...The Indian Mutiny should be renamed the ‘First Indian War of Independence’, How far do you agree? Before one can answer the question, was the Indian Mutiny a war of independence it would be best to define what a war of independence actually is. The oxford dictionary defines independence as “Free from outside control; not subject to another’s authority”. From this we can extrapolate that a war for independence would be a war to remove the authority currently governing India, the British, and to garner the ability to govern themselves, essentially freedom from those ruling them. This would imply that the revolt would be a unified nationalistic cause under a single leader or a group of leaders co-operating. However India’s mutiny lacks a clear cut leader or coherence between those who were proclaimed to be leading the rebellion. Lastly the mutiny was not on a national scale, only parts of the country revolted subsequently throwing the identification of the Indian mutiny as a war of independence into disarray. One interpretation of the 1857 Indian Mutiny claims that the incident was a direct reaction to company insensitivities and the forceful imposition of British culture in preceding years, and was, clearly, by virtue of this, ‘a war of independence’. The first 50 years of the 19th century saw company rulers take an active foothold in attempting to liberalize Indian society with traditional, British Judeo-Christian values, to manufacture, in the words of Thomas Macauley, ‘a class...
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...The Latin American wars of independence were notably conducive to the decline of the Spanish Empire however, the decline can not be attributed singularly to the Latin American wars of Independence as there were other subsidiary factors involved. The Latin American wars of independence were a series of revolutions within South America causing Venezuela, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Haiti and Columbia to become independent countries. These wars drained the Spanish Empire’s resources, enforcing its decline in the early 19th century. Prior to the wars of independence, poor economic conditions, the destruction of the Spanish Armada, as well as an imperialistic overstretch between territories, resulted in contributing to the downfall of the Spanish Empire. Colonial mismanagement in the Spanish Empire acted as a precluding catalyst in causing the Latin American wars of Independence, thus contributing to the fall of the Spanish Empire. The Latin American wars of Independence, whilst an influential factor in the decline of the Spanish Empire, were not the sole determinant in causing the downfall of the Spanish Empire. The Latin American wars of independence contributed to the fall of the Spanish Empire to a considerable extent, being the final element amongst other collective factors which ultimately resulted in the collapse of the Spanish Empire. During the 17th century, there were many indications of Spain’s erosion of power; the collapse of the empire...
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...The Second War for Independence The War of 1812 was ultimately the second war to decide the fate of the issue of American Independence from the country of Great Britain. The President of the United States James Madison had it printed in newspaper articles saying the war was a fight to stay independent ("Image 1 of By the President of the United States of America, a proclamation. Whereas the Congress of the United States, by virtue of the constituted authority vested in them, have declared by their act ... that war exists between the United Kingdom ... and"). Also the way the treaty negotiations went after the years of war show what each side had in the front of their minds during the war ("Second War of American Independence"). The British...
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...Revolutionary War By David E. LaClair Jr Charles Lee, a general in the American Revolutionary war, is a historic figure in American history. Serving under George Washington, Charles Lee participated in a number of battles. However, history says Charles Lee was treacherous to the cause, all the while that he was in command during that time; he was acting in bad faith toward the Americans. His influence in the army was, at all times, mischievous (General Charles Lee: Traitor of the American Revolution). To the British, Charles Lee was a traitor who turned on England to fight under George Washington. Due to Charles Lee’s treacherous actions against America, it would lead to his downfall in the following years. Born in England to an aristocratic family, Lee had already joined the army at the age of 12, and in the 1750's was sent to colonial America to fight in the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years War). It was here that he first served with the man who would be his superior officer later in life, General George Washington. Together they survived the bloody disaster of Major General Edward Braddock's defeat at the hands of the French Canadians and Indians in 1755 (American History Suite 101) at the Monongahela River at the forks with the Allegheny and Ohio Rivers near modern Pittsburgh (Fort Pitt) in the Battle of Monongahela (British Battles). Not only was it here that Charles Lee first came into contact with George Washington, it was also Washington’s first defeat...
