...Socioeconomic inequalities in the Health and Nutrition of Children in Low/Middle Income Countries: Discussion Summary Antonio Taylor Stratford University HCA 505: Global Health Professor Ostrander January 27, 2016 Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Health and Nutrition of Children in Low/Middle income Countries: Discussion Summary Introduction Child malnutrition remains one of the world’s most fundamental challenges for improved human development. Because the time and capacities of caregivers are limited, there are too many children in the world that are unable to access and effectively use at all times the food and healthcare services they need for a healthy life. Hundreds of millions of children in less developed countries suffer from poor health can nutrition. Children in most less developed countries also complete far few years of schooling, and learn less per year in schooling, than their counterparts in developed countries. Recent research has shown that poor health and nutrition among children reduces their time in school and their learning during that time. Background There is a long standing tradition of research on socio-economic health inequalities in contemporary high income countries. Early studies in the socioeconomic inequalities were often done by physicians engaged in social movements, who focused on the influence of living conditions on health. Attention for socio-economic health inequalities have been changing since the 19th century. At...
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...Millennium Development Goal INTRODUCTION The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight international development goals that all 193 United Nations member states and at least 23 international organizations have agreed to achieve by the year 2015. The aim of the MDGs is to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. They derive from earlier international development targets, and were officially established following the Millennium Summit in 2000, where all world leaders present adopted the United. The Millennium Summit was presented with the report of the Secretary-General entitled ‘We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century’. Additional input was prepared by the Millennium Forum, which brought together representatives of over 1,000 non-governmental and civil society organizations from more than 100 countries. The Forum met in May 2000 to conclude a two-year consultation process covering issues such as poverty eradication, environmental protection, human rights and protection of the vulnerable. A major conference was held at UN headquarters in New York on 20–22 September 2010 to review progress to date, with five years left to the 2015 deadline. The conference concluded with the adoption of a global action plan to achieve the eight anti-poverty goals by their 2015 target date. There were also major new commitments on women's and children's health, and major new initiatives in the worldwide...
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...Gender and Health Gender is a crucial element in health inequities as it influences the control men and women have over the determinants of their health, including their economic position and social status, access to resources and treatment in society. Decades of active lobbying by non-governmental organizations and women’s rights advocates have had a major influence in ‘gendering’ health policies, such as the shift in focus from family planning to reproductive health paradigms and the global acknowledgement that violence against women is as much a health issues as a social issue. The Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen, in his seminal book ‘Development as Freedom’, emphatically stressed the relationship between women's education, social status and overall child and maternal health when he made education and health as the two basic capabilities that makes life meaningful and the enjoyment of freedom possible. Analysis of economic and socio-cultural context is an important component of health policy analysis because contextual factors significantly influence the health policy process and the overall health of population directly and indirectly. Paying attention to contextual factors helps in understanding the role of the state, society and market forces influencing health agenda, health planning and implementation, and even more important health outcomes. Health as a sector best typifies the fallacy of the trickledown theory – that despite periods of high economic growth and activity...
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...Title: “The Role of Health Promotion in Reducing/Eradicating Non-Income Poverty amongst the Rural Population in Developing Countries” Introduction Health and Poverty are emerging global issues at the front of development debates, discussions and initiatives. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (UNDP, 2013), brings to the global agenda an urging need that deserves proactive global attention if lives will be saved. Non income poverty happens when people may have a little bit of money but otherwise the quality of their life is not good. They do not have access to affordable social and physical services like schooling, health care, medications, safe water, good sanitation, good transport etc., and they may not feel safe in their homes either because they cannot trust the authorities or because they belong to some particularly vulnerable group The first MDG goal directly stresses out the significance of poverty while goals 4, 5 & 6 relate to health. The rest focus more on the socio-environmental, economic and political issues that largely determine the population’s ill-health and wellbeing. Hence it is inevitable that poverty and health are globalised issues with greater local impacts that both must be addressed well using integrated approaches if quality health outcomes need to be achieved. The concept of health promotion in particular provides the overarching framework to practically address health inequalities and inequities that are determined by the broader...
