...culture will be explored in order to demonstrate how the United States fits the model of modern Nation-state before briefly describing 2 of the United States’ foreign policy objectives. The European Union, a prime example of a transnational entity, will be explored, starting with a description of the historical events and interests that led to its creation. The structural and functional attributes of the European Union will then be explored before delving into its foreign policy objectives. At this point, the reader should have a thorough understanding of nation-states and transnational entities from both an academic and practical perspective through the use of modern examples. The foundation help to facilitate the exploration and analysis of the interaction of transnational entities and nation-states as it pertains to the foreign policy objectives of each. Finally, we illuminate the consequences of these interactions and its effect on international politics. A nation can be roughly defined as group of people which share enough in common to consider themselves as part of a common group or community. The characteristics which bind members of a nation can vary greatly; anything from a common language and culture to a common history can form the bonds which bind people in a nation (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., 2012). The Kurdish people, throughout the Middle East, but mainly residing...
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...original aims of the European Community This paper considers the original aims of the European Economic Community on its formation under the Treaty of Rome 1957 as a background to the transformation of the EEC into the European Community. A discussion of the subsequent development of the EC thereafter forms the main body of this work and the staged development of the EC through subsequent amending treaties provides the focus of the analysis offered. A brief historical survey of the European Economic Community The European Community of 2008 sees its origins in the six member European Economic Community formed by the ratification of the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The signatory member states were France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux states. It is submitted at the outset that the EEC was founded largely on fear. It is hard to appreciate from the perspective of 2008, exactly what motivated the founding fathers of the Treaty of Rome to pursue integration because the world has moved on, but in the 1950s the base motivation was manifest and pressing. The continent of Europe had endured two catastrophic World Wars in the space of one generation. War had ravaged each and every country of Europe, and in particular the founding member states. The architects of the Treaty of Rome, including Italian Prime Minister Antonio Segni, French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman and French civil servant Jean Monnet, while undoubtedly harbouring in the back of their minds lofty notions of improving...
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...to the government in May, 1952, This initial treaty was known as the coal & steel community. However, the treaty developed the ideology behind the creation and establishment of the European Union. Eventually, in 1993, the Maastricht treaty was signed, thus, the European union was created. There have been two further treaty’s built the foundation established in the 1950’s to create a more inclusive institutional system and structure for member states. There are 766 members in the European union, representing 28 member states and speaking 22 languages, the members sit in Strasbourg, Brussels and Luxembourg and represent some 380 million people stretching across Europe. The...
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...goal is becoming increasingly difficult because of the steady increase in global use of the electromagnetic spectrum for both terrestrial and space-borne communications such as mobile telephones. CRAF is working to address this issue by coordinating a common policy on spectrum protection for the European research communities in radio astronomy, passive remote sensing and related sciences; representing this policy and these communities in interactions with the relevant national and supranational entities at the European and international level; and initiating and encouraging scientific studies aimed at reducing interference and the effects of interference at source. At the European level, the committee plays a key role in defining, coordinating and articulating the frequency needs of the radio astronomy community. CRAF is an Expert Committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF). The ESF is an independent organisation, owned by 79 Member Organisations among which are funding organisations and research organisations, academies and learned societies from 30 countries. ESF promotes collaboration in research itself, in the funding of research and in science policy activities at the European level. Radio Sky at 408 MHz. The map has 0.85 degree resolution and has been compiled from measurements...
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...Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Andrea Elena Medina Grand Canyon University: NRS-427V Concepts in Community and Public Health Thursday, December 08, 2015 Benchmark Assignment: The Epidemiology of Hepatitis B A major global health issue impacting the international health community is Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is viral condition that injures the liver due to the attempt to eliminate the virus, leading to progressive liver disease and cirrhosis (Hepatitis B (HBV, Hep B), 2014). The incidence of cirrhosis developing in people with chronic HBV is 8-20% (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2013; European Association for the Study of the Liver, 2012); the annual incidence of HBV-related liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, is 2-5% of people with cirrhosis (EASL, 2012). A person infected with Hepatitis B can transmit the virus to another person who hasn’t been affected by Hepatitis B in several ways. People can become infected with the virus when they come into contact with contaminated blood, semen and when other body fluids mix with the uninfected person’s body fluids. Examples of transmission occur from sexual contact, blood transfusion before the year 1992, sharing of needles or syringes, and from mother to baby at birth. Hepatitis B can be an acute, or short-term, illness for some people but for others, it can often lead to a lifelong chronic infection. The risk for chronic infection is related to a person’s age at the time of infection:...
