...The Head of State or Government of he movement of the Non-Aligned countries met in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, from 24-25 February 2003 to address the crucial global issues affecting their people with the view of agreeing to a set of actions in the promotion of peace, security, justice, equality, democracy and development conducive for a multilateral system of relations based on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and political independence of state. The right of people to self determination and non-intervention in maters which are essentially within the jurisdiction of states in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and International Law. According to the United Nations Department of Disarmament Affairs (UNDA), the Heads of State or Government emphasized that the international situation continues to be marked by rapid and dramatic evolution, presenting numerous opportunities and challenges to the international community and the Non-Aligned Movement. However, recent events have again demonstrated that a peaceful, just and secure world continues to elude human kind. Accordingly simmering disputes, violent conflicts aggression and foreign occupation, interference in the domestic affairs of states , policies of hegemony and domination, unilateral and conceive measures, ethnic strife religious intolerances, xenophobia, new forms of racism narrowly conceived nationalism pose major and dangerous obstacles to harmonious coexistence among states and people and have...
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...Arms Control (Nuclear Disarmament) Arms control refers to any international limitation or regulation where developing, testing, producing, deploying, or even using weapons is concerned on the basis that it is inevitable for some national military establishments to continue existing. This concept points to some type of collaboration between states that are antagonistic or competitive in general when it comes to military policy, in a bid to lower the chances of war and in the event of such, to limit its damage (Jones 4). From a broader perspective, arms control is a product of historical state practices involving disarmament that has seen many successes and challenges since the 20th century. The two terms have at some point been differentiated where disarmament agreements are often deemed as direct prohibition of weapons possession and production, while arms-control agreements often start by limiting testing, deploying, or using of some types of weapons. Arms-control efforts especially between the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) and the U.S. during the Cold War were crucial to limitation of the nuclear arms race, and by the 20th century’s end, arms control as a term started denoting any arms-limitation or disarmament agreement (Browne, Shetty and Somerville 377). The most important are the NPT (Non-proliferation Treaty) and the CTBT (Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty). The main benefit or importance of the NPT is that of ensuring that international peace and security are enhanced. Nonproliferation...
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...The Nuclear Arms Race negatively affected the world in such a way that humans feared about the fact at any given moment, any country would make the decision to use any strategy, even if it had to involve such destructive weapons, in order to be victorious over their competitor (“The Effects”). Therefore, the countries involved with the Nuclear Arms Race led to the creation of prestige weapons that were more destructive than "Little Boy" and "Fat Man" (Yass 112). Furthermore, the Nuclear Arms Race took a toll on Americans' personal lives, fearful about the potential bombings that may occur at any given moment. Ultimately, Americans created bomb shelters and practiced drills in public places, such as schools. For example, the "Duck and...
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...described the scientific importance of the discovery of the atomic bomb. Immediately after the droppings of the atomic bombs on Japan until the present day, there were many debates on whether the Manhattan Project was justified or if nuclear weapons are even ethical. Seeing the destruction of the “Little Man” and “Fat Boy” bombs in the moment arose great fear and discontent. However, looking at the Manhattan Project in retrospect shows that the advantages gained through the years greatly outweigh the consequences of the nuclear weapons. The Manhattan Project was a pivotal endeavor in America’s history...
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...Weapons of Mass Destruction Weapons of Mass Destruction (1) Introduction (2) The Term * 1 Early uses of term * 1.1 Evolution of its use * 2 Definitions of the term * 2.1 United States * 2.1.1 Strategic * 2.1.2 Military * 2.1.3 Criminal (civilian) * 3 Common hazard symbols * 3.1 Radioactive weaponry/hazard symbol * 3.2 Biological weaponry/hazard symbol (3) Treaties * 1 General * 2 Delivery systems * 3 Biological weapons * 4 Chemical weapons * 5 Nuclear weapons * 5.1 Non-proliferation * 5.1.1 By region * 5.2 Weapons limitation * 5.3 Cooperation (4) Nuclear (or) Atomic (4.1) Nuclear warfare * 1 Types of nuclear warfare * 2 History a. 2.1 1940s i. 2.1.1 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ii. 2.1.2 Immediately after the Japan bombings b. 2.2 1950s c. 2.3 1960s d. 2.4 1970s e. 2.5 1980s f. 2.6 Post–Cold War g. 2.7 Sub-strategic use * 3 Nuclear terrorism * 4 Survival (4.2) Nuclear Weapons * 1 Types * 1.1 Fission weapons * 1.2 Fusion weapons * 1.3 Other types * 2 Weapons delivery * 3 Nuclear strategy * 4 Governance, control, and law * 4.1 Disarmament * 4.2 United Nations * 5 Controversy * 5.1 Ethics * 5.2 Notable nuclear weapons accidents * 5.3 Nuclear testing and fallout * 5.4 Public opposition * 6 Costs and technology...
