...Assignment 3 Rosalinda Gonzalez CollegeAmerica HCA 440 06/08/2013 Assignment 3 Human Genome Project (HGP) was a projected that was coordinated between the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy for a 13 year period. What is the Human Genome Project and what medical applications were expected to be the result from this project? What are some of the ethical, legal and social issues that surround the HGP? What are gene patenting and the potential arguments for and against gene patenting? What are my thoughts about the Human Genome Protect and why this was an important projected between the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy for a 13 year period. The Human Genome Project was started in 1990, it was supposed to last for 15 years but it only took 13 years complete since the technology was more advanced and accelerated. The goals the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Energy were trying to figure out from this project were to identify all the gene in the human DNA, determine the sequence that make up the pairs of the DNA, store information in databases, improve tools for the analysis for the data, transfer related technologies to a private sector, and address the ethical, legal, and social issues that might arise from this project. Some of the ethical, legal and social issues were the fairness of who would be able to have access for genetic information, who owns the privacy and the confidentiality...
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...The greatest scientific accomplishment ever is almost complete. What could be a greater accomplishment than man on the moon? Only one thing comes to mind, mapping of the human genome. The human genome is 3.2 billion letters long. Ninety-seven percent of it is useless trash. The Human Genome Project was created a little over a decade ago. With the project coming to an end researchers will be able to figure out exactly how each gene functions--and, more important, malfunctions to trigger deadly illnesses from heart disease to cancer (Time 1999). There is a mad race to see who will finish first. A couple of companies are in the running to finish by 2003. Independently funded Celera Genomics Corp. is in first, closely followed by the Human Genome Project, which is funded by the US government, and behind the most powerful country in the world is The Sanger Centre in England. James Watson and others started the Human Genome Project in 1988. James Watson was also the co-discover of the structure of DNA. The human instruction book was thought to take fifteen years and three billion dollars, but the project is ahead of schedule and under budget. At first people felt that we weren’t ready for the start of the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project started off slow, but gained much momentum after key scientist and computers were involved. The Celera Genomics company is in the lead because Craig Venter the leading scientist of Celera. Pharmaceutical companies fund Celera Genomics...
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...Human Genome Project Website Evaluation We are humans and we all eat. But have you ever wondered what’s in that banana you’re eating? Is it really just a simple banana that grew on a tree? Or is it perhaps something much, much more complex? It’s 2013 and a big debated issue is argued on genetically modification of food and organisms. The Human Genome Project (HGP) helps people understand and identify what exactly genetically modified food and organisms are (GMO). Publications and webpages on this site were created by the U.S. Department of Energy Genome Program's Biological and Environmental Research Information System and all other materials were provided by “third parties” and not created by the U.S. Department of Energy. The Human Genome Project started in 1990, coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health, and completed their research in 2003. This thirteen-year study was designed for people to understand what genetically modified organisms are. “The project originally was planned to last 15 years, but rapid technological advances accelerated the completion date to 2003” (Human). When one first enters the site, they can see there are many tabs at the top of the page and side margins directing one to other specific research done by HGP. Along the top of the page, the site provides tabs that explain information on a more in-depth description of genes and what exactly is going on in the microbiology essence, for those who wouldn’t quite...
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...The Human Genome Project (HGP) was one of the great feats of exploration in history - an inward voyage of discovery rather than an outward exploration of the planet or the cosmos; an international research effort to sequence and map all of the genes - together known as the genome - of members of our species, Homo sapiens. The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all three billion chemical units in the human genetic instruction set, finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments. It is considered a Mega Project because the human genome has approximately 3.3 billion base-pairs. With the sequence in hand, the next step was to identify the genetic variants that increase the risk for common diseases like cancer and diabetes. It was far too expensive at that time to think of sequencing patients’ whole genomes. So the National Institutes of Health embraced the idea for a "shortcut", which was to look just at sites on the genome where many people have a variant DNA unit. The theory behind the shortcut was that, since the major diseases are common, so too would be the genetic variants that caused them. Natural selection keeps the human genome free of variants that damage health before children are grown, the theory held, but fails against variants that strike later in life, allowing them to become quite common. (In 2002 the National Institutes of Health started a $138 million project called the HapMap to catalog the...
