...INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity By (name) Course: Instructor: University: City/State: Date Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity In the biology Immunology field, immunity is defined as the balanced state of a living organism for instance, the human body having sufficient biological defenses to combat infection, illness, or other unwanted biological incursion, while having acceptable tolerance to avoid contamination and allergies (Sompayrac, 2012, p.5). The immune system is a group of cells, nerves, and molecules that defend the body from many pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants in the environment. These defenses against microorganisms have been alienated into two broad categories of reactions, which are responses of innate immunity and those of adaptive immunity. Consequently, innate and adaptive immunity can be perceived as two similarly significant aspects of the immune system. This paper aims to highlight and assess the differences concerning innate and adaptive immunity despite them serving a similar function in human immunology. Immunology has conventionally allocated the immune system into innate and adaptive mechanisms with dissimilar functional roles (Sompayrac, 2012, p. 6). The first comparison is placed in their definition of function where the innate immune system is comprised of cells and proteins that are constantly present...
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...Dendritic Cells Dendritic cells, also known as professional antigen-presenting cell (APC), are one of the three types of APCs present within the multicellular aggregation of our bodies. They were first discovered in 1973 by Ralph Steinman who was studying spleen cells to understand the induction of immune responses in a major lymphoid organ of a mouse.(1) The importance of their existence lies in their function to orchestrate and stimulate cells within the immune system. Thus, dendritic cells can be purported as the indicative link between the innate and adaptive immune systems and may possibly give rise to future antitumor vaccines.(6) Dendritic cells play a significant role in the innate immune system as they have the ability to interact...
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...recognition of these enemies rely on two intrinsic defense systems, they are the innate and the adaptive systems. These two systems work independent of each other and also rely on each other cooperatively in the defense of disease. This system of defense is what is called our immunity. If the immune system is operating effectively it will protect the body from foreign invaders vigorously and sometimes without regard to the good and bad cells. One system that is nonspecific to foreign substances is the innate system. The innate, sometimes called the natural immunity is the first line of defense for the body (Marieb, 2013). Skin barriers and mucosal bodies such as acidity of the skin, lysozyme found in salvia, mucus found in the respiratory track and defensins found in mucous membranes are all part of the innate immune system (Marieb, 2013). Internal innate systems include phagocytes and macrophages by killing and ingesting their prey with enzymes (Marieb, 2013). The innate system also includes the inflammatory response which prevents agents from spreading to adjacent tissues and promotes tissue repair quickly when an injury has occurred. Other defenses in the innate system include Natural killer cells which act as a policing cell in the blood and lymph (Marieb, 2013). In other words, they can determine which cells to lyse before the need to introduce the adaptive immune system begins. The adaptive immune system is the elite fighting force in the army that is equipped...
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... nose, or in the eyes and herpes simplex type 2 may appear as tiny blisters on the genital area. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) This paper will be concentrating on herpes simplex type 1, the point of entry, how it interacts with normal flora of the body, how it affects the innate immune system, and how it affects the adaptive immune system. To understand how herpes simplex 1 infects a person, it is important to understand the structure of the virus itself. The herpes simplex virus have a unique structure, they are enveloped, have double strained DNA genome that is contained a large core, and have a spherical shape. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) “The herpes simplex virus type 1 has glycoproteins on its envelope and this makes it a target for external influences.” (Kennedy, n.d.) The herpesvirus needs a host, has a slow replication process and can also have long period of latency. (Kennedy, n.d.) Herpes simplex 1 can be transmitted though kissing, sharing eating utensils, or sores on the skin. The point of entry can be direct or indirect contact with infected skin, mucous membranes, or body fluids. (Kennedy, n.d.) A potential barrier that HSV-1 might encounter is the bodies’ normal flora and the immune system. “Skin and many other barrier...
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...quarantined, as we do not know if the antibodies present in his body are from a current infection or due to a vaccination. Measles and mumps antibodies are virus-specific proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection by the measles or mumps virus, or in response to vaccination. There are two types of antibodies produced, IgM and IgG. The first type to appear in the blood after exposure or vaccination is IgM antibodies. Levels of IgM antibodies increase for several days to a maximum concentration and then begin to taper off over the next few weeks. IgG antibodies take a bit longer to appear, but once they do, they stay in the bloodstream for life, providing protection against re-infection. When measles or mumps IgG antibody is present in a person who has been vaccinated and/or is not currently ill, then that person is protected against infection (immune). If a person does not have measles or mumps IgG antibodies, then they are not considered immune to the viruses. This may be because they have not been exposed to the viruses, because the IgG has not had time to be produced, or because the person does not have a normal antibody response. 2. Describe how the clonal expansion theory explains the more rapid production of antigen specific antibodies, Helper T-cells and Cytotoxic T-cells, during a secondary infection. The clonal expansion theory, for which there is much evidence, suggests that...