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...Introduction “There is no commerce without community,” (Jennae as cited in Goodreads, n.d.). Indeed, commerce has pervaded the global stratosphere, linking countries in a communal bond of trade. Designated as trade blocs, these bonds are a type of intergovernmental agreement, usually associated with geographically aligned intergovernmental confederations, “where regional barriers to trade, (tariffs, and non-tariff barriers) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states” (Boundless, n.d.). As such trade blocs enable politico-economic ventures to flourish in the benefaction of its member nations. Albeit, trade blocs also represent diverse forms of economic integration, markedly, the preferential trade area, free trade area, custom union, common market, economic union and complete political integration (“What are trading blocs?”, n.d.). Customarily, the preferential trade area denotes the lowest level of commitment to reducing tariff barriers; typically member nations reduce trade barriers sans eliminating any amoung themselves (Finance Train, 2012). Whereas, the free trade area exists under the terms whereby trade barriers are removed on all member country imports, whilst independent tariff policies for non-member imports are retained (Finance Train, 2012). Comparatively, within the custom union, trade barriers are not only removed on all imports from member states, but a set of common policies are authorized in dealing with imports from non-member countries (Finance...
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...CREATION OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION The process of European integration was launched soon after the end of the World War II. It relies on tragic experiences connected with the largest and also most tragic armed conflict in human history, caused by Nazi Germany. After the war, in Europe, and more specifically in its western part, there arose conditions favourable for the start of a new, planned integration of the countries of the Old Continent. Western European countries, though very weakened after the war (destroyed economy, infrastructure, human resources), were, however, as never before agreeable to the necessity of defending basic human rights and democratic values. Western European leaders decided to undertake coordinated actions aiming at the reconstruction of European countries and their economies and introduction of a new political order, which could guarantee the security of nations and give a chance for their successful development in the future. The genesis of the integration process in Europe after the World War II: In the process of planning the introduction of a new political order in post-war Europe, it was acknowledged that the key task was the reconstruction of European economies. Western European leaders realised that only efficient and effective European economy would be a foundation on which new safety and development structures could be built. The American aid plan for Europe - the European Recovery Plan, called the Marshall Plan, was a great support for...
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...voyage of death became their common experience. The hardship endured in the crucible of the Atlantic crossing contributed to the state of mind and their view of the new world in which they were exiled. It was this new experience that began to shape the new African Culture. Slaves from differing colonies were thrown together and forced to form communities and work groups. Work dominated their very existence. There was no consideration for their independence or their need for socialization. Family relationships forged by fellow slaves became the foundation on which slave cultural life was built. Within these family groups, not recognised by the European settlers, emerged a broadly based slave culture of beliefs, social organization, and private and communal values, which enabled slaves to cope with the rigors of their life. The promulgation of religious belief and customs was very potent in these family groups. In the confines of the family group, young slaves were taught the religion of their ancestors referred to by the Europeans as African heathenism or obeah . Christianity, introduced by the Europeans, was couched in the community, in the context of their previously held African customs. This amalgamation of religions provided the ethical framework for the changing culture of slave life in general. Slaves gladly embraced teachings from the bible that were beneficial to them, such as the Sabbath, which provided needed rest but were...
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...Jean Monnet Jean Monnet was on of the original architects of European interqiation. He was known as “The father of Europe”(Gillingham,2003’43) In 1994, After the devaluation of the 2nd war, Monnet was consulted by foreign minister Robert Schuman as to the best course of action to promote ecnomoic growth in Europe. Monnet and Schuman who were both businessmen wanted to create a vision for European co op intrqiation. Monnet wanted to get civil servants to buy into countries. He knew the real work happened behind the scenes and using an inciemental approach, His largest contribution was his “limited but decisive point” Monnet believed that with economic integration that political integration would eventually be achieved, a process called “spinover” Monnet believed by having a unified Europe would create a process of sectorial ‘intergration’ “I am optimisit delermuned” Jean Monnett was a Frenchman born in 1888.Monnet was highly a intelligent economist. In 1940 he went to work in Washington, working for the British Supply council to negotiate the purchase of war supplies. Short, after arriving he became an aclvisor to President F.D Roosevelt. As an advisor he inspired the implementation of the Victory Plan in 1941 which as John M. Kaynes argued shortened the war by at least one year. Monnets problem solving abilities and diplomatic approach came to light during the European Recovery Programme talks (E.R.P.). The E.R.P. had several management problems one of which, how American...
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...Institutions of European Union Introduction The European Union is a unique economic and political partnership between 28 European countries that together cover much of the continent, created in the aftermath of the Second World War. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), formed by the inner six countries in 1951 and 1958, respectively. Through successive enlargements, the Union has grown from the six founding states—Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands—to the current 28. It took around 60 years from the Treaty of Brussels, 1948, to the Treaty of Lisbon, 2009, to get its final form. In 1993, under Maastricht Treaty the name European Economic Community was changed to European Union, which reflects the evolution of an economic union to an organization standardizing system of law to maintain common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries and regional development. Human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights: these are the core values of the EU. During the formation and development of European Union the number, structure, cross-link and interdependency of institutions and other bodies increased (Figure 1). In our work we will explain the history and development of political and legal institutions of European Union. Figure 1, Power structure of main political and legal institutions of European Union . European Parliament ...