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...Kerry Lee 5 May 2012 Lisa Sowle Cahill’s article, “The genome project: more than a medical milestone” discusses the history of the human genome project. The project started in 1990. (Cahill, 2000) The goal was to map the entire human genome within 15 years, on a budget of $3 billion. The human genome project is not old by scientific standards. However, the developments from this project have been breakthrough and impressive. The benefits of personalize medicine are easily recognized. The major benefits of personalized medicine are early diagnostics and, medication and treatments are personalized to an individual for maximum results. Diagnostics use molecules to measure the levels of genes, mutation, and proteins that can be used in the provision of specified therapy that fits the patient health condition. (Science daily, 2010). Our DNA and genes can determine the likelihood of an individual developing certain diseases and how an individual can react to certain medication and treatments. With personalized medicine, medical professionals can analyze a patients genome and identify risk factors to intervene and begin a treatment plan that will best cure/treat/delay the disease of that particular patient. Personalized medicine can change the way professionals approach diseases and illnesses. It has the ability to alter healthcare to further fit their individual needs. Using the individuals genome, personalized medicine has become a future possibility. Personalized...
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...Human Genome Project and Clinical Research Name Course Subject Having whole structure of the human genome is like having a complete manual needed to make the human body. The challenge to scientist now will be to read the contents of the manual’s content, understand how the parts correlate, discover the genetic basis for health and the pathology of diseases that plague human beings. Genome based research, will eventually enable researchers to develop efficient diagnostic tools, to understand the health needs of individuals, based on their genetic makeup and help in designing effective treatments for diseases. Personalized analysis based on individual genome, may lead to a powerful form of preventative medicine that will be able to learn about risks of future diseases, based on the DNA analysis. Health care professionals like the physicians, doctors, nurses and genetic counselors, will be able to work with patients and focus their energies on things that are likely to maintain health for a person (Lander, 2011, p.190). That may as well mean lifestyle changes or diet it might also mean medical monitoring. Through understanding of the molecular level of how diseases like schizophrenia, diabetics and heart diseases come about, new generations of interventions that are more efficient and precise that today’s interventions may be formulated. Cancer is among the most devastating ailments in the society today. It is a random killer and has given a face in the millions...
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...Introduction The Human Genome project (HGP) is interesting to me, because everyone has DNA and the way that scientists are able to tie our DNA to our possible future in the way of diseases is amazing and scary. The Human Genome Project is a project that was created by the U.S. Department of Energy in conjunction with the National Institute of Health in order to determine the complete DNA sequence of a person’s hereditary information. The project started in 1990 and was finally completed thirteen years later in 2003. The goal of this project was as follows: “identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA, determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA, store this information in databases, improve tools for data analysis, transfer related technologies to the private sector, and Address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.” (Popular Issues Home, 2012) So far in the project: “more than 60 disease-linked genes have been identified and are believed to be advantageous to gene-based therapy development”; going forward scientist hope to identify all of the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA. (Wattanapitayakul & Schommer, 1999) The total cost of this project was $3 billion dollars this includes the study of” human diseases, experimental organisms (such as bacteria, yeast, worms, flies, and mice); development of new technologies for biological and medical research; computational methods...