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...United Nations A/68/124 (Part II) Distr.: General 3 October 2013 Original: English General Assembly Sixty-eighth session Agenda items 95 and 102 Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East Report of the Secretary-General 1. In its resolution 67/73, entitled “The risk of nuclear proliferation in the Middle East”, the General Assembly: (a) Welcomed the conclusions on the Middle East of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) Reaffirmed the importance of Israel’s accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and placement of all its nuclear facilities under comprehensive International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards, in realizing the goal of universal adherence to the Treaty in the Middle East; (c) Called upon that State to accede to the Treaty without further delay, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons to renounce possession of nuclear weapons, and to place all its unsafeguarded nuclear facilities under full-scope Agency safeguards as an important confidence-building measure among all States of the region and as a step towards enhancing peace and security; (d) Requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on the implementation of the resolution. 2. The present report...
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...initial creation of nuclear deterrence, two U.S. Presidents have offered grand proposals to bring salvation and save humanity from the threat of its own creation, nuclear warfare. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), the first of such proposals, a constellation of space- and ground-based systems that was ‘envisioned by President Ronald Reagan’ would render nuclear weapons ‘impotent and obsolete’. In March 1983, President Reagan gave a speech announcing the program, suggesting that research conducted under SDI “could pave the way for arms control measures to eliminate the weapons themselves”. He believed that, if SDI could make the nation physically invulnerable to ballistic missiles, and if the United States shared this technology with other countries, including the Soviet Union, the groundwork would be laid for a stable, nuclear-free world. Earlier concepts had offered only to control the threat, this presidential initiatives aspired to escape from the cage of...
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...Term Paper Nuclear weapons are the most destructive technology ever developed. From the day fission was discovered in 1938, the problem of controlling this technology has been of central importance to the human race. The world, in which this discovery was made, confused by war and paranoia made the transition from theoretical possibility into actuality inevitable. We are very fortunate that these weapons have not been used, although in some cases we have come very close. We are also fortunate that the powers involved see that we need control practices and have had conferences on disarmament for some time. The question of disarmament has been discussed at the international level ever since the end of the First World War. Between 1918 and the outbreak of the Second World War two attempts towards disarmament were the Geneva protocol of 1925, prohibiting the use in war of gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare and the Briand - Kellog Pact of 1928 which outlawed war. With the coming of nuclear weapons and the terrible destruction which they could bring about, the whole issue of disarmament became considerably more important. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks or SALT Talks was a start to arms control in early 1980’s with the Ronald Reagan administration and has survived but under different names, till today. What was the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks? What came about from the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks? What did the talks lead into and what are the results...
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...without nuclear weapons. He added, “this goal will not be reached quickly.” As demonstrated by the Measheimer and Zakheim discussion, we cannot be certain if nuclear weapon realize the world a more secure place, but we should minimize the potential power-inbalance caused by disarmament . In order to reach Obama’s “utopian” vision, the United States has to choose as realist approach, like the one posed by Carr . This paper proposes a realistic approach to nuclear disarmament. Obama’s plan does not take into account the power-inbalance that his plan would create in East Asia. Nor does it fully appreciate how Japan would respond to this power inbalance. This paper analyzes Japanese nuclear history in order to explain the current attitude toward nuclear weapons and how this attitude need to be taken seriously by the United States. First it needs to be repeated that Japan is the only country in the world to have suffered through nuclear attacks. As a result, the population in Japan is strongly opposed to nuclearization. This sensitivity has increased since the Fukushima nuclear disaster. But there still remains to the possibility of nuclearization since some political leaders have even sought out nuclear bombs. This stance is the result of a lingering Cold War structure that still exists in East Asia. Since World War II, Japan has officially officially expresses opposition toward nuclear weapons. In the 1976, Japanese Parliament passed “Three Non-Nuclear Principles”...
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...Have nuclear weapons reduced the number of worldwide conflicts? The correlation between nuclear weapons and world stability has been a controversial topic and the subject of heated discussions in recent years – there is a growing widespread belief that nuclear weapons create a more secure world by preventing hostilities from escalating. However, while nuclear weapons certainly do bring positive aspects, there is a good amount of evidence to suggest that they might not discourage but actually increase armed conflicts. This report will go over the benefits and downsides of nuclear weapons, and will examine specific examples in order to determine whether they have had a positive or negative effect in the number of worldwide-armed conflicts. Nuclear weapons were first created in the form of a bomb, during World War 2. They were the product of extensive research, known as the Manhattan Project, funded by the United States government and under the direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer and the military supervision of General Leslie Groves. Created by means of atomic fusion and fission, they were intended to give the US the upper hand in the war and mark the beginning of American hegemony in the world. The atomic bomb was tested on July 16, 1945 at Trinity site, in New Mexico. After a successful explosion, the bomb was ready to use against Japan and end the war in the Pacific. Officials agreed the attack had to be powerful and shocking so the world would see the United States was in control;...
