...According to one way of speaking, that out of which as a constituent a thing comes to be is called a cause; for example, the bronze and the silver and their genera would be the causes respectively of a statue and a loving0cup According to another the form or model is a cuse; this is the account of what the being would be, and its genera – thus the cuase of an octave is the ratio of two to one, and more generally number – and the parts which come into the account. Again, there is the primary source of the change or the staying unchanged : for example, the man who has deliberated is a cuse, the father is a cause of the child, and in general that which makes something of that which is made, and which changes something of that which something is changed. And again, a thing may be a cause as the end. That is what something is for, as health might be what a walk is for. On account of what does he walk? We answer “To keep fit” and think that, in saying that, we have given the cause. Suppose one man thought that there are plans because there are leaves, roots, and stems; another that there are leaves, roots and stems because there are plants; a third that there are plants because there are seeds. Aristotle would say that there is no real dipute here, since each party is bringing forward a factor which is explanatory in a different way. The leaves, root, and stem account for the plant in the way in which bronze accounts for a statue, the plant accounts for the leaves, roots, and stem...
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...Aristotle’s four causes Aristotle's Theory of the Four Causes is a theory that explains how everything that is observed in the world appears to have existed through cause and effect. The point is that these four causes can encompass an objects complete description, such as what it's made of, what it looks like, what made it and its purpose. The Causation theory is the basis for much of Aristotle's work, including Physics, Metaphysics, and The Politics. They clearly define Aristotle's way of studying the world around him, which is empirical and observant of what we can see and know; a trait completely different to what Plato taught. The Final Cause differs greatly from the others because it describes something's ultimate purpose, not just a material viewpoint, and God (or the Prime Mover) has to be our Final Cause as he alone is perfection, and everything good that we do is to seek perfection. The first three causes are the Material Cause, the Formal Cause and the Efficient Cause. The Material Cause is what something is made of, and without the material to make the object, the object could not exist. This essay is made up of words, but without words the essay would cease to exist. The Formal Cause is what the shape of an object is, or perhaps the structure of the object that makes it what it is. Without its shape it is just the material that has potential to be an object. This essay is in the shape of an essay; it has a title, is structured in paragraphs, and the sentences...
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...a.) Aristotle’s Theory of The Four Causes. Aristotle argues for and explains the four causes in his books ‘Physics’ and ‘Metaphysics’. He claims that there are only four causes (or explanations) needed to give evidence for change in the world. A complete explanation of the change of any object will use all four causes. These causes are; material, formal, efficient and final. Aristotle understood that each of the four causes was necessary to explain the change from potentiality to actuality. The material cause is the substance of which something is made out of; "That from which, as a constituent, an object comes into being." The human bodies ‘material causes’ are cells, skin and tissue. A computer’s ‘material cause’ would be its pixels and electronic components. Aristotle used the example of a bronze sculpture or a silver saucer. Bronze or silver, in this case, would be the material cause. The material cause is also a question scientists try and answer when they examine a specimen; they discover what it is made from. The material cause explains the general properties of an object. For example, the human body needs oxygen because its cells need oxygen, and a computer needs electricity because the electronic components need electricity to fuel them. Finally, the material cause can be split into two sectors: proximate matter and prime matter. Proximate matter is matter that has some working properties, such as cells and electronic components. Prime matter has no...
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...meant by final cause? Aristotle was Plato’s student and lived between 384-322 BC. The final cause was the most important aspect of Aristotle’s theory. It was the theory that all objects have an ultimate reason for their existence. Aristotle proves this through his four causes; the material, formal, efficient and final cause. The final cause is the most important as the material, efficient and formal causes would be pointless under logical without a final cause. When we do something, it is for a reason. Aristotle believed in the notions of cause and effect. His interest was to explain ‘why’ things exist as they do. However, he rejected the idea that things which exist in some way that imitate an ideal Form (he rejected Plato’s ideas). He identified four types of cause that make something what it is. This interest led Aristotle to suggest that there are four different types of cause or explanation of why any object exists. The Four causes provide answers for Aristotle. The Material cause, ‘what it is made from?’, this refers to the matter or substance something is made from. The second cause is the Formal cause, ‘what is its Form or essence?’, e.g. a chair is what it is because it is in a Form of a chair. For Aristotle the Form is in the chair and each chair has its own Form. The third cause is, ‘what produced it?’, the Efficient cause, this refers to the cause of an object or thing existing. In other words, the answer to why the things exist. The first three causes exist only as...