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...Care HLT 305 The human genome project is a project that focuses on the genetic material or genome of humans and is inspecting different aspects. The human genome is a total map of human DNA. The genome is made to contain a series of chromosomes and appearances of the human body and biological features. When looking at the genome, the diseases, infections and other issues need to be discovered. Therefore, treatments and new procedures that can be discovered for top notch success. The alters in the DNA series can form genetic disorders. Finding the genes that cause diseases is crucial. If they are discovered then there can be experiments to help prevent them from hurting the person. The procedures can involve removing the gene or maybe altering the gene to make it not infectious or dangerous. Some of the genetic disorders are Down syndrome, sickle cell disease, and cystic fibrosis. There are many situations like cancer that deal with genetic issues. Cancer is caused by genetic problems. The cell does not go through the correct cell cycle. Therefore, creating the cancerous cells. The discoveries of all of the disorders can help with finding solutions to help prevent diseases from hurting the human body (www.curisosity.discovery.com). When having knowledge about genetic issues is known then diseases and cancers can be prevented. In the future, I believe that the human genome project will be a reality. Funding is a huge factor to why the project has not been created completely...
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...Future World Essay HLT-305 June 6, 2012 Future World The Human Genome Project, established in 1990, is a worldwide joint project to detect and make a note of all the areas of every gene of the human race. (genome sequencing consortium. initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. nature 409 (2001): 860–921) I This project was stumbled upon with very basic of knowledge of what it could do. The human genome project can be used to eradicate disease by pen pointing the problem and genetically altering or manipulating a positive change. However I do not feel that this is a natural process or that is should be allowed to be used; I believe that God created people as he wanted them and that this human genome project is boarder line of scientist trying to imitate God and his marvelous works. (Davies, Kevin. cracking the genome: inside the race to unlock human dna. New York: free press, 2001) Eradicating diseases are much needed and can prove to be very helpful through research, however I think genetics where meant to be passed from generation to generation. The term positive eugenics is an oxymoron; it somehow seems that these two words collide with each other as if they do not fit. However, negative genetic engineering consists of justifying or taking out genes to stop or take care of genetic disease. It is difficult to think that humans could perhaps control reproduction and decide on offspring in a way that will be moral for society as a whole...
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...everyone has done it. It is as much a part of the human condition as any of life’s endeavors. As in the poem I Go Back to May 1937 by Sharon Olds; we sometimes explore the idea of altering our fate through changing the past. What if we could change our fate, or even just ensure a better future for your off-spring? Each of us possesses genetic material that is built upon a code that makes every organism unique. The technology to alter our genetic make-up is getting closer by the minute. I am referring to The Human Genome Project. What is a genome and what is this project you ask? The National Institute of Health or NHI defines a genome as: A genome is an organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build and maintain that organism. In humans, a copy of the entire genome—more than 3 billion DNA base pairs—is contained in all cells that have a nucleus. Basically, it is a map of how our DNA is assembled. DNA is a compound that is and the NHI gives this definition of DNA, “DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA.” There are four kinds of DNA and depending on how they are arranged, defines your genetic make-up. This arrangement forms a map of sorts, and this map is the genome. Ever since DNA was discovered in 1953, scientists have wanted to make the human genome (Genetics Home Reference, 2013). Ultimately...
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...178). Because of technology, these instruments have been made available now and in the future for the use of personalized medicinal products. This paper provides an overview of how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine, and to give examples two or more specific benefits of personalized medicine: a discussion of its drawbacks and limitations of the approach to human medicine. “Modern Genetic Technology and Personalized Medicine” Modern technology is constantly growing in our world, for us to understand how modern genetic technology may lead to personalized medicine and the importance personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual with the unique characteristics for each patient. This approach is a scientific breakthrough for us to understand how a person’s unique molecular and genetic profile makes them susceptible to certain diseases. This same research is increasing our ability to predict and recognize which medical treatments will be safe and effective for each patient (Consumer Health, 2007). The Human Genome project of 2003, enlighten our understanding of the genetic component of disease that...