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...Iran’s Nuclear Weapons: Realist and Idealist Paradigms Student name: Institution: Course name: Ttor name: Due Date: Iran’s Nuclear Weapons: Realist and Idealist Paradigms This paper will discuss the impending nuclear agreement with Iran reflecting on the realistic and idealistic paradigms in international affairs. Observations of the relationship will firmly accommodate the two paradigms. The aim will be to elaborate clearly the use of international law and organizations on all the paradigms in connection to international security and inter-state relationships. Realist Paradigm Realism is mounted on the notion that, world politics is driven by competitive self-interests and a struggle for power that is aimed at preserving and improving military, security and economic interests. To realists, the presence of war is essential in a state system as it clearly underlines the hypothesis of international conflict. Such states are characterized by chaos and revolutions, which are directly linked to vested national interests, distribution of power and conflict. a. Political realism The Iranian nuclear program has attracted much attention within the international arena due to the interest devoted by nation’s states on their foreign policies (Bowen & Brewer2011). In international relations, realists and idealists paradigms are important as they concern themselves with substantive issues affecting nations and states...
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...powers during the period of 1963 to 1991 improved the relationship between Soviet Union and United States by providing the necessary spirit of cooperation. The two most significant examples of arms control talks positively impacting the superpower relationship are the SALT I and INF treaties. Negotiations for SALT I played a part in bringing the two countries from the nuclear 'brinkmanship' of the Cuban missile crisis to détente. Gorbachev realising the importance of arms control in mutual political accommodation, initiated INF. INF and NST alleviated secrecy and suspicion and began a spirit of cooperation that could not have been achieved without successful talks. The interactions also helped the two sides to understand each other better. Through the frequent summit-meetings between Gorbachev and Reagan and Gorbachev and Bush the American public got to know the face of their enemy. This encouraged greater tolerance between the two nations which was necessary if the cold war was to end. The Cuban missile crisis led to the end of a period of nuclear 'brinkmanship' as both sides became very aware of how close they came to nuclear war. In 1963 the US and the USSR made important agreements that contributed to arms control. In June a direct 'hot line' was established between Washington and Moscow. This communication link between the head of states was established to reduce the risk of a nuclear war arising from accident, misunderstanding, miscalculation, or surprise attack. And in...
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...The Hague International Model United Nations 2013 | 27 of January–1 of February 2013! th st Forum: Issue: General Assembly First Committee (GA1) The impact of disarmament on development Student Officer: Namit Mehta Position: Deputy Chair Introduction Disarmament and development have a complex yet definite relationship, wherein the implementation of one is favourable for the progress of the other. Disarmament, when not threatening the security of the concerned nation, results in a decrease in military expenditure, reduced global tensions, increased safety and in turn, greater international cooperation and stability. Development, by means of achieving social and economic progress and reducing poverty, increases the wellbeing and stability of nations, hence reducing the need for armaments. Hence, this combination of stability and security provides the basis for the relationship between disarmament and development. This relationship has long since been determined; yet, there are many obstacles, political and non-political, which have deterred the progress of these processes. The reason disarmament has a positive effect on development is the ill effects of armaments or weapons. Weapons can have detrimental effects on development of a country. They can lead to destruction of land, unemployment, increased health care costs, crime, costs of damage, environmental degradation, resource depletion, reduced efficiency of people, increased poverty and class distinctions in...
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...Biological Weapons: Threat of the 21st Century Michele Tallman Ashford University Principle & Theory of Security Issues CRJ433 Alicia Dembowski January 12, 2014 Biological Weapons: Threat of the 21st Century Biological Warfare is morally and inhumanely wrong, it is the wrongful killing of men, women, and children and it should be stopped no matter what the circumstances are. For the past 50 years or so the world has lived under the shadow of atomic weapons, threatening a “nuclear nightmare” that would bomb us back to the Stone Age. Now in the 21st Century, there is a new nightmare, called Biological Weapons. These types of weapons deliver toxins and microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, so as to deliberately infect disease among people, animals, as well as the destruction of crops leading to food shortages. The way that a biological weapon is used depends on several factors, these include the agent, its preparation; its durability in the environment, and route of infection. Some agents can be disbursed as an aerosol, which can be inhaled or can infect a susceptible spot on the skin, like a cut or wound. With the recent revolution in molecular biology, this may have incidentally unleashed a new threat to a peaceful night’s sleep. Even though there has been talk concerning the disarming of certain countries from nuclear weapons, terrorist factions and "nations of concern" have sought ways to continue their wars, by using biological weapons. Asymmetric...
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...Nuclear weapons in the Cold War changed how wars were fought, war was no longer fought in a conventional sense, nuclear weapons meant that people lived in a constant state of fear. In order to ensure national security and protection states needed to have a strong deterrence policy, which would prevent another state from attacking them with nuclear weapons. The outcome of a nuclear war would be catastrophic meaning that it had to be avoided at all costs. In order to prevent nuclear war from happening nations needed to have a strong deterrence policy to protect themselves and not be viewed as vulnerable. Without deterrence catastrophes will inevitably occur, the film “Dr. Strangelove” illustrates what will happen when deterrence is over looked and nuclear action occurs, the result is destruction all because of the need to be more powerful. The film shows that while nation pride is important it is essential not to be reckless and blinded by hate and hubris when making important decisions that will directly impact many other people. It is a natural instinct for a nation to want to ensure national security; no country wants to seem vulnerable because then it becomes a target for other states to attack. It is important to show dominance and strength to preserve reputations and maintain...
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