...complex field of study; the ethics for individual and social are undefined. Though ethical codes could stretch back through history of the Ancient Greek. There have been many up to date versions of ethical codes since then, such as being respected when taking part in psychological research conducted (McGaha & Korn, 1995). Within the departments of psychology there are various ethics committee, the aim of every department is to avoid participants experiencing distress and making sure participants welfare and dignity is kept. Ethics within psychology means the researcher’s key focus have to be to reduce any sort of discomfort or risks which are involved within the study. Also preventing the participants from experiencing any long-term undesirable consequences as well as having to notifying participants on all features of the study which could have an influence on their decision to take part (Hobbs, 1948). Throughout the psychological history many research studies have been conducted by various psychologists. There have been some which have been ethically critisied, with the lack of ethics taken into consideration. The most commonly discussed research study which has many ethical issues is known to be conducted by a behavioral psychologist Stanley Milgram (1963). Leading to many discussions Milgram (1963) purpose of his study was to investigate how far an individual would obey a figure of authority (Bernstein, 2011). Stanley Milgram (1963) introduced his well-known study on obedience...
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...The perils of obedience "Be quiet! Write this down." How often have you heard this, or something like it? We hear or come across commands, instructions, directions and orders every day. What is it that makes us obey (or disobey) them? Millions of people were killed in Nazi Germany in concentration camps but Hitler couldn't have killed them all, nor could a handful of people. What made all those people follow the orders they were given? Were they afraid, or was there something in their personality that made them like that? In order to obey authority, the obeying person has to accept that it is legitimate (i.e. rightful, legal) for the command to be made of them. Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual, who is usually an authority figure. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. Obedience occurs when you are told to do something (authority), whereas conformity happens through social pressure (the norms of the majority). Obedience involves a hierarchy of power / status. Therefore, the person giving the order has a higher status than the person receiving the order. Adolf Eichmann was executed in 1962 for his part in organizing the Holocaust, in which six million Jewish people, as well as gypsies, communists and trade unionists were transported to death camps and murdered in Nazi Germany and surrounding countries under Nazi control. Eichmann was...
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...Psychology: study of how people think about, relate to, and influence each other * How we perceive ourselves and others * How we function in groups * Why we hurt or help people * Why we fall in love * Why we discriminate against certain people Our biases 1) We tend to underestimate the power of a situation in determining our behavior (fundamental attribution bias) 2) A great deal of mental thought and behavior occurs automatically and without conscious awareness or intent. Test your implicit biases: https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/ Confederates’ role in social psychology research: an accomplice of the experimenter for research involving deception, plays an assigned role. Cognitive Dissonance: Uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory viewpoints. Particularly strong if your behavior conflicts with your attitude. -Study: Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959 * Students performed extremely boring task for an hour. * Paid to lie to someone else about it being interesting. * Results: Other example: fraternity hazing, adjusting values to fit behavior Bystander Intervention Effect: failure to help someone observed to be in need. Kitty Genovese story A person is less likely to help if there are other bystanders around. -Study: Latane and Darley, 1968. College students filling out survey while smoke coming in room. If confederates shrug it off, you are less likely to report. -Study: Darley and Batson...
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...of the study. In Milgram’s famous study researching the implications of authority figures on obedience, subjects of the experiment were deceived into thinking that they were the “teachers” of an experiment testing how a stimulus could affect learning; these teachers were instructed to shock the learner, which was actually a confederate in the study, after they incorrectly answered a question, and throughout the experiment the shock intensity would increase for every wrong answer. Throughout the study, the subjects would hear prerecorded screams, cries, and begs...
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...compliance to authority. Such historical events of massive genocides include the Holocaust; where Nazi soldiers killed six million innocent Jewish people based on their political and ethical reasoning. Troubled by situations of this nature, Stanley Milgram held a collection of experiments that his book “Obedience to Authority” outlines. Milgram tells us that “the aim of the study was to find when and how people defy authority in the face of clear moral imperatives” ( 4). Milgram found that there are social forces which allow populations to commit morally conflicting acts against other populations. The fundamental variable for this influence is ideology; which is defined in Webster’s dictionary as “a systematic body of concepts, especially about human life or culture”(“ideology”). Ideologies accompanied by social contagions, admit ordinary individuals to transgress in inhumane conformed evils. The obedient subjects of Milgram’s studies and the Nazi soldiers alike are not all necessarily sadistic psychopaths. Rather, they’re a result of ideological social conformity. It has been a commonly accepted idea that those who participated in the holocaust were all individually psychopaths, but conformity to a corrupt authority’s dogma influences ordinary people to behave malevolently. Between 1941- 1945, fifty-five thousand Nazi soldiers worked at death and work camps (Wikipedia, World War 2 casualties). Considering that there were so many participants in this genocide, it is not logical...
