...inclusive Wealth report 2012 measuring progress toward sustainability Summary for DeciSion-makerS unu-iHDP Secretariat of the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change conTriBuTorS Science Advisor Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge Report Director anantha Duraiappah – iHDP executive Director Science Director Pablo muñoz – iHDP academic officer Report Authors matthew agarwala – London School of economics and Political Science Giles atkinson – London School of economics and Political Science/centre for climate change economics and Policy edward B. Barbier – university of Wyoming elorm Darkey – university of Bonn Partha Dasgupta – university of cambridge anantha Duraiappah – iHDP Secretariat Paul ekins – university college London Pablo fuentenebro – iHDP Secretariat Juan Sebastian Lozano – The nature conservancy (colombia) kevin mumford – Purdue university Pablo muñoz – iHDP Secretariat kirsten oleson – university of Hawaii Leonie Pearson – university of melbourne charles Perrings – arizona State university chris Perry – un-Water Decade Programme on capacity Development (unW-DPc) Steve Polasky – university of minnesota Heather Tallis – Stanford university Stacie Wolny – Stanford university Report Review Board John agnew – university of california, Los angeles Peter Bartelmus – Bergische universitaet Wuppertal/columbia university Julia Bucknall – World Bank Dabo Guan – university of Leeds michael Harris – university of Sydney...
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...SOC 201 Many countries around the world have an increasing concern about their economic growth and the different ways it is affected. As the essays by Jack A. Goldstone and Joel E. Cohen discuss the many different changes that world population will have in the next 50 or less years, some of these changes are astounding and quite frightening. Without any action these changes could have a toll on the safety and the continuing of todays developed countries. One of the changes in world population is the increasing aging population in the developed countries of the world. As talked about in Goldstone’s essay, the aging population in North America and Western Europe could lead to a decrease in economic growth. There are many reasons why an increasing aging population could cause a decrease in economic growth. As Goldstone shares in his essay, data from The Economist reveals that developed countries labor forces will substantially age and decline, slowing down economic growth in the developed world and raising demand for immigrant workers. In my opinion this makes complete sense there will be more people who require health care, retirement, and other financial help, and there will be less people in the labor force working to help pay for their elders retirement, just as an example. Another reason talked about in Goldstones essay is that the increase in the aging population decreases the amount of new consumers and new households, which is likely to decline the developed country’s...
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...% of the world population (Figure 2.1). In Other Countries China 1950, China with 21 % share of the India population was the most populous USA Indonesia country followed by India, which had Brazil a share of 14.2 %. It is estimated Pakistan Russian Fed that by 2050, India will overtake Bangladesh China to become the most populous Japan Nigeria country with about 17.2 % of global population. A comparison of some demographic parameters between Source: Reference 2.2 India and some of the neighboring countries is given in Table 2.1. China and Sri Lanka are far ahead of India in all these parameters. Figure 2.1: Population: India and the world Demographic transition 1947-2007 Demographic transition is a global phenomenon. Demographers recognize four phases of demographic transition. In the first phase improved health care technologies and improved access to health care result in reduction in mortality rates but, birth rate continues to be high and therefore population growth occurs. In the second there is reduction in birth rate but the reduction in death rate is higher than reduction in birth rate, as a result population increases. In the third phase, birth rates and death rates are both low; however population growth continues because of a large number of individuals in the reproductive age group. In the fourth phase the Table 2.1: Some demographic parameters: India and its neighbors Country Life expectancy at birth (years) 2000-05 Under-five...
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...transformation or transition is referred to as the process by which a country moves from high birth and high death rates to low birth and low death rates with population growth in the interim. The demographic transition model is comprised of 5 stages. The Sub- Saharan African region is believed to be still in stage 1, which refers to having high death rates and high fertility rates (birth rates) although the condition is far better than it was just a few years back. The demographic transition started in European populations living in Europe and elsewhere around 1880 and at present, almost all developing countries have entered the demographic transformation, i.e. mortality rates are declining and fertility rates follow. It was believed that countries in Sub-Saharan Africa will also follow the same pattern. But the demographic transformation has taken the speed of a slug in this part of the world. Sub-Saharan Africa mostly consists of countries regarded as underdeveloped or developing and is part of the so-called Third World. Third World countries share many characteristics but at the continental level they are not the same. For instance, sub-Saharan Africa is sparsely populated, in contrast to South and East Asia, and it is much less urbanized than Latin America. It stands out amidst the other major regions of the Third World for having the slowest rate of economic growth in recent years: an average annual growth rate of gross domestic product of 4.3 per cent in the FY 2014-15 compared...
