...UNIT 4: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT TITLE: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:j PECTORAL GIRDLE: The human appendicular skeleton is made up of bones of both the upper limbs and the lower limbs. Within the skeletal system a limb girdle can be referred to the bones which connect a limb to the axial skeleton. There is the pectoral girdle also known as shoulder girdle and the pelvic girdle also known as hip girdle which are the bony apparatus with which a limb is joined to the trunk. The pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle are both sturdy sockets for the limb joints although the pectoral girdle is larger and flexible it does not bear a lot of weight and it can be a shallow socket for limb attachment. Whereas the pelvis girdle on...
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...the most important books in the history of medicine, The Fabric of the Human Body (1543). It was a complete map of the human body, complete with life like illustrations. It showed many of Galen’s ideas to be wrong, and soon Vesalius’ view of anatomy (the study of the structure of the body) became accepted by doctors and surgeons. 1. What is anatomy? 2. Why was Vesalius’ Fabric of the Human Body so important? Andreas Vesalius was born in Brussels in 1514. His great grandfather and grandfather had been doctors and his father an apothecary (chemist). Vesalius studied medicine at several European universities, and soon gained a reputation as a good anatomist, gaining a good knowledge of the structure of the body by examining skeletons. 3. When and where was Andreas Vesalius born? 4. How could his family background have influenced his decision to study medicine? 5. In which area of medicine did Vesalius excel? The Church now allowed human dissection, but did not allow bodies to be boiled up to produce skeletons. Vesalius desperately wanted to examine the human skeleton. The only way he could do this was to wait until the bodies of hung criminals had decomposed on the gallows. When the bones were bare he would remove the bodies and smuggle them back into town to study them. 6. What was the Church’s position on dissection at this time? 7. How did Veslius secure human skeletons for study? Vesalius was so successful that he became Professor of...
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...The skeletal system is made up of bones, associated cartilages, and joints of the human body. Together they form the human skeleton. The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the appendicular skeleton which consists of shoulders, arms/hands, pelvis legs/feet and the axial skeleton which consists of the skull, vertebrae, and rib cage. There are six functions the skeletal system preforms. The first function is support for the softer tissues and provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles. The second function is mechanical protection for many internal organs, decreasing the risk of injury. For example: the cranial bones protect the brain. The third function is assisting in movement. When the muscles attached to the bone contract, they move the bone. The fourth function is storing several minerals and when needed the bone releases the minerals into the blood. Major minerals, like calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur, are found in our body in amounts larger than 5 grams. Trace minerals, like chromium, copper, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium and zinc, are found in our body in amounts less than 5 grams. (Embar, 2005) The fifth function is the production of red and white blood cells and platelets. The sixth function is the storage of adipose cells which are an important source of chemical energy. While there are many skeletal diseases people develop at various times in life some require frequent doctor’s visits...
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...Merissa Hardaway Professor: Ms. Lawless English 1510 18 June 2012 Love Spell M’sieur Alce’e couldn’t bear the pain of leaving Calixta. His thoughts became scrambled. Alce’e would stop at nothing to see her again. Suddenly he was enraged. He wondered how to get Calixta away from her family. He wanted to be with her forever. Alce’e knew in spite of everything Calixta was a devoted wife. Nevertheless in that moment of passion Alce’e knew he had a place in her heart. Suddenly Alce’e remembered an old woman near the country side. This woman was a magic maker. The woman was known for her mysterious magic. Nevertheless no one knew the mysterious woman’s name. She was known for her spells and premonitions. The nameless woman was like a fortune teller that knew many things. She lived deep in the French countryside. This was the only person that could bring Calixta to him. Alce’e decided to find the nameless woman. Alce’e reached the countryside and embraced the smell of fresh grass. The woman’s house appeared in the rear of the secluded countryside. He entered and seen some of the most extraordinary things. There were books on shelves form the ceiling to the floor. He even saw glasses and jars full of mysterious potions. The woman even had a curious looking black cat. The house was set up like a store yet a home. The woman came out of a room with a beaded entrance. She spoke in a rhapsody voice and said, “What’s your pleasure”. Alce’e told the woman his...