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...AS Psychology - Unit Two Social Psychology Social Influence Student workbook Name: .................................................................................. Form: ................................................................................... Teacher: .............................................................................. Specification requirements Social psychology Candidates will be expected to demonstrate: • Knowledge and understanding of concepts, theories and studies in relation to individual differences • Skills of analysis, evaluation and application in relation to individual differences • Knowledge and understanding of research methods associated with this area of psychology • Knowledge and understanding of ethical issues associated with this area of psychology. |Content outline | |Social influence |Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational | | |social influence and normative social influence | | | | | |Types...
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...disposition or combination of personality traits that leads to crimes of obedience? Situations are unique and dispositions vary; attempting to distinguish what causes these occurrences is a complex task that has been the subject of numerous studies, yet no concrete answers are found. Stanley Milgram’s obedience experiments ignited the flame of a subject that, instead of diminishing over time and becoming obsolete as a result of improved methods and new ideologies, has remained at the forefront of social and behavioral psychology. Modern research faces the critical challenge of attempting to study obedience under much more restrictive guidelines than previous studies; the results that are produced can only hope to shed light on one component of obedience and use other studies to synthesize a more complete explanation. The predecessor to all of this modern research was the Milgram obedience experiment and all of its variations. It has remained a fixture of social psychology for so long for several reasons: the enormity of the results (65% of a normal population of American men is willing to administer dangerous shocks to innocent learners), its magnitude (over 1000 people tested in 18 variations), its clarity in defining how situation influences the obedience of participants, and the questions it raised about ethics in experimental methods. These concepts have provided the impetus for numerous...
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...of the outcomes. Unit Objectives 1 Understand the function of research in health and social care 2 Understand ethical issues relating to research in health and social care 3 Understand research methodologies relevant to health and social care 4 Be able to plan for a research project 5 Be able to conduct research relevant to a health and social care context 6 Be able to interpret research findings WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is a planned process in which information is collected systematically for a specific purpose, analysed and reported. Research can have many different functions in health and social care. Functions of Research In pairs read through the following study and discuss the function(s) that the research can be used for. Aim: Hofling (1966) aimed to discover whether nurses would comply with an instruction which would involve them having to infringe both hospital regulations & medical ethics. The intention was to test the strength of the doctor-nurse relationship, regarding how far a nurse would go to comply with doctor’s orders against their own code of professional conduct. Procedure: Identical boxes of capsules were placed in 22 wards of both public & private psychiatric hospitals in the USA. The capsules were, in fact placebos (consisting of glucose). But the containers were labelled ‘5mg capsules of Astroten’. The label also indicated that the normal dose is 5mg with a maximum daily...
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...Invasion of privacy Deception 122 128 128 132 136 136 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 145 Other ethical and legal considerations Data management Copyright Reciprocity and trust Affiliation and conflicts of interest The difficulties of ethical decision-making Checklist Key points Questions for review © Oxford University Press 2011. Alan Bryman and Emma Bell. Business Research Methods 3e 122 Ethics in business research Chapter outline Ethical issues arise at a variety of stages in business and management research. This chapter is concerned with the concerns about ethics that might arise in the course of conducting research. The professional bodies concerned with the social sciences have been keen to spell out the ethical issues that can arise, and some of their statements will be reviewed in this chapter. Ethical issues cannot be ignored, in that they relate directly to the integrity of a piece of research and of the disciplines that are involved. This chapter explores: • • • • some famous, even infamous, cases in which transgressions of ethical principles have occurred, though it is important not to take the view that ethical concerns arise only in relation to these extreme cases; different stances that can be and have been taken on ethics in business research; the significance and operation of four areas in which ethical concerns particularly arise: whether or not harm comes to participants; informed consent; invasion of privacy; and deception; some of the difficulties...
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...and Pitsis 2008) and (Knights and Roberts 1982) to demonstrate this point. I also argue that conflict stems from attempts by employees to counteract the domination of basic human qualities such as feelings and emotions as they act in an attempt to restore dignity within their lives. I will do this with reference to texts by (Cohen and Taylor 1992), (Prasad and Prasad 2000), (Knights and Collinson 1987) and (Roberts 1984). As organisations are clearly places of domination I argue the importance of conflict within society to inhibit organisations exploiting and manipulating its employees and society at large. For this argument I will use texts by (Morgan 2006), (Baken 2004), (Rothschild and Miethe 1994) and (Blau 1963). Through the use of (Milgrams 1974) text I will argue the detrimental effects of obedience, with reference to the Nazi occupation of Europe, and thus the need for conflict within organisations to stop such atrocities occurring again. Due to the unrealistic expectations that organisations impose on employees including required dedication and complete submission to the organisation, I argue that conflict stems from this expectation by organisations that employees will completely surrender oneself to the demands of managers. To demonstrate this point I...