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...cycle. Regularities in entry, exit, firm survival and firm structure are also developed for industries whose evolution departs significantly from the product life cycle. Definition of 'Industry Lifecycle' A concept relating to the different stages an industry will go through, from the first product entry to its eventual decline. There are typically five stages in the industry lifecycle. They are defined as: i. Early Stages Phase - alternative product design and positioning, establishing the range and boundaries of the industry itself. Ii.Inovation Phase - Product innovation declines, process innovation begins and a "dominant design" will arrive. iii. Cost or Shakeout Phase - Companies settle on the "dominant design"; economies of scale are achieved, forcing smaller players to be acquired or exit altogether. Barriers to entry become very high, as large-scale consolidation occurs. iv. Maturity - Growth is no longer the main focus, market share and cash flow become the primary goals of the companies left in the space. v. Decline - Revenues declining; the industry as a whole may be supplanted by a new one. Industry Life Cycle Analysis A form of fundamental analysis involving the process of making investment decisions based on the different stages an industry is at during a given point in time. The type of position taken will depend on firm specific...
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...stages which are introduction, growth, maturity and decline. In international trade, that a new product involve in a new market will cause growth because the needs of the new market is unsatisfied. For example, the Starbucks Company in China, when the Starbucks coffee shop entered China, it becomes very famous and popular. The needs is still improve now. They get great profit in this large Asian market. It is keep growth in China. In American, as an innovation in 1971, Starbucks became the stages of maturity or decline because of the economic environment. Hard to say Starbucks is in an accurate stages because it may become a maturity in their home country or relative countries and may an innovation for another countries. I think this unbalance impact international trade. Think about it. A Starbucks coffee may sell 3 bucks for a normal ice coffee in American and may sell around 25 Yuan in China. It is around 4 dollars. Starbuck Company use profit to build more shops to appeal customer’s needs. However, the price is higher even if the row cost is low. It may use this profit to make up the decline of home country or transformation. What the Starbucks can do in the developing market is no more than a local New Coffee company, however it influence the growth of the new trades. The international trade made the cycle longer. In another way, the international trade change the style of the life cycle. An innovation product should be growth in the homeland, however, because...
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...Force Participation in Economic Growth in USA and Turkey between 1990 and 2010 Name Institution Course Tutor Date Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background of the Topic 4 Research Problem 4 Research Questions 5 Research Aims and Objectives 5 Literature Review 6 The Trend in the Female Labor Force Participation in United States and Turkey between 1990 and 2010 6 The Economic Situations in America and Ukraine 7 The Relationship between Female Labor Force Participation and Economic Growth 9 Research Methodology 10 Research Design 11 Research Philosophy 11 Research Approach 11 Selecting Respondents 12 Research Ethics 12 Data Collection Instruments 13 Data Analysis 13 References 14 Introduction Labor force growth is essential because it drives the economic prosperity of a given country. The universal understanding of the labor force encompasses working people as well as those looking for employment opportunities. Most scholars portray it as a dynamic concept that is a product of the political, social and economic factors within a given country. The most predominant notion today is that changes in the labor force participation, as well as population changes, has culminated in a labor force that is more diversified. In specific, relatively more women are represented in the labor force compared to the previous centuries. The diversity in the workforce shaped the economies of developed countries such as America, and is still expected...
