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The Ghostbusters

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Submitted By didironaldo
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|Observer: |Activité 1 - Chapitre 4 : quelques familles organiques |
|ondes et matière | |

Activité réalisée à l’aide de l’ouvrage Entrainement TS (Hachette)

I) Alcanes, Alcools, Aldéhydes, cétones et acides carboxyliques :

Ces différentes familles de composés organiques ont été étudiées en classe de Première S.

Activité :
A l’aide des rappels du rabat V de votre livre et de vos connaissances de 1èreS, répondre aux questions qui suivent :

Alcanes :

1. Nommer les alcanes suivants : 2. Ecrire les formules développées des alcanes suivants :

a. 2,2 – diméthylpropane b. 3-éthylpentane c. 2,4 – diméthylpentane d. méthylbutane

3. Reconnaitre les couples d’isomères parmi les alcanes du 2.

Alcools :

1. Nommer les alcools suivants : 2. Ecrire les formules développées des alcools suivants et déterminer leur classe :

a. éthanol b. butan-2-ol c. 2,5 – diméthylhexan-3-ol d. 4-éthyl-2,5-diméthylhexan-2-ol

3. Reconnaitre les alcools parmi les composés suivants :

Aldéhydes & cétones :

1. Reconnaitre les aldéhydes et cétones parmi les composés organiques oxygénés ci-dessous : 3. Ecrire les formules développées des composés suivants et déterminer leur classe :

a. 2,3-diméthylbutanal b. hexan-2-one c. 3-éthyl-3,5-diméthylheptan-2-one

2. Nommer les composés organiques oxygénés précédents.
Acides carboxyliques :

1. Reconnaitre les acides carboxyliques parmi les composés organiques oxygénés ci-dessous : 3. Ecrire les formules développées des acides carboxyliques ci-dessous :
[pic]

2. Nommer les acides carboxyliques identifiés.

II) Les alcènes :

( Les alcènes comportent une double liaison C=C et sont acycliques : ils sont dits insaturés. Ils ont pour formule générale CnH2n :

|nom de l’alcène |formule brute |formule semi-développée |
|éthène |C2H4 |CH2=CH2 |
|propène |C3H6 |CH2=CH–CH3 |

( Les alcènes peuvent présenter deux types d’isomérie dus à la présence d’une double liaison : – une isomérie de position : la double liaison a une position différente sur la chaîne carbonée. Exemple :
|[pic] |[pic] |
|but-1-ène |C4H8 |but-2-ène |

– une stéréoisomérie : stéréoisomères que l’on distingue par les lettres Z et E.

|stéréoisomère Z : |[pic] |stéréoisomère E : |[pic] |
| (A et B sont du même côté | (A et B sont de part et d’autre |
|de la double liaison) |de la double liaison) |

Remarque : Cette isomérie n’existe pas si A ou B sont des atomes d’hydrogène.

|Exemples : |[pic] |[pic] |
| |(Z)-but-2-ène |(E)-but-2-ène |

( Nomenclature : on part du nom de l’alcane de même chaîne carbonée et on remplace la terminaison ane par la terminaison ène. On précise, s’il y a lieu, la position de la double liaison.
|Exemple : |[pic] |3-méthylbut-1-ène |

Activité :

1. Nommer les deux alcènes suivants :

[pic]

2. Ecrire la formule semi-développée du 3-méthylhex-2-ène.
3. Ecrire les formules semi-développées du hex-4-ène et du hex-2-ène : que remarquez-vous ?

Remarques importantes (nomenclature) :
( Pour nommer un alcène, repérer la chaîne carbonée la plus longue. Le nombre d’atomes de carbone détermine le préfixe à utiliser :

|1 C |2 C |

( Nomenclature :
- le nom de l’ester tient compte du nom des deux chaînes carbonées liées aux atomes d’oxygène.
- Il comporte deux termes : le nom de la chaîne principale, avec la terminaison « oate » suivi du nom de la chaîne secondaire avec la terminaison « yle ».