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...traits or introducing new genes to get desired traits, but it can also mean combining DNA from separate people. We can begin by talking about the Human Genome Project. The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international research effort to determine the DNA sequence of the entire human genome. HGP researchers untangled the human genome using three tools: producing what are called linkage maps, through which inherited traits (such as those for genetic disease) can be tracked over generations; making maps that show the locations of genes for major sections of all our chromosomes; and determining the order, or "sequence," of all the bases in our genome's DNA. The research revealed that there are probably somewhere around 30,000 human genes and has given the world detailed information about the structure, organization and function of the human genes and other functional components found in DNA. This information can be seen as the basic set of inheritable "instructions" for the development and function of a human being. From the HGP, we discovered information that helped in the research of genetic engineering. The uses for genetic engineering range from scientific research to agriculture and technology. Although we will focus on human genetic engineering in this paper, genetic engineering can be done on any living organism from humans to plants, and even viruses and bacteria. The first genetically...
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...Life The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 with the primary goal of determining what makes up the human DNA, identifying the total genes, and mapping the human genome. The sequencing of the human genome is the largest undertaking in biological science, and is a huge achievement in the scientific community. The project was completed in 2003 and gave scientists the ability to read nature’s genetic blueprint of a human being. Those scientists and medical professionals who were excited about the HGP saw clearly how genomics would advance medicine. Genomic findings have advanced the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases. “Already, doctors can better categorize some cancers by examining the constellation of genomic changes in an individual tumor rather than simply establishing the anatomical origins of that tumor; this refined categorization will often lead to more appropriate treatment” (Nov. 2011: Human Genome Project Produces Many Benefits, n.d.). Medical treatments for common medical issues are also benefiting from the HGP. Some medications can be effected by gene variants that compromise the effectiveness of the medication while other gene variants can heighten the effectiveness. “Testing the patient’s genome first can make the treatment more effective by minimizing the risk of prescribing the wrong dose” (Nov. 2011: Human Genome Project Produces Many Benefits, n.d.). What the HGP did when it achieved its goal of identifying all the genes in human DNA, and determining...
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...and the Human Genome Personalized medicine uses molecular analysis to obtain maximum medical benefits in the treatment and management of patient’s known diseases. It can also be used to predict the predisposition for inherited deceases such as cancer. Personalized medicine’s goal is to begin a whole new level and standard for healthcare. Personalized medicine is a rapidly growing field within the healthcare industry. Personalized medicine is designed to fit into each person's unique medical profile including their genetic, genomic, and environmental disposition and or variables. Due to the fact that specifics are sometimes different from person to person, the type of the diseases, to include the start, the duration, and how the decease may respond to the forms of treatment available or other clinical solutions is totally individual to the person who has the disease. One key tenant of the Human Genome Project was stated as; to learn the sequences of the 3 billion units of DNA that makes up a human genome, to include the identification of all of the genes located within the enormous amounts of information obtained. Sometime in 2003, almost all of the pairs of chemical compounds that the units are comprised of had been put in their exact sequence. The genes in the DNA including the individual elements that control the genes are currently being studied, identified and cataloged. The information obtained thus far has suggested that the human genome may contain...
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...Multicultural psychology is developing as a necessary training for individuals working in human services, especially in psychology. Race, sex, color, or even religions are often an important part of training in multicultural psychology, but with new issues these basic factors need expansion. Obesity is a common factor many Americans struggle with as more than two-thirds of the population deals with, but training on is severely lacking for human services workers (Pascal & Kerpius, 2012). Mapping the human gene will also bring new information but also fear and unknown problems. Obesity Psychologists must work to maintain awareness on bias and perception to ensure appropriate assistance is provided to every client. The issues of race, color, or even age many view as elements an individual has no control over but obesity appears to be a choice. The views of many are that an individual who is obese or overweight is that way by choice or laziness resulting in a negative bias that can prevent therapeutic treatment (Pascal & Kerpius, 2012). Viewing an individual as obese also lends to beliefs of he or she is unintelligent, less productive, but caring (Pascal & Kerpius, 2012). The views of others can have long-term effects on an individual and create low self esteem as well as issues such as binge eating and depression. In a situation in which a therapist maintains these views it can exacerbate these issues taking a therapeutic relationship and creating a harmful one (Pascal...
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