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...correct. CTLA-4 expression on T cells stops activation of that T cell, which ends the cell signaling response. Treg also cells utilize high levels of CTLA-4 to stop the activation of cells. Answer A is incorrect because the cell-intrinsic pathway uses T cells, and the cell-extrinsic utilizes Tregs. B is incorrect because the cell-intrinsic pathway does not reduce the T cell expression of CTLA-4. C is incorrect because the B cells do not express CTLA-4, but instead express B7 that binds to CTLA-4 on T cells and Tregs. 4. An oncologist recommended that a patient with advanced melanoma begin a new treatment plan. After a few weeks, the treatment appears to be reducing the size of tumors. However, the patient has developed enlarged lymph nodes and pancreatitis. Which of the following is the most likely reason the new therapy is causing these symptoms? a. The patient being treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, and by blocking CTLA-4 the T cell activation in secondary lymphoid organs has been restricted, producing inflammation and an increase in expression of Tregs in the lymph nodes b. The patient is being treated with anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, causing a rise in B cell count which leads to inflammation of endocrine...
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...Jobs of immune system • Recognize, attack, and destroy pathogens o Viruses, bacteria o Fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites • Recognize foreign tissues, e.g., blood, transplants • Recognize and remove abnormal cells, e.g., cancer • Remove dead or damaged native tissue after disease or injury Various ways of responding to pathogens Two types of immune response • Innate – non-specific o Present from birth o Similar response independent of pathogen or foreign agent o Involves some but not all types of leukocytes o Does not rely on specific antibodies o Does rely on inflammatory response and recognition molecules • Acquired – specific o Adaptive and specific to pathogen o Develops during 1st exposure to antigen o Response to 2nd exposure is much quicker and more effective o T and B lymphocytes systems are key • Both rely on leukocytes – a small fraction of the blood Important molecules associated with inflammation • Histamine: in granules in granulocytes; mast cells o Vasodilator, bronchoconstrictor, increases vascular permeability • Bradykinin: formed from kinins (i.e., inactive plasma proteins) in blood o Vasodilator; causes pain • Eicosanoids o Prostaglandins, thromboxanes act on smooth muscle, other tissues o Leukotrienes: smooth muscle constriction (asthma) • Interleukins: cytokines that stimulate acute phase proteins, cause fever, increasing permeability (some anti-inflammatory) • Release of eicosanoids (paracrines) causes pain, fever...
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...Lymphatic/Immune System Unit Performance Assessment Your written work should contain 3 sections: 1. 2. 3. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic structures and the immune system (~1 paragraph) a. Student work includes a detailed description of all of the structures of the lymphatic system (including lymph nodes and vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix), the location of each, and how that location supports the functions of immunity required by the body An explanation about how the immune system works and how a vaccine effects that system (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student work includes a description of the "three levels" of immune system, including innate and adaptive defenses, humoral vs, cell-mediated responses, and active vs passive immunity; and describes how vaccines work in the body using a specific vaccine as an example A reaction (either in support or in disagreement) to the message of your chosen political cartoon (please include an image of the cartoon) along with supporting data/statistics from reliable and cited sources (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student correctly explains the "sides" of the issue being reflected in the political cartoon of their choosing, and explains whether they agree or disagree with the overall message of the cartoon. Several specific data or statistics are researched by the student and used to support their argument either for or against the cartoon. 1. An explanation of the relationship...
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...Immune system First vaccine developed was for ____________________________ External Innate defenses or Surface barriers Internal Nonspecific defense (Innate Defense) 1. White blood cells - Phagocytic Cells – - NK Cells – 2. Antimicrobial proteins - interferons - complement proteins - interleukins and cytokines 3. Inflammation – 4. Lymph, spleen and tonsils Specific Immune Responses (Adaptive Immunity) • You actually are responding to antigens, not the entire pathogen • An antigen is Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) • One’s own cells are marked with a unique set of proteins called MHC (self) proteins • A macrophage or dendritic cell engulfs the pathogen and displays the antigen with its own MHC proteins • All specific immune responses begin when the APC displays the MHC/antigen complex to a helper T cell The Two Branches of the Adaptive Immune System: Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) vs. Cell-Mediated Antibody – Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity) • Antibodies are Y shaped proteins that travel in body fluids and hook up to cells w/the specific antigen. They antibody/antigen complex: Cell-mediated immunity Response begins when an APC presents the MHC-antigen complex to a specific helper-T cell. Vaccination...
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...when someone is exposed to a live pathogen, then develops a disease, and becomes immune as result. | | | |Ex: Chick pox and the measles | | | |Passive immunity is considered a short term immunization because of the injection of antibodies that are not produced by the | |recipient’s cell. | | | |Ex: A person being bite by a raccoon and receives rabies. | | | |Answer the following Checklist Exercise from Ch. 17 of Microbiology: Principles and Explorations: Distinguish between innate | |and acquired immunity. Give examples of each. | |Innate immunity is...