Exemple :
[pic]

Activité :

1. Nommer l’ester suivant :

[pic]

2. Ecrire la formule semi-développée du méthanoate d’éthyle.

Remarques importantes (nomenclature) :
( Pour nommer un ester, chercher la chaîne principale et la chaîne secondaire.
( Pour chacune d’elles, repérer la chaîne carbonée la plus longue : le nombre d’atomes de carbone détermine le préfixe ou le suffixe à utiliser.
( Indiquer le nom et la position éventuelle des substituants : le préfixe ou le suffixe sont alors précédés des noms et de la position des groupes (méthyl, éthyl...) écrits dans l’ordre alphabétique. Pour la chaîne principale, la numérotation s'effectue à partir du carbone fonctionnel de l'ester ; pour la chaîne secondaire, la numérotation s'effectue à partir du carbone adjacent à l'atome d'oxygène :

[pic]
IV) Les amines :

( Une amine a pour formule générale :

|[pic] |R, R’ et R" peuvent être des atomes d’hydrogène ou des |
| |chaînes carbonées (appelées "substituants"). |

( On distingue trois classes d’amine :

|amine primaire |l’atome d’azote est lié au moins à deux atomes d’hydrogène |[pic] |
|amine secondaire |l’atome d’azote n’est lié qu’à un seul atome d’hydrogène |[pic] |
|amine tertiaire |l’atome d’azote n’est lié à aucun atome d’hydrogène |[pic] |

( Nomenclature : – on nomme une amine primaire du type R–NH2 à partir du nom de l’alcane R–H de même chaîne carbonée, en remplaçant le « e » final par la terminaison amine. La position du groupe NH2 est précisée :

Exemples :
|CH3–NH2 |[pic] |[pic] |
|méthanamine |propan-1-amine |propan-2-amine |

– on nomme une amine secondaire ou tertiaire, en écrivant les noms des substituants de l’azote dans l’ordre alphabétique, précédés de la lettre N et suivis du nom de l’amine R–NH2.

Par exemple :
|CH3–NH–CH2–CH3 |
|N-méthyl-éthanamine |

Activité :

1. Nommer l’amine suivante :

[pic]

2. Ecrire la formule semi-développée de la N,N-diméthyl-méthanamine (appelée couramment triméthylamine).

Remarques importantes (nomenclature) :
( Pour nommer toutes les amines, repérer la chaîne carbonée la plus longue et numéroter les atomes de carbone afin que l’indice de position du groupe amine [pic]soit le plus petit possible.
( Nommer l’amine à partir du nom de l’alcane de même chaîne carbonée, en remplaçant le « e » final par la terminaison « amine » (ex. : méthanamine ; éthanamine…) et en précisant la position de l’atome d’azote (ex. : propan-2-amine).
( Pour les amines substituées, écrire les noms des substituants sur l’azote (ex. : méthyl-, éthyl-, etc.) dans l’ordre alphabétique, précédés de la lettre N et suivis du nom de l’amine.
( Pour nommer plus simplement une amine symétrique, secondaire ou tertiaire, c'est-à-dire de formule générale : R-NH-R ou [pic], ajouter le préfixe di ou tri au nom du groupe alkyle R–, suivi de la terminaison amine (ex. : triméthylamine).

V) Les amides :

( Un amide a pour formule générale :

|[pic] |R, R’ et R" peuvent être des atomes d’hydrogène ou des |
| |chaînes carbonées. |

( Nomenclature :
|lorsque l’amide est du type |[pic] |, c'est-à-dire que l’atome d’azote n’est pas substitué, |

le nom de l’amide s’obtient à partir de celui de l’acide carboxylique de même chaîne carbonée, en supprimant le terme « acide » et en remplaçant la terminaison « oïque » par « amide ». Par exemple :

|[pic] |[pic] |
|acide éthanoïque |éthanamide |
|(ou acide acétique) |(ou acétamide) |
|lorsque l’amide est du type |[pic] |, on dit |

qu’il est N-substitué. Les substituants R’ et R" doivent être pris en compte pour nommer l’amide. Par exemple :
|[pic] |
|N-méthyl-éthanamide |
|(ou N-méthyl-acétamide) |

Activité :

1° Nommer l’amide suivant :
[pic]

2° Ecrire la formule semi-développée du N-éthyl-N-méthyl-propanamide.

Remarque importante (nomenclature) :
( Pour les amides substitués, énoncer d’abord les noms des substituants sur l’azote, dans l’ordre alphabétique, et précédés de la lettre N.
[pic]
-----------------------
[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

a. acide 2-méthylpropanoïque b. acide méthanoïque

c. acide 2-éthyl-3,4-diméthylpentanoïque

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