...Section A: Education 0 1 Explain what is meant by the term ... (2 marks) • Meritocracy: such as equal opportunity or a system in which rewards are based on achievement/ability or similar. Partial answer: [fair rewards] • Immediate gratification: wanting rewards now, or leaving school as soon as possible to get a job, or similar. • Cultural capital: the values, etc that the middle class transmit to their children or that confer advantage in the education system. • Compensatory education: additional educational opportunities/resources directed at deprived or under-achieving pupils. • Cultural deprivation: a lack or deficit of values (or of norms, attitudes, skills or knowledge). Partial answer [immediate gratification / a lack of culture] • Vocational education: relating to a career or specific work roles. • Ethnocentric curriculum: the subjects taught in school being biased towards one particular culture. One mark for a partially satisfactory answer. 02 Suggest three ways/reasons ... (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate ways. One mark will be awarded where there is a partially appropriate answers. Marxists see school as being similar to the world of work: • A hierarchy of authority • Fragmentation of work/learning • Extrinsic rewards • Based on competition • Alienation • Status differences. Boys’ educational under-achievement: • Lack of male teacher role models • Feminisation...
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...ABSTRACT Gender is a common term where as gender discrimination is meant only for women, because females are the only victims of gender discrimination. Females are nearly 50 percent of the total population but their representation in public life is very low. Recognizing women’s right and believing their ability are essential for women’s empowerment and development. This study deals with gender discrimination in India, its various forms and its causes. Importance of women in development, legislation for women and solution for gender discrimination are also discussed in this paper. Key Words: gender discrimination, women’s development, legislation for women, education, employment, economic independence, empowerment, decision making and self confidence. GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND WOMEN’S DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Introduction Gender is a common term where as gender discrimination is meant only for women, because females are the only victims of gender discrimination. Gender discrimination is not biologically determined but it is determined by socially and the discrimination can be changed by the proper and perpetuate efforts. Denial of equality, rights and opportunity and suppresment in any form on the basis of gender is gender discrimination. Half of the world’s population is females. They are doing two-third of work of the total work in the world but received only one-tenth of the world’s total income. Nearly two-third of the women is...
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...GENDER AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ISOKO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE AJOKPAEZI JULIET EBSU/2003/23214 RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION FACULTY OF EDUCATION EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY, ABAKALIKI OCTOBER, 2008. TITLE PAGE GENDER AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN ISOKO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE AJOKPAEZI JULIET EBSU/2003/23214 RESEARCH PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES EDUCATION (ENGLISH) EBONYI STATE UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ARTS (B.E) DEGREE IN ENGLISH EDUCATION OCTOBER, 2008. APPROVAL PAGE This research project has been supervised and approved as meeting all the requirements of the department of Arts and Social Science Education, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki. Dr. Ms. C Maduabuchi ----------------- Project supervisor Date Dr. Ms. C Maduabuchi ----------------- Head of Department Date Prof. S.O. Abonyi ----------------- Dean, Faculty of Education Date External Examiner ----------------- Date DEDICATION This project is dedicated to God Almighty in whose love and guidance I have been sailing through my academic years and to my parents, His Royal Highness Emaviwe first Ovie of...
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...Educational achievement is influenced by a variety of factors, each of which is interwoven with another. Gender influences educational achievement for a variety of reasons and in a number of different ways. I intend to describe the ways in which educational achievement differs between males and females and the possible reasons for this variation between the sexes. Social class and ethnicity also play important parts in affecting the achievement of individuals and groups. I intend to discuss their affects on results seen in education and the way in which these factors are interwoven with one another. I will highlight the importance of each of these factors in determining the achievement of individuals and groups in education and the reasons behind their importance. Over the last ten years, the gender gap between the achievement of males and females in education has been growing in developed countries. (Gibb, Fergusson and Horwood, 2008) On average, girls in England achieve better results in most subjects at all levels of education. The issue is not confined to the UK as the problem also presents itself in other countries. (Machin and McNally, 2005) Women in the USA have continued to be more educated than men since the mid 1970’s. (Charles and Luoh, 2003 in Machin and McNally, 2005) Females attain more school and post school qualifications than males and also attend university in higher numbers. (Alton-Lee and Pratt, 2001, in Gibb, Fergusson and Horwood, 2008) National statistics...