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...With changes needed, our society needs to confront the future development of sustainability in this country. We need modifications in our behaviors, institutions, and technologies. As defined by The United Nations (UN) sustainability is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs” As stated by The UN “This requires the integration of its economic, environmental and social components at all levels by continuous dialogue and action in global partnership.” We need to find a way to balance environmental goals, social goals and economic goals. The World Conservation Union says that we are currently out of balance and heavy in economic and social goals and deficient in realistic and working environmental goals. The World Conservation Union also remarks “development decisions by governments, businesses and other actors do allow trade-offs and put greatest emphasis on the economy above other dimensions of sustainability. This is a major reason why the environment continues to be degraded and development does not achieve desirable equity goals.” The report goes on to say that the integration of economic, environmental and social components cannot be treated equally because the economy is an institution that emerges from society and that they are virtually one. The same as society creates rules to mediate the exchange of goods or value. The environment on the other hand is not created by society and tradeoffs...
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...1 Environment and Development Challenges: The Imperative to Act Gro Harlem Brundtland, Paul Ehrlich, Jose Goldemberg, James Hansen, Amory Lovins, Gene Likens, James Lovelock, Suki Manabe, Bob May, Hal Mooney, Karl-Henrik Robert, Emil Salim, Gordon Sato, Susan Solomon, Nicholas Stern, MS Swaminathan, Bob Watson, Barefoot College, Conservation International, International institute of Environment and Development, and International Union for the Conservation of Nature, This paper is a synthesis of the key messages from the individual papers written by the Blue Planet Laureates (Annex I describes the Blue Planet Prize), and discusses the current and projected state of the global and regional environment, and the implications for environmental, social and economic sustainability. It addresses the drivers for change, the implications for inaction, and what is needed to achieve economic development and growth among the poor, coupled with environmental and social sustainability, and the imperative of action now. The paper does not claim to comprehensively address all environment and development issues, but a sub-set that are deemed to be of particular importance. Key Messages We have a dream – a world without poverty – a world that is equitable – a world that respects human rights – a world with increased and improved ethical behavior regarding poverty...
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...Human Rights and the Millennium Development Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and reporting UNITED NATIONS Human Rights and the Millennium Development Goals in Practice: A review of country strategies and reporting UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2010 Note The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. HR/PUB/10/1 © 2010 United Nations All worldwide rights reserved Credits Photographs: Goal 1: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 2: © International Labour Organization/ G. Cabrera; Goal 3: photo by Adam Rogers/UNCDF; Goal 4: © UNICEF Armenia/2007/Igor Dashevskiy; Goal 5: © International Labour Organization/E. Gianotti; Goal 6: © World Lung Foundation/ Thierry Falise; Goal 7: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet; Goal 8: © International Labour Organization/M. Crozet. About the publication This publication builds on a series of country and thematic background studies commissioned for the regional “Dialogues for Action: Human Rights and MDGs”, which took place in...
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...issues in the economic and politics, which let it behind the Asia neighbors such as China, Malaysia, and Thailand. The GDP fall, inflation declined, the unemployment stayed high, and the foreign investors left the country. The main central issue in the Indonesia was high level of endemic problem of corruption. According to the Transparency International, studies shows that Indonesia is ranked 100 out of 183 counties as most corrupt. Indonesian Lawyer Todong Mulya Lubis mentioned, “Change is inevitable” (Naomi, 1998) and requires long time for normal level of the economic growth. Moreover, he pointed out there were corruption in every stage in government (Naomi, 1998). Indonesian’s Goals: Indonesia has a lot to do to improve its economic and politics environments. In September 2000, the Millennium Summit was issued...
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...A CASE OF POVERTY IN KENYA INTRODUCTION MEANING OF POVERTY The synonyms of poverty can be said to be beggary, indigence, neediness, hardship, a state of being extremely poor inferior in quality and in amount or the scarcity and deficiency, shortages, absence or lack more in amount. Therefore is a condition where people’s basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. Poverty is generally of two types i.e. absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is synonymous with destitution and occur when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health. It also includes deprivation of basic human needs including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. The graph below shows the proportion of the world population in extreme poverty between 1981-2008 according to the World Bank . Relative poverty occur when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by the government (enjoyed by the bulk of the population that vary from country to country or within the same country. 1964, in a joint committee, economic presidents’ report in US, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty, ‘no objective definition of poverty exists… The definition varies from place to place and time to time. Different people and organizations view poverty differently. For example, Adam Smith in 1776 in Wealth...
