for the reason that manpower costs for one will be at par with the European labor force; however, this will involve putting the trademarks of...
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...Problemformulering: Hvorfor er Tyrkiet ikke optaget i EU endnu? Redegørende spørgsmål: Hvad kendetegner AKPs politik i forhold til det etniske og religiøse mindretal? Analyserende spørgsmål: Hvorfor deltager religiøse minoriteter i oprør mod regeringen? * Religiøse muslimer tager del i demonstrationerne bl.a. for at sikre bedre forhold for de svageste i samfundet. * En repræsentant for den religiøse gruppe, Antikapitalistiske Muslimer, Fatma Kurcandogan, siger ligeledes, at de demonstrerer sammen med de mere venstreorienterede tyrkere, fordi at man som muslim forventes at tro på fred. Den tyrkiske regerings handlinger har ført til mange demonstrationer fra de venstreorienterede tyrkeres side, og selvom at man kunne tro at Erdogans politik ville være ideelt for troende muslimer, er der faktisk også flere meget religiøse muslimer der har valgt at tage del i demonstrationerne – bl.a. for at sikre bedre forhold for de svageste i samfundet. Fatma Kurcandogan fra gruppen Antikapitalistiske Muslimer siger at ”uanset om en regering er religiøs eller ej, så bør den tage sig af de fattigeste i samfundet”. Hun mener også, at idet at Erdogan har proklameret sig selv som meget religiøs, burde han være endnu mere opmærksom på de svageste i samfundet. Ligeledes siger Kurcandogan, at hun som muslim ”ikke kan acceptere de hårdhændede metoder” der bliver taget i brug af regeringen, og at hun og Antikapitalistiske Muslimer demonstrerer, fordi de tror på solidaritet og fred...
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