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...been a switch in gender success throughout education; coming into the late 1980’s underachievement by girls was common; girls were less likely than boys to obtain one or more A-levels and were less likely to go on to higher education. Coming in to the next decade of the 1990’s there was a sudden reversal; girls were now doing better than boys who were now underachieving. In 2006 10% more females were obtaining 2 or more A-levels than males. Women are now getting better degrees than men. Sociologists have looked into this gender diversion from a social perspective. What made this reversal so sudden and why did it occur? Feminists believe that the education system is patriarchal and dominated by men, just like the work force is. Feminists argue that the education system is just a primary preparation for leading into the future work force. They believe there are still gender differences in subject choice in schools. Sociologists Heaton and Lawson (1996) argue that the ‘hidden’ curriculum is a major source of gender socialisation; within education, various subjects are aimed at a certain gender group; for example cooking would be aimed at girls doing house work and cooking. While most schools now title this course, Food Technology, feminists believe that the subject is still designed to 'snare' girls into adopting a mode of behaviour a patriarchal society accept and that the gap between girls and boys is still there in today’s society. Feminists also believe that gender stereotyping...
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...Education and differences in educational achievement- past questions and mark schemes (CLASS, GENDER and ETHNICITY) January 2006 (a) Explain what is meant by cultural capital. (Item 1A, line 8). (2 marks) Two marks for an appropriate explanation or definition, such as the values, knowledge, attitudes, skills, tastes etc. possessed by the upper/middle class, or the values, knowledge etc. that give one class an educational advantage. (c) Identify three features of the restricted speech code (Item 1A, lines 10-11). (6 marks) Two marks for each of three appropriate features identified, such as: • used by the working class; • short/incomplete sentences; • often reduced to gestures; • context-bound/particularistic meanings/speaker assumes audience shares same frame of reference; • not used in education; • a product of repetitive, unskilled work; • a product of positional/rigid family structures. (e) Examine the reasons why females now tend to achieve more than males in the education system. (20 marks) Candidates will consider a range of reasons, such as the impact of feminism, equal opportunities policies, role models, changes in the family and work, changes in the curriculum and assessment, changes in girls aspirations, teacher attention and classroom interaction, selection, league tables etc. Concepts and issues such as meritocracy, patriarchy, pupil subcultures, labelling, de-industrialisation, marketisation, the hidden curriculum...
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...Introduction The consumer need for wellness products and various services have continued to evolve in India as the income levels are growing along with it awareness is rising. The lifestyle of a consumer is an important part and with every passing day each and every consumer is getting known to this. Health/wellness which was recently considered as a niche concept has managed to gather a mainstream audience in today’s time. Consumers today want to have total control about their look, how they feel and this is driving purchase decision across major categories like food, beverages , personal care and services. In response to this marketers have launched major products and even services that contribute round 600 billion INR to the wellness market in India .This industry is continuing to grow and it still remains a fraction which is about 4 % or less of the overall consumer expenditure in India. Indian consumers have shown a wide display of behaviour characteristics right from passive where demand of such wellness products is very less to believers for whom wellness is an integral part. Thus it is very important for the wellness players to identify their target segment or core consumer target, so that they can align their value proposition with specific needs of this segment. The scope in the wellness market in India is immense–even a 1% increase in consumer expenditure can potentially create an additional opportunity of six billion INR for wellness players. Today’s young consumers...