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...Roman Sanchez Intro to Philosophy Professor. Connolly 12.10.14 The Four Great Errors Friedrich Nietzsche was a German philosopher who played a major role in contemporary intellectual development. In his work “Twilight of Idols”, Nietzche points out the four great errors which we constantly use to misinterpret reality and create false reasons that we believe show us the world in a more clearer light. The four great errors consist of mistaking cause and effect, false causality, imaginary causes, and the error of free will. Here I will go more into depth on Nietzsche’s four great errors. The first error is mistaking the cause and effect, or in other words mistaking the effect as the cause. An error that is the most recent and yet the most ancient habit of humankind, as Nietzsche says. Nietzsche goes as far as calling it the most dangerous of the four errors and refers to it as “the real corruption of reason.” (Nietzsche qtd. in Classics of Philosophy 1060) (Religion and morality actually use this error in its teachings. Religion and morality follow a similar formula that proceeds as follows: “Do this and that, refrain from this and that – and then you will be happy! And if you don’t…” (Nietzsche qtd. in Classics of Philosophy 1060) It goes on to imply that straying from this ideal would lead to negative consequences. An example of how cause and effect are misconstrued is that man is destroyed by vices such as adultery or alcoholism. If a man who has lost everything but continues...
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...originated with Hippocrates in the early years of about 460 to 370 B.C. (Holtz, 2008). In the concept of the humoral theory balance had to be maintained and among the four different substances and humors within the human body. So, with this concept if the balance became out of line or undistributed then the first thought coming to mind people became sick or ill. Within those four humors were phlegm, red, yellow bile, and blood. Early ancient people believed that those substances actually ruled the personalities in the bodies when they are divided to the possible types of choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, and sanguine, which depended of the substance in, which it actually dominated that person. Then with the theory that was known as the anatomical theory of disease actually lie within those organs internally of the skeletal and muscular body systems. Finally, the theory of the germ was thought that many of the diseases were caused in the presence and specific actions of microorganisms were found inside the body. With the germ theory was actually developed and gained acceptance in the United States and Europe in the early to middle 1800s. (Holtz, 2008). In the difference between each theory in the humoral theory is figuring out where the actual disease comes from. With knowing, the cause of the disease brought together that four chemicals would lead to healing practices by physicians in the early times of the Renaissance and Greece. With this theory is one of the...
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...Theravada Buddhism The Theravada Buddhists recognize the six directions and worship them. The six directions are east, west, north, south, above and below. The east represents the parents; south, teacher; north, friends; west, spouse; above, religious teacher and below represents the employee. One day, there was a young man named Sigala who was bowing to the six directions. Buddha saw him and explained to him the actual meaning of paying respect to the six directions. According to the Sigalovada Sutta of Theravada Buddhism, the three ways that the Buddha advised on how to honor the six directions is by abandoning impure actions, refraining from harmful deeds and avoiding squandering wealth. There are four impure actions that the Buddha explained to Sigala. The Buddha himself stated “Harming living beings, taking what is not given, false speech and pursuing the loved one of another. These the wise surely do not praise.” (Sigalovada Sutta, 4) Harming living beings is one of the five serious precepts of Buddhism. The Lord Buddha taught to love all beings. Harming a living being would be an extremely cruel and impure act in Buddhism. Buddhism also teaches not to be greedy. I think the text conveys that by forcefully taking what is not given to you is a very sinful and an unethical deed. In my opinion, the sacred text touches on the fact that speaking in a way which will hurt someone’s feelings is unrighteous. That could include gossiping, harsh tones, lying and rudeness...