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...Goals of the war The goals of the war are to gain wealth and also to gain more authority, territory, and the influence of the states. First continental congress The first continental congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies that met on September 5 to October 26, 1774 at Carpenters' Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, early in the American Revolution. Breed's Hill The place which the battle of bunker hill took place and where they store the weapon for the battle. And going to cross of the boston harbor and fight their way up. The Battle of Bunker Hill On June 17, 1775, early in the Revolutionary War (1775-83), the British defeated the Americans at the Battle of Bunker Hill in Massachusetts. Despite their...
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...War of Independence 1857 and the Role of Urdu and Persian Newspapers Dr. Seemi Naghmana Tahir ∗ & Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch ∗∗ Abstract Much has been written on the causes and consequences of the War of Independence 1857, as one of the most significant events of the history of Subcontinent. Both historians and fiction writers have drawn conclusions from diverse perspectives of the War. But still many of its facets seem to be enveloped in ambiguity. The role of press during the War is one of those dimensions which still need further exploration and analysis by the researchers and historians of today. This paper seeks to develop a causal relationship between the difference in Hindu-Muslim stance during the War and the role of Urdu and Persian newspapers in shaping the public opinion in general, and of Muslims of India in particular. The paper would also focus on the British attitude and actions against the ‘Native Press’ during and after the War, as one of the indicators of the impact and strength of this press. The reflections of the contents of some important newspapers would also be included to help in analyzing this press as main representative or spokesman of the Muslims of Subcontinent. ∗ ∗∗ Professor of Mass Communication & Dean, Faculty of Education and Humanities, University of Balochistan, Quetta. Professor of History & Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East, University of Balochistan, Quetta. 26 Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.XXX, No.1, 2009 ...
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...American Revolution (1775-1783) or the War for American Independence was caused by the conflicts between the 13 colonies and Britain. Although not every colonist was for the war, there was a great enough following for the colonists to believe that going to war was the only way to gain independence from the British. However, in order for this war to take place, there needed to be events leading up towards the war or the war would have no justification. Of course, the colonists were severely outnumbered so other nations that may have not been as powerful as Britain but certainly much more powerful than the colonists, came to the colonists aid. Of course, before the war there was already growing tensions between the colonists and Britain....
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...The War of 1812, also known as the "forgotten war," was a struggle to maintain American Independence from Great Britain. This second revolution asserted our American rights, and gave Americans the opportunity to show their true colors. People sometimes refer to the War of 1812 as a second war for American independence because it was caused by various types of British interference with America's independence, like the American Revolution. The engagement of war between the United States and Great Britain in both wars, is caused by British interference with America's independence. The Revolutionary War (1775-1783), is a war that began as a conflict between Britain and the thirteen colonies. This war was motivated by the colonist’s disappointment after the French and Indian War ended in 1763. In which, the British government tried to...
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...declared two remarkable wars against England: the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. The reason it was listed remarkable is because the Americans took on the country with the greatest power, Great Britain. Not only the Americans were victorious on both wars, they also regained their lost lands and won independence. There are countless factors and reasons that contributed to the two wars and also how the Americans were able to defeat the British surprisingly. Without a doubt, the two wars between the United States and Great Britain were mainly caused by the harshly imposed Acts, however, the American colonists took the convincing victories because they took advantages and fought with a great morale....
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...settle and to grow financially and have a good standard of living. Into the 1750s, the colonist were able to obtain more land that the British helped them win. Although these colonist were able to obtain this land they were not satisfied with the British and wanted to obtain their freedom. The colonist began to have a stronger urge of freedom as the British began to abuse their powers in the colonies. The constant taxation acts being placed on the colonist led them to revolt against the British and declared war as they desired to obtain their liberty. “Through the military intelligence that the colonist had they were able to win their victory from the British July 4, 1776.”1 Although...
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...Why didn’t the French win the war against the Vietminh? The French lost their Indochinese colonies due to political, military, diplomatic, economic and socio-cultural factors. Armed struggle for the unity and total independence started in 1946 and eventually terminated with the reunification of the country’s desire years later, which constituted the most important phase of modern colonial history resulting in the loss of French power by the end of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Indochina suffered subjugation from the Chinese, the French, and the Japanese. The events of World War II, including the defeat, humiliation, and compromise of the French, galvanized the revolutionary movements. Two worlds collided, a European colonial power and an Indo-Chinese traditional society....