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...the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) excludes pay from the scope of its actions in the area of working conditions. Improving working conditions is one of the goals of the EU. Article 151 TFEU states that: ‘The Union and the Member States… shall have as their objectives the promotion of employment, improved living and working conditions, so as to make possible their harmonisation while the improvement is being maintained’. Further, Article 153 TFEU states that ‘the Union shall support and complement the activities of the Member States’ in a range of social policy fields, including working conditions (Article 153 1(b)). The thinking of the EU on its competences in the area of working conditions has developed considerably over the past half century. The original EEC Treaty of 1957 took the view that the objectives of improved living and working conditions were to be achieved primarily through the mechanisms of the common market. Intervention was only to secure what was consistent with the common market: the free movement of labour. This policy was revised in 1972, when European heads of state agreed that the increasing involvement of labour and management in the economic and social decisions of the Community was desirable. Accordingly, the European Commission was instructed to draw up a Social Action Programme (SAP), the three main objectives of which were: attainment of full and better employment in the Community; improvement of living and...
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...The majority of European companies consider education as the only reliable way of promoting and determining people and companies to assume a responsible behavior in their private or business life and to be more involved in social, environmental, moral and ethics matters. The majority of European companies consider education as the only reliable way of promoting and determining people and companies to assume a responsible behavior in their private or business life and to be more involved in social, environmental, moral and ethics matters. The awareness towards altruist actions is rising up within company’s management board; they understood the need to take care of the surrounding. Practically speaking, companies are actively participating into funding or sponsoring specific social or environmental projects. They may even create their own foundation in order to take care of underprivileged communities. The awareness towards altruist actions is rising up within company’s management board; they understood the need to take care of the surrounding. Practically speaking, companies are actively participating into funding or sponsoring specific social or environmental projects. They may even create their own foundation in order to take care of underprivileged communities. Charity Charity Promotional Promotional Strategic Strategic Means aligning issues such as water, health and poverty with the core business of the company and mostly through adherence to CSR codes and...
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...RETHINKING THE (EUROPEAN) FOUNDATIONS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: A POLITICAL ECONOMY ESSAY by Peter Draper Research area: African Economic Outlook September 2010 Working Paper No. 293 Rethinking the (European) Foundations of Sub-Saharan African Regional Economic Integration: A Political Economy Essay DEV/DOC(2010)10 2 © OECD 2010 DEVELOPMENT CENTRE WORKING PAPERS This series of working papers is intended to disseminate the Development Centre’s research findings rapidly among specialists in the field concerned. These papers are generally available in the original English or French, with a summary in the other language. Comments on this paper would be welcome and should be sent to the OECD Development Centre, 2 rue André Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16, France; or to dev.contact@oecd.org. Documents may be downloaded from: http://www.oecd.org/dev/wp or obtained via e-mail (dev.contact@oecd.org). THE OPINIONS EXPRESSED AND ARGUMENTS EMPLOYED IN THIS DOCUMENT ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHOR AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THOSE OF THE OECD OR OF THE GOVERNMENTS OF ITS MEMBER COUNTRIES ©OECD (2010) Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this document should be sent to rights@oecd.org CENTRE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DOCUMENTS DE TRAVAIL Cette série de documents de travail a pour but de diffuser rapidement auprès des spécialistes dans les domaines concernés les résultats des travaux de recherche du Centre...
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...When selecting a date for a country’s national day, only a handful of places in the world select the date on which the first European settlement was created. Instead, most countries choose a day based on foundation, or receiving independence from another nation. A day, in which they become an entity. The United States celebrates their independence from Great Britain (1776) on July the Fourth. Greece, independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821) on March 25. Brazil, independence from Portugal (1822) on September 7 to name a few. It then goes without saying, that Australia’s national day should be Federation Day, January 1. A day that six self-governing British colonies formed a single nation. A national day should be a day that all peoples...
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...Introduction The reorganization process of the European distribution systems which is changing from a national to an international network is still going on. The structural transformation in logistics once started with the creation of the Single European Market. Logistics providers began to create pan-European networks in line with the expansion of the European Union. The current adjustments reflect both eastern parts of Europe and the evolvement of a global distribution structure and the accession of the peripheral economies in the central. In addition to these geographic aspects, the logistics markets in European have been influenced by numerous factors dramatically in the technological, financial, and political environment (Europe Real Estate, 2012). Logistics property is targeted by international investors. The volume of total investment currently exceeds €10 billion. Logistics property helps to compensate the poor performance and diversify portfolios of other sectors. Networks of European distribution are still relying on large distribution warehouses, and growth is most likely in the further. ‘Although prime yields up to 13% for opportunistic investments in emerging clusters are rather attractive, yield compression is foreseeable in the near future’ (Europe Real Estate, 2012). In this paper, there is a case, which is talking about a central European decides to operate a privately importing and exporting logistics business in Hungary, will be analysis. The conditions which...
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