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...The high street retailing will continue to decline as a result of the continued growth of e-commerce. This decline is inevitable because there is an intense competition between two markets. Businesses find it is more beneficial to operate e-commerce so there are less businesses operate high street retailing. This is because operating e-commerce has a low operation cost such as free rental cost and reduces the expense on human resources. Moreover, there is a larger customer base since it is able to attract customers internationally and nationally, and there is also no time restriction which is one of the main factors that leads to the growth of e-commerce. In addition to this, businesses that operate e-commerce can offer a wider range of products whereas there is a limitation for high street retailing to offer products because of the limitation of space. On the other hand, the high street retailing is not replaceable because customers are more satisfied when they can see real products in hand which enhances the levels of repeat purchasing which shows the demand of high street retailing. However, whether or not the high street retailing will continue to decline as a result of the continued growth of e-commerce depends on the external factors such as economic which affects the level of deposable income. Also, it is depends on the financial capacity of individual business which affects how well they can manage the business during changes in the market. Therefore, the purpose of the...
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...everything that impacts or can be affected by populace size, development or decrease, spatial dispersion, structure, and attributes (Weeks, 2015). Demography is a power on the planet that impacts change in human prosperity of which the world has seen in the course of the last couple of hundred years. Demographic transition theory is from the early 20th century and is a collection of demographic data on a much larger scale. It is quantitative studies across different societies based on fertility, morality, and resultant growth rates. The demographic transition theory was developed in an attempt to make sense of all of this international data. From the demographic transition theory, we observe very different modern demographic regimes from Western Europe, central Europe and the developing world. This paper abridges key patterns in populace size, fertility and mortality among these transitions and the causes and consequences of population change. There are three fundamental stages of demographic change. The first stage is of high growth potential. In this stage, there is high fertility and high morality and the population is stable. Additionally in the first stage, an economy is primitive and in reverse. Agriculture is the principle occupation, which gives low level of pay to individuals. The way of life is exceptionally poor and individuals don't even have fundamental civilities of life. There is mass-destitution, training opportunities are restricted, individuals are intolerant, across...
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...1950/51: The National income of India has shown progressive growth since 1950 till 2012 except during a few periods of decline in performance. Growth rate during the 1950’s averaged to around 3.5% until a deceleration during the period post 1965. The next decline in economic performance was due to oil shocks and currency devaluation prior to New Economic Policy of 1991. Apart from this the economic performance was affected by crises such as the Asian Financial Crisis and the global financial crisis of 2008. During the period of 1965-66, the economic performance deteriorated and there was a huge trade deficit. Subsequently there was currency devaluation to the extent of 56.75%. This was due to reasons like the war with Pakistan and China and the drought that hit the country. The first oil shock in 1973 resulted in a decline in economic performance but was absorbed by buoyant exports. The second oil shock of 1979 was more severe and the government has to resort to heavy borrowing. This was further aggravated by the Gulf war in 1990-91. Despite the recovery in 2009-2010 and 2010-11, the economic performance on the country deteriorated in 2011-12 due to adverse external environmental factors and low domestic investment. In addition to observing the trend in national income, it is also necessary to look at the structural shift of the economy over the years. The Indian economy has shifted from an agrarian economy with a decline from 57% in 1950-51 to 40% in 1980‐81 to 24 per cent in 1995‐96...
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...transition and give examples of each in different countries. The "Demographic Transition" is a model that describes population change over time. It is based on an interpretation begun in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson, of the observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the past two hundred years or so. (Geology, 2012) Demographic transition is defined as the tendency of a population to shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a result of the epidemiologic transitions and fertility transitions. This result is a very slow growing population or sometimes no growth at all. Epidemiologic transition is simply the shift from high death rates to low depth rates due to the help of the invention of modern medicine and sanitary developments within certain countries. Fertility transition is defined as a decline in birthrates from high to low levels within a world population. The four phases of the demographic transition are: Phase 1, includes preindustrial cultures with high birth rates and high death rates. Through the preindustrial phase the population size does not increase at a steady pace if at all. Phase 2 is the mortality transition. We see a drop in death rates in phase two due to the invention of improved health of a population including its infants. The end of phase 2 and the beginning in phase 3 produces the highest growth rates (birth - death rates). ...
