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The Harvard Management Company-Analysis (Sp)

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1.¿En qué se diferencian los bonos nominales del tesoro americano de los bonos TIPS?
En general la diferencia es que los TIPS es un instrumento cuyos flujos están indexados a la tasa de inflación, mientras que los nominales no lo están.

2. ¿Cómo afecta la inflación a los pagos de cupón y principal de un bono nominal?
Los bonos nominales son bonos cuyos pagos no están ajustados por inflación por lo que frente a aumento de la inflación, los pagos tanto del cupón como el principal tendrán un menor poder adquisitivo. En caso de deflación, por el contrario, aumenta el poder adquisitivo de los pagos de cupón y principal.

3. ¿Cuándo tienen los Tips mejor performance que los bonos nominales?
Los Tips tienen mejor performance que los bonos nominales cuando la inflación es superior a las expectativas de mercado (tasa de punto de equilibrio, punto en el que el emisor y los inversionistas son indiferentes entre un bono nominal y un bono real debido a que su rendimiento monetario es el mismo).

4.Cómo afectan a los Tips los siguientes factores y en que se diferencias estos efectos en un bono nominal
a) Aumento en yields (Tirs) reales
El aumento de la tasa yields genera un menor precio de los bonos Tips. El precio de los bonos nominales están afectos a la tasa nominal la cual tiene una relación de dependencia con la tasa real y la inflación, al considerar la expectativa inflacionaria del mercado constante, el aumento de la yield real generará un aumento de la tasa nominal disminuyendo el precio del bono.
b) Aumento en la Inflación Observada
Dado que los Tips son ajustados por inflación, el valor del activo no se ve afectado, mientras que en los bonos nominales si afecta, disminuyendo el valor real del instrumento dado que los flujos nominales disminuyen su poder adquisitivo.
c) Aumento de la inflación esperada hacia el futuro
Frente a condiciones de mercado observables que indiquen que a futuro podría haber mayor nivel de inflación que la actual, invertir en TIPS es atractivo aumentando su demanda y precio. Por el contrario, los bonos nominales se vuelven poco atractivos en comparación a los tips, disminuyendo de precio hasta llegar a la tasa de equilibrio.

5. Respecto al análisis del portafolio de HMC

a) ¿Por qué puede ser razonable para HMC concentrarse en retornos reales a pesar de que USA es un país de baja inflación promedio?
Pese a ser un país con bajo nivel de inflación, su economía puede tener ciclos económicos negativos por ende creemos que es razonable que hmc diversifique su portafolio en instrumentos que resguarden frente a eventualidades en el nivel general de precios. Pese a tener baja inflación, los datos de los últimos tres años han mostrado mayores retornos de los tips vs los t-bills y los bonos del tesoro nominal reflejando que igualmente capturan un cierto riesgo inflacionario, no obstante, cabe señalar que las tasas históricas no aseguran el mismo comportamiento de tasas para el futuro. Considerando una estrategia de largo plazo para HMC puede considerarse pese a no tener mayor cantidad de datos históricos. Cabe considerar además otras ventajas de los TIPS como la exención de impuestos estatales y locales, lo cual actúa como un incentivo adicional para invertir. Por último, el TIPs es un instrumento que podría aminorar riesgos sistemáticos.

b) ¿Por qué puede ser razonable que los retornos esperados, volatilidades y correlaciones asumidas por HMC para contruir su portafolio sean distintos a las estadísticas históricas presentadas en el Exhibit 2?
Porque los retornos históricos no aseguran el comportamiento futuro, la proposición de HMC puede estar asociado a la inclusión de este nuevo activo en el portfolio, donde los retornos, volatilidades y correlaciones de los activos del portafolio se pueden ver modificados, buscando con esta nueva combinación disminuir el riesgo y/o aumentar el retorno, tratando de posicionarse en una mejor frontera de eficiencia. Al incorporar un nuevo activo, es necesario evaluar el riesgo relativo de ese activo con el portfolio buscando que la correlación sea lo más cercana a -1.

c) En Particular ¿Qué implican los supuestos de HMC sobre el premio accionario (equity premiun) en USA y en otros mercados accionarios?
El equity es un instrumento que produce alto rendimiento con un cierto riesgo asociado. La propuesta de HMC de cambiar estos activos por activos más seguros como los tips implica que el retorno del portafolio disminuye ( de 6,52 a 6,44) pero con un menor riesgo (de 10,81 a 9,3), sin embargo, aumenta el ratio de Sharp (de 0,28 a 0,32) lo que implica que se acerca más a la frontera eficiente.

6. Respecto al nuevo portafolio Propuesto por HMC
a) ¿Cuáles son los supuestos de HMC respecto del retorno esperado de TIPS, su volatilidad y correlación con otros activos?
Los supuestos que asumen son los siguientes:
Tasas de retornos esperados altos considerando los datos históricos donde ha sido desde 3,2% a 4,25% (Exhibit3), superior a los retornos promedios del bono nominal del tesoro (3%) y los T-bills (2%)
Baja desviación estándar. Activo protegido frente a cambios inflacionarios.
HMC considera para el portfolio que el tips no está correlacionado fuertemente con ningún otro activo del portfolio, solo tiene una correlación de 0,5 con los activos domésticos producto del origen similar de riesgo (Exhibit 4).
Mantener diversificado el portafolio para disminuir el riesgo frente a los comportamientos de las economías (inflación) (Exhibit 4)

b) Dado estos supuestos ¿le parece razonable la nueva propuesta de portafolio de HMC? ¿por qué?
Si es razonable dado que el portfolio tiene una posición mejor a la anterior dado su ratio de Sharp, el cual crece de 0,28 a 0,32 aumentando el retorno esperado por cada unidad de riesgo tomado. Si bien disminuye el retorno esperado, el riesgo también disminuye y en conjunto es un mejor portfolio ajustado por riesgo.
Además, es un fondo más diversificado (es decir, menos concentrado en una categoría de activo) teniendo en consideración que una clase de activo puede ser castigada fuertemente por el mercado frente a una eventualidad.
Se asume que los supuestos de volatilidad, retorno y correlaciones son más representativos que las obtenidas de datos históricos ya que la data histórica no asegura igual comportamiento futuro.
Cabe señalar, por último diversificar los activos más riesgosos que aún continúan en el portfolio, si la inclusión de nuevos activos permite obtener un portfolio más eficiente que el propuesto.

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