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...2011 Office: Instructor: DR. Alfred Gaskin Phone: 617-427- 0060 Class Time and Location: Lecture: Wed. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-426 Lab: Mon .. 6:00 – 8:45 Room 3-403 Course Description: This course is designed to provide students with a basic understanding of the structure, function and disorders of the human body. Topics include an overview of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems, as well as a discussion of tissues and special senses. A three- hour lab session is required each week. Prerequisites: SCI-103; SCI-104 Objectives: 1. To provide basic understanding and working knowledge of the human body. 2. To develop writing and critical thinking. 3. To become familiar with essential concepts including structure and functional level of organization and homeostasis. 4. To recognize the gross and microscopic anatomy of the tissues and organs and also demonstrate how different tissue types interact to create organs. 5. To develop observational skills and logical thought patterns. 6. To use anatomical terms fluently when describing different tissues and organs. 7. To examine the biomechanics and gross...
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...The story begins with old Dr. Heidegger inviting four elderly friends over to his rather eerie study: Colonel Killigrew, Mr. Medbourne, Mr. Gascoigne, and the Widow Wycherly. The four old folks have all fallen a long way from their prime; each squandered his own type of fortune (youth, money, power, beauty) and is now in a miserable state. The narrator also informs us that, when they were young, the three men used to fight over the attention of the Widow Wycherly.Heidegger's creepy study contains, among other things, a bust of Hippocrates with whom Dr. Heidegger consults from time to time, a magic black book, a skeleton in a closet, and a mirror that supposedly contains the visages of Heidegger's dead patients. The Doctor presents his guests with four empty champagne glasses and an ornate vase full of clear, bubbling liquid. He takes an old, withered rose, drops it into the vase, and shows his guests that it has in fact been rejuvenated to a fresh-blooming flower. Dr. Heidegger then claims that the liquid in the vase is water from the mythical Fountain of Youth. He would like their help in an experiment: they drink the water, he sits back and watches. The guests are clearly skeptical, but they agree. Before they drink, Dr. Heidegger warns them not to make the same mistakes they did the first time they were young. The guests drink, and they believe they have grown young again. (Whether or not they actually are physically transformed is ambiguous.) Of course, they...
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...Body Systems Preparation Part III In the reading from the book, Human Body Systems, team A will give a brief overview of the skeletal, muscular, encoring and male and female reproductive systems and explain what we did or did not already know, what we found interesting and why, as well as what we learned from this week that can help team A with week five presentation. In chapter eleven, on the skeletal system, the human skeleton consists of 206 bones and provides support to our bodies. After reading this chapter team A learned about rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disorder of the skeletal system. The most interesting finding about rheumatoid arthritis is that it is not a disease that results from wear and tear; rheumatoid arthritis is the result of an autoimmune disease. This is extremely interesting to Angelina because she would like to continue her education to help treat patients. Anyone can be affected by this disease at any given time and learning about it can help her understand the symptoms. The endocrine system consists of small glands that are strategically place throughout the body. These glands produce and release chemical substances called hormones. Hormone is a chemical that travels through the blood to cause effect in other areas of body function. What is interesting about hormones is that these chemicals affect five different areas of the body, homeostasis, growth and development, reproduction, energy production and behavior (Chiras, 2013)...
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...Organizational structure can be underlying cause of workplace issues By Joan Lloyd Organizational structure, much like a human skeletal structure, determines what shape an organization will take. We don't spend much time thinking about our skeletal structure until something breaks, and so it goes with organizations. How an organization is structured basically means how the reporting relationships and work teams are organized. It reveals a great deal about the culture, function and leadership of a company. When I work with an organization, structure is one of the components I examine, since it can be an underlying cause of problems. Perhaps it is a cause of problems where you work. Here are a few examples I've come across: Too many levels of hierarchy slow decision-making and are a barrier to empowerment. One of the best examples of the impact structure has on operations is the transformation that began in the 1970's and is still going on today: flattening. In the early part of this century, companies had many levels between the worker in the shop or office and the President. Decisions had to pass through many levels of approval before anything got done. Organizations grew larger and the bureaucracies ballooned until some of them were crushed under their own weight. Roughly fifteen years ago, Fortune Magazine ran a cover story about the huge reorganization efforts in GM and IBM, in which one executive was quoted as saying, "Trying to get a decision made was like swimming...