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...Aristotle's four causes serve as a road map to identify the reasons why a thing exists. Aristotle believed that four basic questions, which he referred to as the four causes, could explain a change in an object. The first cause, the formal cause, addresses the question, "What is the form of the thing?" For example, the form of a book is the book’s shape or defining characteristics. The second cause, the material cause, responds to the question, "What material makes up the thing?" For instance, the book is made of paper. Aristotle's third cause, the efficient cause, questions "What made the thing?" In the example of the book, a writer and some method of printing make the book. The fourth cause, the final cause, asks "What purpose does...
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...understanding the nature of these truths is critical to eliminating pain, discomfort, and stress in your life. He has said that it is because we fail to understand the Four Noble Truths that we have run on so long in this cycle of birth and death. This indicates how important the Four Noble Truths are to the understanding of the Buddha’s teachings and to the realization of the goal of His teachings. So here in the Four Noble Truths which are the truth of suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering and the truth of the path that leads to the end of suffering, we have the foundation of the teachings of the Buddha for understanding and practice. the central concept that lies behind the Four Noble Truths. It indicates the importance of the relationship between cause and effect. The idea of cause and effect is at the heart of the Buddha’s teachings and is at the heart of the Four Noble Truths. Now in what sense? Specifically there is a starting point, the problem of suffering. This problem arises from causes. Finally just as there is suffering and the causes of suffering, so too there is an end of suffering and a cause for the end of suffering. In this case it is a negative process. In other words, when the causes of suffering are removed then suffering ends. ONE- The Four Noble Truths begin with the recognition of suffering. We, as human beings, are subject to desires and cravings of the world around us, but even when we are able to satisfy...
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...There are a number of tools that can be used to identify risk. Four of the more common ones are checklists, brainstorming, fishbone diagrams and flowcharts. Checklists can be used to identify risk by asking targeted questions while brainstorming is often cause a group discussion where people come together and come up with ideas and solutions to problems. In identifying risks. Fishbone diagrams are basically cause and effect diagrams. They encourage a more systematic approach to identifying risk and tries to look beyond the obvious causes. Finally flowcharts are diagrams that are used to show the steps used to solve a problem. They are useful in analysing and managing processes while identifying any risks that may come with each step in the process. There are a number of tools that can be used to identify risk. Four of the more common ones are checklists, brainstorming, fishbone diagrams and flowcharts. Checklists can be used to identify risk by asking targeted questions while brainstorming is often cause a group discussion where people come together and come up with ideas and solutions to problems. In identifying risks. Fishbone diagrams are basically cause and effect diagrams. They encourage a more systematic approach to identifying risk and tries to look beyond the obvious causes. Finally flowcharts are diagrams that are used to show the steps used to solve a problem. They are useful in analysing and managing processes while identifying any risks that may come with each step...
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...Liberty University The Contribution of Baptists in the Struggle for Religious Freedom A Research Paper Submitted to Dr. Jason J. Graffagnino in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Course CHHI 665 Liberty University Baptist Theological Seminary by Brian M. Hyde Lynchburg, Virginia Saturday, December 6, 2014 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 IN THE BEGINNING 2 THE STRUGGLE IN ENGLAND 4 THE STRUGGLE MOVES TO THE NEW WORLD 7 CONCLUSION 11 WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY 14 INTRODUCTION In this nation, and in much of the Western world, the right of each individual to worship as his or her own conscience dictates, or not to worship at all, is one that is all too often taken for granted. Few consider the tremendous lengths gone to and the enormous price paid by so many to obtain and preserve this right. In the United States when one does reflect on this matter his or her thoughts rightfully focus on the many men and women of the armed forces who fought to gain and keep the freedoms the citizens of this nation enjoy. What is often overlooked is the contributions of Baptists in the centuries long struggle to obtain religious freedom. Their struggle began not in the American colonies but rather in England a century earlier. “The freedom of religious belief and behavior which modern Baptists and others take for granted was forged in the crucible of persecution in seventeenth-century England” McBeth adds that, “No group can claim more credit for the Act of Toleration, passed by Parliament...