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...the process of dividing the subcontinent along sectarian lines, which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from the British Raj. The northern, predominantly Muslim sections of India became the nation of Pakistan, while the southern and majority Hindu section became the Republic of India. Background to Partition In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress (INC) met for the first time. When the British made an attempt to divide the state of Bengal along religious lines in 1905, the INC lead huge protests against the plan. This sparked the formation of the Muslim League, which sought to guarantee the rights of Muslims in any future independence negotiations. Although the Muslim League formed in opposition to the INC, and the British colonial government attempted to play the INC and Muslim League off one another, the two political parties generally cooperated in their mutual goal of getting Britain to "Quit India." Both the INC and the Muslim League supported sending Indian volunteer troops to fight on Britain's behalf in World War I; in exchange for the service of more than 1 million Indian soldiers, the people of India expected political concessions up to and including independence. However, after the war Britain offered no such concessions. In April of 1919, a unit of the British Army went to Amritsar, in the Punjab, to silence pro-independence unrest. The unit's commander ordered his men to open fire on the unarmed crowd, killing more than 1,000 protesters...
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...political and economic harmony that existed between the colonies and their mother country. America was a revolution force from the day of its discovery. The American Revolution was not the same thing as the American War of Independence. The war itself lasted only eight years, but the Revolution lasted over a century and a half and begun when the first permanent English settlers set foot on the new continent. Insurrection of thought usually precedes insurrection of deed. Over the years such ferment had occurred in the thinking of the colonists that the Revolution was partially completed in their minds before the first shot was fire or musketball began to fly. The American Revolution had its beginnings in the French and Indian war. For seven years, Britain battled the French and Indian nations in the colonies. Where the colonies militia fought beside the troops of the British army and learned war first hand. After winning the war, Britain had a huge debt to pay. To pay these expenses, George Grenville, who was secretary of Treasury in England, came up with a plan. He reasoned that the debt should be paid by taxing the colonies. After all the war had been fought to protect their land, that is the land of the Ohio River Valley. However, even before the French and Indian War had ended the political harmony that was once between the colonies and the British was already being broken down, due to all of the new acts that were passed in accordance with the mercantile theory of economics...
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...political and economic harmony that existed between the colonies and their mother country. America was a revolution force from the day of its discovery. The American Revolution was not the same thing as the American War of Independence. The war itself lasted only eight years, but the Revolution lasted over a century and a half and begun when the first permanent English settlers set foot on the new continent. Insurrection of thought usually precedes insurrection of deed. Over the years such ferment had occurred in the thinking of the colonists that the Revolution was partially completed in their minds before the first shot was fire or musketball began to fly. The American Revolution had its beginnings in the French and Indian war. For seven years, Britain battled the French and Indian nations in the colonies. Where the colonies militia fought beside the troops of the British army and learned war first hand. After winning the war, Britain had a huge debt to pay. To pay these expenses, George Grenville, who was secretary of Treasury in England, came up with a plan. He reasoned that the debt should be paid by taxing the colonies. After all the war had been fought to protect their land, that is the land of the Ohio River Valley. However, even before the French and Indian War had ended the political harmony that was once between the colonies and the British was already being broken down, due to all of the new acts that were passed in accordance with the mercantile theory of economics...
Words: 2107 - Pages: 9
...political and economic harmony that existed between the colonies and their mother country. America was a revolution force from the day of its discovery. The American Revolution was not the same thing as the American War of Independence. The war itself lasted only eight years, but the Revolution lasted over a century and a half and begun when the first permanent English settlers set foot on the new continent. Insurrection of thought usually precedes insurrection of deed. Over the years such ferment had occurred in the thinking of the colonists that the Revolution was partially completed in their minds before the first shot was fire or musketball began to fly. The American Revolution had its beginnings in the French and Indian war. For seven years, Britain battled the French and Indian nations in the colonies. Where the colonies militia fought beside the troops of the British army and learned war first hand. After winning the war, Britain had a huge debt to pay. To pay these expenses, George Grenville, who was secretary of Treasury in England, came up with a plan. He reasoned that the debt should be paid by taxing the colonies. After all the war had been fought to protect their land, that is the land of the Ohio River Valley. However, even before the French and Indian War had ended the political harmony that was once between the colonies and the British was already being broken down, due to all of the new acts that were passed in accordance with the mercantile theory of economics...
Words: 2107 - Pages: 9