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...systems work together and support each other. We found there were many factors of the body that we were unaware of such as we have spongy bone and all muscles do not move, there are two forms of arthritis; osteoarthritis and rheumatoid and hormones are designated for certain cells called target cells. For the Skeletal system, we learned there are 206 bones in our body that makes up our frame structure. The outer layer of our bones consist of dense material known as compact bones and inside is less bone known as spongy bones. It gives our body its shape and posture. We learned that our skeletal system also protects organs in our body such as our brain, lungs and heart. Our joints are the structures that connect the bones of the skeleton. Our muscle system makes it possible for movement to happen. When they contract, movements are made. They also produce heat for our body that protects us from cold weather. We found that some muscles do not move. There is also a downside to many system to our bodies. We found that arthritis is a form of joint disease that results from the wear and tear on our bones and joints. The cartilage of the bones crack and flake off causing our bones to grind on each other that reflect in pain, swelling and discomfort. Rheumatoid arthritis is a result of an autoimmune disease that is a permanent condition. It causes people to become immobile and cause disfigure of the joints. The endocrine system is made up of small glands throughout...
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...second stanza makes us feel that the Indian chief is longing for his tribe and his way of life and is looking back on memories, remembering the days when his teepee was not the only one standing there. Pride- We get a feeling of pride in the third stanza because the Indian chief stands strong, out side his teepee looking into the empty land which used to be occupied by his people. Despair- The tones changed to a more saddening mood because the chief is only able to look back at the vibrancy of his memories. Pain- This stanza makes us feel pain because the Indian chief is all alone, nothing is left but emptiness and skeleton bones. He is surrounded by a complete silence. Sunset- The sunset symbolizes the end of the day or the end of the tribe. It implies that they left peacefully and as smooth as the sunset. Skeleton- The skeletons show how the land naked and bare the land has become and how the tribe’s ways have died off. Shadow-like- The shadow is the chief’s memories, always right with him but never close enough to touch. His memories like a shadow that just pops out on nowhere. Empty west- The west is empty land; everything is gone, lonely and dark. Bleach- It could mean that the reason for the tribe disappearing is from bleach skinned people coming and taking their land. Tent poles- It symbolizes holding everything together, they hold up the teepee and hold up the tribe and their souls Nakedness- It symbolizes having nothing...
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...We started with the introduction to anatomy by defining it as the scientific discipline that investigates the structure of the body. I have discovered that there are two basic approaches to the study of anatomy are systematic (by system) and regional (by area), the latter which is more commonly used in most medical schools. And of course studying the structure is not enough, this is where physiology comes in which is the scientific discipline that deals with the processes or functions of living things. I have known homeostasis as the maintenance of the relatively constant environment in the body but it is only now that I have learned about positive and negative feedback mechanisms which maintain homeostasis and that positive homeostasis can be detrimental at times. I’ve also learned more on the anatomical terms that will be used throughout our course and maybe even in med school. In the study of cells, I was able to recall the things we have discussed in our biological science course in the previous year. I remember the three types of solution namely hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic. I also come to know more about the different movements across the cell membrane. However I was new to the transcription and translation that happens in the gene expression of a cell. I was able to associate codons of the mRNA strand with the anticodon of the tRNA. Similar to cytology, I was also able to look back on our discussions about tissues last year. I have refreshed myself on the...