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...Advantages of co-ed schools 1. Co-education helps the boys and girls to intermingle and understand each other well. They become more broad-minded and tolerant towards the opposite gender. They interact freely with one another, thereby overcoming hesitation and shyness. Thus, co-education leads to a healthy and harmonious relationship between boys and girls. 2. Study has shown that the presence of girls restrain the unruly behaviour of boys and improves their academic performances. 3. Co-education reduces gender bias in the society. It generates a feeling of equality between both genders. The feeling of male dominance may be wiped out from the society if this system of education is given importance. Study has shown that all girls and all boys’ school indirectly support gender stereotypes. 4. Boys and girls are well-prepared to socialize with the opposite genders. A study has shown that after two weeks of teachers using gendered language and gender-divided activities- such as asking kids to line up by gender or use separate blackboards, the girls started playing less with the boys and the boys started playing less with the girls. Possible opposition points and possible rebuttals: 1. Boys and girls have different brains that require different teaching styles. Neuroscientists have found very little difference between male and female brains, and none of them are connected to education. 2. Children at single sex schools typically get better...
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...The search for gender equity and empowerment of Caribbean women through education has yielded mixed opinions. On one hand it is felt that social mobility for women is best realised through education, while on the other hand it is believed that current academic curriculums simply reinforce the subordinate, inequitable role for women to fulfil. At women’s conferences around the world, many ideals have been targeted for actualization. Among them, the need to improve the quality and relevance of education for girls, ensuring equitable representation of women at all levels of the political process, and encouraging and enabling men to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive behaviour. According to Bailey (2003), be it the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CDAW), or the World Conference on Women, education was highlighted as a ‘vehicle’ for change. Thus, the 1990 World Conference on Education for All admonished world governments to deconstruct “cultural barriers” to women’s education (Bailey, 2003; p. 109). In spite of these advancements, Bailey’s argument is that the increased participation and performance in education as a guarantee for women’s empowerment and equitable status with men is a misguided assumption; highlighting the Caribbean context, Bailey exposes this reality. Research has shown that women outnumber, and quantitatively outperform men at the tertiary levels of the education system. At the Secondary level, data...
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...Regional School Unit 26, a transgender elementary school girl was diagnosed with gender dysphoria. Her school recognized the importance of her transition and began referring to her as a female. However, once this decision became a problem with other students and parents, the school took away her right to use the girls’ restroom and forced her into using a staff bathroom. They also would not let her use the girls’ restroom once she transitioned to middle school. The girl’s parents sued the school because of discrimination based on sex. The Maine Supreme court ruled in favor of the girl stating, “it has been clearly established that a student’s psychological well-being and educational success depend upon being permitted to use the communal bathroom consistent with her gender identity, denying access to the appropriate bathroom constitutes sexual orientation discrimination in violation of the Maine Human Rights Act (Doe v. Regional School Unit 26, p. 13-14).” In Mathis v. Fountain-Fort Carson School District 8, Coy Mathis, a six-year-old transgender girl was told she would no longer be allowed to use the girls’ restroom. She would have to use the nurse’s bathroom. The Mathis family and the Transgender Legal & Education Defense Fund filed a complaint with the Colorado Civil Rights Division against the Fountain-Fort Carson School District #8. The girl’s parents released a statement saying the...
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...Importance of cultural, ethnic, gender difference by managers and professional in a business setting. In a professional organization, a successful manager must be able to deal with people with multiple cultural differences and diversity. Diversity is the presence of people from wide range of backgrounds possessing different traits. People tend to prejudge and place stereotypes on others that are not like them, to be an effective, manager and employee must be respectful and recognize each other’s differences. Some contributing factors to diversity include age, race, ethnic origin, culture, physical abilities, religion and sexual orientation. A good manager should be able work with any one regard of their culture or race. In some organizations, women are still regarded as inferior to men, which affects their positions and salary, also some minorities are not getting the position that they deserve, some organization continue to treat minorities as less qualified even though they have the experience and what it take to do they job effectively, the positions are offered to those that are not even qualified just because of the ethnic background. Workplace diversity is very important, understanding cultural, ethnic and gender differences by managers and professional in a business environment can help with the growth of the company, these business can benefit from the different talents, perspectives, experiences...