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...Course: Tutor: Date: DIFFERENT CAUSES OF POPULATION DECLINE IN RUSSIA Russia is experiencing unprecedented decline in its population, a decline never witnessed in modern human history. This drastic decline is not a result of war or a single epidemic, but rather an amalgamation of demographic factors which cannot be reversed in the near future: extremely high death rates, birth rates well below replacement levels, lower life expectancies. These demographic challenges have been worsened by the rising rate of HIV/AIDS infection that Russia is experiencing. In the Foreign Affairs Magazine January 2009 edition, the U.S Secretary of Defence Robert M. Gates talks of “...adverse demographic trends in Russia...” as he talked about military threats in his defence strategy. Population decline could affect the status of Russia as a great power in the long run, particularly its economy, internal social stability and military. Professor Graeme Herd (2003), in his book “Russian Regions and Regionalism” notes the decline in Russia`s population has adverse effect on the following sectors: health reform, pensions, internal migration and the expected ethnic, religious and societal security challenges. Geographically, the Russian federation covers roughly 6.6 million square miles with a population of 142 million in 2010 and a population density of 21.5 per square mile (as of 2010). Russia has 160 different nationalities within its borders. As the ethnic Russians decline in population, the others...
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...IV. Unemployment among Indian youth: An overview The preceding review of the Indian efforts at formulating the policies to mitigate youth unemployment has highlighted the difficulties of attacking the problem in a continental country. It has indicated that it is difficult to obtain precise estimates of the number and proportion of the youth in the country and the level of unemployment among them. The widespread errors of age reporting, which result from the high level of illiteracy and the lack of awareness about the date of birth, are a serious problem. (a) Facts of the Situation There are marked differences between estimates of the number and proportion of youth based on the decennial censuses and the sample surveys, as well as the Sample Registration System. The projections made by different agencies such as the Office of the Registrar General on behalf of the Planning Commission and the United Nations also differ with respect to the number and relative share of the youth in the population. However, according to the best national estimates, the youth formed about 18.5 to 19 percent of the national population in the early 1990s, and numbered about 159 million at the time of the 1991 Census. Over 53 percent of them (85 million) were in the labour force. By 2001, the number of youth is projected to rise to 212 million, and the number of youth in the labour force to 107 million (almost 23.6 percent of the projected total labour force of 453 million). The data...
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...Article Introduction: Causes, consequences and cures of union decline European Journal of Industrial Relations 17(2) 97–105 © The Author(s) 2011 Reprints and permission: sagepub. co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/0959680111400893 ejd.sagepub.com Alex Bryson NIESR and Centre for Economic Performance, London, UK Bernhard Ebbinghaus Universität Mannheim, Germany Jelle Visser Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands In 2000 the political leaders of the European Union declared that strong economic growth and advance towards a knowledge society, together with a high degree of social cohesion, would be the pre-eminent goals for the subsequent decade. A question never asked was what would happen, and what remedial action would be taken, should the conditions conducive to growth and the knowledge economy conflict with the political and institutional underpinnings of social cohesion. What if strong employment growth turned out to be founded on the destabilization of the standard employment contract, or if the advance towards a knowledge economy brought about a sharp rise in social inequality and polarization between skilled and unskilled workers and between those with and without stable jobs? Would trade unions be willing and able to counteract or attenuate such trends and bridge the differences between the new haves and have-nots? Or would they be marginalized, slowly but irreversibly, together with the stable employment relationships...
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...context of the dynamics of world capitalism, indicate the policy challenges in the process of recovery and analyze its impact on South Asia. I. STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND FRAGILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SPHERE In the process of its growth the world economy has undergone a structural change in the post war period in terms of two important features: (i) The dominant form of the production unit of goods and services that emerged in the post war period was the large multinational corporation (MNC) in contrast to the large national corporation in the late 19th century and the small firm in the late 18th century.1 The MNCs were not only able to sell goods and services on a global scale but were able to achieve internationalization in their production processes, such that different components of a particular good could be manufactured in their facilities in different countries to take advantage of country specific resource 1 For a more detailed analysis of Growth and Structural Change in the Global Economy since the Industrial Revolution, See: Akmal Hussain, Imperialism, in, Syed B. Hussain (ed.), Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume-II, Golson Books Limited, New York, 2004. 1 endowments. This laid the basis of an unprecedented growth in productivity, and profits. Given the problem of investing these profits within the sphere of production, due to demand constraints, profits from the sphere of production...
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