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...Four Goals The Four Goals of Psychology 1.) Circle or highlight one of the following problems: Stress, Depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Eating Disorder, Anger and Aggression, or Addiction 2.) Write the problem that you selected in each blank below. For each of the four goals, write information as it applies to the problem you selected. Your responses should be thorough (25-75 words for each response). You may need to conduct some research on the problem you selected to ensure accuracy in your responses. Cite a minimum of two sources. * Describe depression: Depression is a mental disorder that can take a person from emotional balance for a long time and significantly degrade the quality of life (labor activity, personal relationships and so on). * Predict situations that lead to depression occurring: One of the main factors leading to depression is stress. For example, separation or the death of close person, illness, hard work, immigration, financial problems, education, health problems or family. Another important factor is heredity. It is believed that the more relatives suffered from depression in one family, then higher the risk of descendants also to suffering from depression. (John M. Grohol, Psy.D.) * Explain why depression occurs: Depression develops as a result of the interaction of many factors. They can be divided into biological (health and heredity of person), psychological (especially education and thinking)...
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...effected by Alzheimer’s disease are typically over the age of sixty five. Age is not the only factor to getting Alzheimer’s disease, but a few other causes will be described later in the paper. Alzheimer’s disease is a little over a century old now, as it was first discovered in the year 1906. Although it was discovered in 1906, it did not gain its official name until 1910. The disease is named after the discoverer, Alois Alzheimer. Now let’s discuss some other causes, effects, and treatments for Alzheimer’s disease. The causes of Alzheimer’s disease are not yet fully understood by scientist, but it has become clearer over the years. Multiple scientists over the years believe that Alzheimer’s disease results from a combination of many different factors. A few of these factors are age, genetics, lifestyle, and the degeneration of brain cells. Although these causes are not one hundred percent clear, it is clear that Alzheimer’s disease has a huge effect on the brain. The main cause out of these few factors is due to degeneration of brain cells. This disease damages and kills thousands of brain cells, causing the brain to begin to shrink. These dead and damaged brain cells can no longer do there function which causes changes or deterioration in certain areas of the brain that control thinking, communication, and behavior (“Causes,” 2013). Another thing that many scientist have noticed over the years is that as Alzheimer’s progresses the brain...
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...Four Goals The Four Goals of Psychology 1.) Circle or highlight one of the following problems: Stress, Depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Eating Disorder, Anger and Aggression, or Addiction 2.) Write the problem that you selected in each blank below. For each of the four goals, write information as it applies to the problem you selected. Your responses should be thorough (25-75 words for each response). You may need to conduct some research on the problem you selected to ensure accuracy in your responses. Cite a minimum of two sources. * Describe depression: Depression is a mental disorder that can take a person from emotional balance for a long time and significantly degrade the quality of life (labor activity, personal relationships and so on). * Predict situations that lead to depression occurring: One of the main factors leading to depression is stress. For example, separation or the death of close person, illness, hard work, immigration, financial problems, education, health problems or family. Another important factor is heredity. It is believed that the more relatives suffered from depression in one family, then higher the risk of descendants also to suffering from depression. (John M. Grohol, Psy.D.) * Explain why depression occurs: Depression develops as a result of the interaction of many factors. They can be divided into biological (health and heredity of person), psychological (especially education and thinking)...
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...THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS The first teaching ever given by the Buddha was to five student monks in a deer park. He spoke of the Four Noble Truths he had discovered while searching for enlightenment, these are the central teachings of Buddhism. It was the Buddha's first awareness that life brings with it illness, age, misery and death that lead him to search for a deeper understanding of how we live, and ways to end suffering. Siddhartha Gautama, the name of the Buddha who had preached and taught about the Four Noble Truths had experienced, and observed all suffering, and only let out these truths after he had reached his own enlightenment. Buddha said that all people, even if they were rich or poor, have suffered. He says they have suffered because of pains and afflictions, or traveling from endless rebirths/reincarnations. All from the greedy desires of mankind. The Buddha gave a solution to end the suffering, an answer to stop the countless rebirths, and a halt to their selfish wants, and once they have been lifted, they will learn the true meaning of the Four Noble Truths. Each of these lessons explains the Buddhist steps in understanding the truth about life, the reasons behind those truths, the possibility of change and the way of life that can lead to a life free of suffering. All Buddhists study, meditate, think and act in ways that are designed to help them come to a full understanding of each of these Four Noble Truths and to stay on the path the Buddha says will lead...
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