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...ESCUELA INTERNACIONAL SAMPEDRANA THIRD BIMESTER (JANUARY 6 – MARCH 5, 2014) NAME: MARIA E. PANTING GRADE: 9TH INTEGRATED SCIENCES: LIFE SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY The human body is formed by different systems and organs that allow it to work, and grow. We will study the skeletal system, the skin and muscles, food and digestion, circulation, respiration and excretion. 1. What must I know and be able to do at the end of the third bimestrial? ¬ Ch. 1 Bones, Muscles, and the Skin 1. Identify the functions of the skeletal system, the muscular system and the skin. 1. Compare and contrast movable and unmovable joints, and types of muscles. 1. Explain how skin protects the body from disease. ¬ Ch. 2 Food and Digestion 1 Identify the importance of each type of nutrient. 2 Explain the relationship between diet and health. 3 Identify the organs of the digestive system and what takes place in each. ¬ Ch. 3 Circulation 1 Compare and contrast arteries, veins and capillaries. 2 Identify the functions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation system. 3 Identify the parts and functions of blood, and give examples of diseases. 4 Describe the functions of the lymphatic system, and explain how lymph organs help fight infections. ➢ Ch.4 Respiration and Excretion 1. Describe functions of the respiratory system and what happens...
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...The skeletal system is made up of 206 bones. There are many conditions and diseases that can affect our bones, short term and long term, including; arthritis, osteoporosis and bone cancer just to name a few. “Bones, tendons, ligaments and cartilage make up the skeletal system. …The skeletal system protects the internal organs such as the brain and heart,” says Aubri John of the Live Strong organization. One disease that affects the skeletal system is arthritis. Arthritis is commonly found in elderly people because as the body ages the bones start to become more brittle. “The breakdown of cartilage in this form of arthritis leads to the bones rubbing together, causing stiffness, pain and eventual loss of movement in the joint…The cause of arthritis...
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...In your own words, describe how the human skeleton supports the human body. The human skeleton is the framework of the human body. It supports the softer tissues, provides points of attachment for most skeletal muscles and protects many vital organs. It also maintains the body’s’ shape. The skeleton is made up of bones that can be categorised according to one of five functions that they perform; • Shape and support; The skeleton provides the shape and support that gives the body its shape. As well as providing gravitational support, it supports the softer tissues and provides points of attachments for most skeletal muscle. • Movement; Some bones provide leverage for movement. Most of the bones are connected to other bones at flexible joints, which allow the skeletal framework a high degree of flexibility and movement. The bones are attached to tendons of the skeletal muscle and the ligaments of the joints. They then act as levers and pulleys to aid the contraction of the skeletal muscles into movement. • Protection; The skeleton provides protection for the body’s vital organs, reducing risk of injury to them. Blood production; Red blood cells and some white blood cells are manufactured by the bone marrow which is found in the cavities of some of the larger bones. Haematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells. This normally takes place in the red marrow of the bones. Each bone consists of a compact outer shell and a spongy centre. The centre contains the bone marrow which...
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...of human body. Together these structures form the human skeleton. Skeleton can be defined as the hard framework of human body around which the entire body is built. Almost all the hard parts of human body are components of human skeletal system. Joints are very important because they make the hard and rigid skeleton allow different types of movements at different locations. If the skeleton were without joints, no movement would have taken place and the significance of human body no more than a stone. Components of Human Skeleton Human skeleton is composed of three main components; Bones, Associated cartilages and Joints. Bones: Bone is a tough and rigid form of connective tissue. It is the weight bearing organ of human body and it is responsible for almost all strength of human skeleton. Cartilages: Cartilage is also a form of connective tissue but is not as tough and rigid as bone. The main difference in the cartilage and bone is the mineralization factor. Bones are highly mineralized with calcium salts while cartilages are not. Joints: Joints are important components of human skeleton because they make the human skeleton mobile. A joint occurs between “two or more bones”, “bone and cartilage” and “cartilage and cartilage”. Divisions of Human Skeleton: Human skeleton can be divided into two divisions. Axial Skeleton: Axial skeleton forms the axis of human body. It consists of Skull, vertebral column and thoracic cage. Skull: Skull is that part of human skeleton that...
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