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...Core study 1 Asch 1955 : Aims and Context Summarise the aims and context of Asch’s 1955) research opinions and social pressure An individual is said to conform if they chose to study a course of action that is favoured by the majority or that is considered socially acceptable .When an individual is influenced by how the majority of people think this is considered socially acceptable Conformity is a form of social influence that results from exposure to the majority position , the tendency for people to adopt the behaviour, attitudes and values of other members of a reference groups, This was a study of conformity in an ambiguous situation ‘unclear’. Jenness asked students to guess how many beans there were in a jar,they were then asked to discuss in groups. Lastly they were asked to give their estimates again, individuals estimates tended to converge to the group norm.It seems reasonable that when in an ambiguous situation (were the answer isn't obvious ) we look to others to get some ideas about behaviour . Jenness's research is limited as he specifically asked participants to produce a group estimate rather than just observing if they would produce group estimates. Sherif conducted a similar investigation into responses to an ambiguous stimulus using the auto kinetic effect ( this is where a stationary spot of light projected on to a screen appears to move) Sherif told participants he was going to move the light , he asked the pp’s to estimate by how far the spotlight...
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...Social Psychology * How people influence one another * We have a bio need for social interaction * Social isolation activates areas of cingulate cortex (also associated w/ physical pain) * We seek to conform to a group (evolutionarily) Social Facilitation: The presence of others enhances our performance 1897 – 1st social psych experiment – bicyclist’s bike faster when racing others rather than the clock Social Disruption: Presence of others worsens performance (usually when task is difficult Attribution Assigning a cause to someone’s behavior (Why you are acting the way you are) Internal Attribution Saying that the cause of a behavior is because of an internal personality (This person acts this way because that’s the way she is) External Attribution Attribute cause of behavior to something external (The person is acting this way because of an external reason- life problems) Fundamental Attribution Error Lee Ross (1977) Tendency to overuse the internal attribution for other behavior, but underused it for yourself (for ourselves, we use the external attribution) Social Comparison theory Leon Festinger (1954) We evaluate our own beliefs, reactions, behaviors by comparing them to others. Can lead to mass hysteria When entire group behaves irrationally Most likely when situation is ambiguous “Collective delusions” entire group is convinced of something false Conformity Tendency to conform behavior as a result of...
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...animal Books by Elliot Aronson Theories of Cognitive Consistency (with R. Abelson et al.), 1968 Voices of Modern Psychology, 1969 The Social Animal, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Readings About the Social Animal, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Social Psychology (with R. Helmreich), 1973 Research Methods in Social Psychology (with J. M. Carlsmith & P. Ellsworth), 1976 The Jigsaw Classroom (with C. Stephan et al.), 1978 Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth (with A. Pines & D. Kafry), 1981 Energy Use: The Human Dimension (with P. C. Stern), 1984 The Handbook of Social Psychology (with G. Lindzey), 3rd ed., 1985 Career Burnout (with A. Pines), 1988 Methods of Research in Social Psychology (with P. Ellsworth, J. M. Carlsmith, & M. H. Gonzales), 1990 Age of Propaganda (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992, 2000 Social Psychology, Vols. 1–3 (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992 Social Psychology: The Heart and the Mind (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 1994 Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (with S. Patnoe), 1997 Nobody Left to Hate: Teaching Compassion After Columbine, 2000 Social Psychology: An Introduction (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 2002, 2005, 2007 The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (with R. Aronson), 2006 Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me) (with C. Tavris), 2007 Books by Joshua Aronson Improving Academic Achievement, 2002 The Social Animal To...
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...http://content.yudu.com/Library/A2nagu/SocialPsychologyAron/resources/3.htm Chapter 2 Methodology: How Social Psychologists Do Research Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.) |Topic |Question |Factual |Conceptual |Applied | | |Type | | | | | |Multiple Choice |1 |2 | | |Introduction | | | | | | |Essay | | | | | |Multiple Choice |6,19,21 |9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,18 |3,4,5,7,8,17,20 | |Social Psychology: An | | | | | |Empirical Science | | | | | | |Essay |240 | | | | |Multiple Choice |24,28,36,41,54,59,73,74,75, |27,29,31,33,34,35...
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...ENGINEERING ETHICS Concepts and Cases This page intentionally left blank F O U R T H ENGINEERING ETHICS Concepts and Cases g E D I T I O N CHARLES E. HARRIS Texas A&M University MICHAEL S. PRITCHARD Western Michigan University MICHAEL J. RABINS Texas A&M University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Engineering Ethics: Concepts and Cases, Fourth Edition Charles E. Harris, Michael S. Pritchard, and Michael J. Rabins Acquisitions Editor: Worth Hawes Assistant Editor: Sarah Perkins Editorial Assistant: Daniel Vivacqua Technology Project Manager: Diane Akerman Marketing Manager: Christina Shea Marketing Assistant: Mary Anne Payumo Marketing Communications Manager: Tami Strang Project Manager, Editorial Production: Matt Ballantyne Creative Director: Rob Hugel Art Director: Cate Barr Print Buyer: Paula Vang Permissions Editor: Mardell Glinski-Schultz Production Service: Aaron Downey, Matrix Productions Inc. Copy Editor: Dan Hays Cover Designer: RHDG/Tim Heraldo Cover Image: SuperStock/Henry Beeker Compositor: International Typesetting and Composition c 2009, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution,...
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