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...Paper Some individuals believe that education and earnings go hand in hand. The lesser the education, the smaller the wages, and thus with a greater education may lead to an increase in wages. The focus of this discussion will involve what the research process entails for the subject of wages and the relationship between education, and wage earnings. This research project will discuss the purpose of the research, define the problem, propose three possible hypothesizes, identify the variables, and define the problem in quantifiable measurements. According to some research studies the level of education that an individual obtains directly correlates to the wages that he or she will earn over his or her lifetime. The higher the degree of education that a person attains can affect the amount of wages that he or she will earn. Research shows that there is also a difference in wage earnings by males and females who have earned the same degrees. “The highest paid 10% of male workers with advanced degrees earned $3,260 or more weekly, compared to $2,252 or more for women of the same education level” (Wall Street Journal, 2009). The research suggests that there is an advantage of an increase in earning power by an individual who continues his or her education, and advances the degrees that he or she holds. This research may be important for anyone who is considering whether or not he or she should continue to further his or her education. The time, effort, and expense that a person...
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...increasing number of graduates, the contradiction between limited demand from job market and redundant labor supply and the status quo in job-hunting. Less attention is paid to female college students who are encountering gender discrimination in job-hunting. According to All-China Women’s Federation, 91.9 percent of female college students responded that they felt the existence of gender discrimination against women in job-hunting (Ye, 2012). Another survey by Guangzhou Women’s Federation revealed that 71.9 percent of female college students had encountered gender discrimination in job hunting (Feng, 2014). In addition, a report by China University of Political Science and Law indicated that 68.98 percent of recruiters were involved in gender discrimination in employment. (Ye, 2012) Female graduates are well educated group and are important human capital However, the advantage of them as a human resource does not fundamentally change the fact that female candidates are often discriminated when finding a job. High education background does not play its part in the recruitment and selection period. It is not rare to see gender discrimination in recruitment. Meanwhile, in the workplace, women’s salary is often lower than man’s who do the same work. The gender discrimination in China’s enterprise’s graduate recruitment and selection practices not only decreases the competitiveness of...
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...The gender gap in education has been widening for many years. There are a number of reasons for gender differences in achievement and they include internal factors such as GCSE and coursework and the challenging of stereotypes in the curriculum, and external factors such as the impact of feminism and the changes in women’s employment. Some sociologists argue that changes in the way pupils are assessed have favoured girls and deprived boys. For example the sociologist Gorard found that the gender gap in achievement was fairly constant from 1975 to 1988-9, when it was increased sharply. He concludes that the gender gap in achievement is a “product of the changed system of assessment rather than any more general failing of boys”. Moreover, Mitsos and Browne support this view. They conclude that girls are more successful than boys in coursework because they are more conscientious and better organised. They found that girls spend more time on their work, take more care with the way it is presented, bring the equipment and resources to lessons and are better at meeting deadlines. They also argue that these factors have helped girls to benefit from the introduction of coursework in GCSE, AS and A level and that girls gain from maturing earlier than boys. Alternatively, some sociologists believe that these traits and skills are the result of early gender role socialisation in the family. For example, girls are more likely than boys to be encouraged to be neat, patient and tidy. These...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction The invaluable role and contributions of education as an instrument for development and promotion of an individual, social, economic, political and cultural development of any nation can never be over-emphasized. According to Abdulkareem (2007), a nation’s growth and development is determined by its human resources. Science has been defined as an organized body of knowledge, a method of solving problems and it also serves as a search of explanation of natural objects and phenomena. In the demesne of science as a whole, one important dialect is Biology, the domain of living things and its environment. According to Encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 3, P770), “few sciences have contributed to the philosophy and physical basis of contemporary society than Biology has”. Man, probably was a biologist before he was anything else, his own health body in health and illness, the phenomena of birth, growth, and death of the plants and other animals that give him food, shelter and clothing undoubtedly were matters of serious concern to man then and even now. Biology is intimately connected to daily life and everybody’s life-long planning. Shut out Biology from daily life and civilization comes to a standstill. It is in the light of this, that the research seeks to build and elicit among students and teachers the proper appreciation and interest in the value of Biology to the individual and to the society at large. This subject Biology, occupies a very important...
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