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...Immune System-Part II The immune system is composed of a very complex network of organs, cells, and molecules. All of these contributors play a significant role in the maintaining the body’s homeostasis. There are two paths the immune system can take. These are known as innate and adaptive immunity. They work in conjunction with one another to provide the proper response to environmental factors. Innate immunity is characterized by a rapid response to the stimulus. It is known as the body’s first line of defense. As mentioned above, there are several components of the immune system. Notable cellular components are recognized as T and B lymphocytes. To explain a little about their origin, it begins in the bone marrow. Previous to the bone marrow, the T and B lymphocytes start out as stem cells in the bone marrow. These pluripotent stem cells give rise to myeloid and lymphoid progenitors. The lymphoid progenitors give origin to the T and B lymphocytes and NK cells. The T lymphocytes will leave the bone marrow and migrate to the thymus in order to mature as a T-cell. It should be noted that only mature T lymphocytes leave the thymus and enter into circulation. In contrast, B lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow. At the end of their maturation stage, they can then leave the bone marrow and enter into circulation, migrating to secondary lymphoid organs. B lymphocytes define the classes of immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgM. The...
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...provoke gluconeogenesis 3. Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and from noncarboyhydate molecules-major target of glucagon in the liver 4. A reaction that occurs in the hypoglycemic state to make glucose available 2. Hypothalmic hypophyseal tract 5. A nerve bundle which runs through the infundibulm 6. Arises from neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus 7. Neural connection to hypothalamus 8. Hypophyseal portal system a. Primary capillary plexus b. Hyophyseal portal veins c. Secondary capillary plexus 3. Posterior Pituitary a. Contains axons of hypothalamic neurons b. Stores antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin c. ADH and oxytocin are released in response to nerve impulses d. Both use PIP-calcium second-messenger mechanism at their targets Oxytocin 9. Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth by mobilizing Ca2+ through a PIP2-Ca2+ second-messenger system 10. Also triggers milk ejection (“letdown” reflex) in women producing milk 11. Plays a role in sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females ADH a. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors respond to changes in the solute concentration of the blood b. If solute concentration is high c. Osmoreceptors depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamic neurons d. ADH is synthesized and released, inhibiting urine formation e. If solute concentration is low ...
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...components of the immune system to the pathology of type 1 diabetes Abstract An autoimmune disease resulting in insulin deficiency, Type 1 diabetes mellitus. There have been countless studies into its causes; there is still no solid answer. Previous studies strongly implicated Th1 cells to play a key role in the progression of type 1 diabetes, however, recent studies have been showing that this is inadequate to explain the pathology of the autoimmune disease Type 1 diabetes. In fact other constituents of the immune system are accountable; Th17 cells play a huge role in the cellular pathology of Type 1 diabetes. Introduction Type 1 Diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease which results from faults in immune response thus activating self-destroying T cells working against beta cells that produce insulin in the pancreas, causing a deficiency in insulin. Patients of Type 1 diabetes are required to inject insulin daily. Diagnosis of type 1 diabetes can occur at any age; however it is a chronic disease that is most common in childhood (Atkins et al. 2014.) Discoveries from epidemiological studies in humans with type 1 diabetes have shown that islet cell destruction goes through a number of stages (Campbell et al. 1990) the consequent low levels of insulin lead to higher levels of blood glucose. Common symptoms of this disease are frequent urination, increased thirst and weight gain. Before symptoms become present, autoimmunity to insulin producing beta cells can be identified...
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...alpha defensin response or expression via paneth cell metaplasia in the ilium and colon” (Podolsky, K, D. 2002). Figuire 1 provides a basic illustration of IBD: Genetically speaking the mutated NOD2 gene which causes a leucine rich repeats (which aids in bacterial receptor recognition), this binds to muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Which in turn activates nuclear factor NFkB. Causing stimulation of several genes which when mutated contribute to chronic inflammation which are as follows: OCTN1 will promote the dysfunction of organic cation transpoters. DLG5 gene co-works with NOD2, but in CD conditions deverts from its normal function which is to maintain epithelial integrity. Other genes worth mentioning are HLA-DR1 and its sub allele DQ5, TLR 4&9. Which are associated with the regulation on innate immune system and the mucousal barrier function. Intestinal macrophage have to respond to bacterial adjuvants via their recognition receptors (TLR9) and LPS pathway receptors (TLR4). Epithelial paneth cell do the same via NFkB. The MYD88 pathway can converge the differeing routes to specific bacterial adjuvants. Which will always result in the activation of NFkB and a pro-inflammatory cytokine environment and protective molecules which inhibit inflammation. This is summarised in figure 2: CD activates innate and acquired immune responses. Evidence suggests that macrophages and adhesion molecules are abundant in CD, which mediate the migration of extravasated immune cells and chemokine...
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...1. a. First line of defense: These external, nonspecific (innate) defenses include our physical and biochemical barriers, as well as the normal flora that live on our skin. The barriers are made up of the the epithelial cells on the skin and our body tract conditions, like the linings of the respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems. When exposed to pathogenic substances, these allow the body to expel the harmful particles by coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and other methods of flushing them out. The first line of defense is also composed of our natural, beneficial bacteria, which train and develop the immune system and protect against microbes by producing chemicals that are toxic to foreign invaders. b. Second line of defense: These...
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