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...inadequate access to potable water and use sources contaminated with disease vectors, pathogens or unacceptable levels of toxins or suspended solids. Drinking or using such water in food preparation leads to widespread acute and chronic illnesses and is a major cause of death and misery in many countries. Reduction of waterborne diseases is a major public health goal in developing countries. Water has always been an important and life-sustaining drink to humans and is essential to the survival of all known organisms.[1] Excluding fat, water composes approximately 70% of the human body by mass. It is a crucial component of metabolic processes and serves as a solvent for many bodily solutes. The United States Environmental Protection Agency in risk assessment calculations assumes that the average American adult ingests 2.0 litres per day.[2] Drinking water of a variety of qualities is bottled. Bottled water is sold for public consumption throughout the world. Requirements A fountain in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France. The sign reading Eau potable indicates that the water is safe to drink Main article: Fluid balance Some health authorities have suggested that people drink at least eight glasses, eight fl oz each (240 mL), of water per day (64 fl oz, or 1.89 litres),[2][3] and the British Dietetic Association recommends 1.8 litres.[1] This common misconception is not...
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...Council and Munich Re. More information about the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy can be found at: http://www.cccep.ac.uk The Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment was established in 2008 at the London School of Economics and Political Science. The Institute bring together international expertise on economics, as well as finance, geography, the environment, international development and political economy to establish a world-leading centre for policy-relevant research, teaching and training in climate change and the environment. It is funded by the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, which also funds the Grantham Institute for Climate Change at Imperial College London. More information about the Grantham Research Institute can be found at: http://www.lse.ac.uk/grantham/ 2 The economic crisis and the two great challenges of the 21st century Nicholas Stern 9 March 2009 Securing our common future: a conference on the future of international development (DFID conference) 1. Two great global challenges and a serious economic crisis The two great challenges of the 21st century are the battle against poverty and the management of climate change. On both we must act strongly now and expect to continue that action over the next...
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...Child Survival in Bangladesh KEY STATISTICS Under-five mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1000 live births) Percentage of child deaths between age 1 and 17 due to injury Infants fully vaccinated by 12 months (%) All data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2007, except: * Bangladesh Health and Injury Survey 2003 ** EPI Coverage Evaluation Survey 2009 65 52 37 38* 75** BACKGROUND Bangladesh has made significant progress in improving the health of its children. It is one of the few countries in the developing world that is on track to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4: reducing the under-five mortality rate by two thirds by 2015. Bangladesh is among only six countries in the world that have reduced by half or more their child mortality rate since 1990 (from 151/1000 in 1990 to 65 in 2007). The infant mortality rate has also significantly declined to reach 52 deaths per 1000 live births in 2007 from 117 deaths/1000 in 1990. Despite these inroads, challenges remain. While the mortality rates have improved overall, major inequalities among the population need to be addressed. The under-five mortality rate is 86/1000 for the poorest quintile while the richest quintile records only 43/10001. The recent Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey conducted in 2009 also shows huge geographical disparities with the least performing district, Sherpur, recording 102 deaths...
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...original attachment Page 1 IT and Health Submitted by Lekshmi P Roll no:09810036 MBA 1 ST year Department of Management Studies Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Page 2 Department of Management Studies,IIT Roorkee Page 2 Abstract This paper tries to present the overview of ICT and the health sector and also tries to identify the key issue and questions in this field .It also mentions the challenges facing the development of ICT implementation in health programmes and activities, and identifies the emerging trends and technologies that will shape ICT tools in the health sector. This paper also tells about the E- health standards existing and the various barriers related to establishing uniform standards. The paper also talks about the New Public Sector Management .And throughout the paper we will discuss some specific cases which will show us exactly how the ICT is changing the face of the health sector in some countries . Page 3 Department of Management Studies,IIT Roorkee Page 3 Contents 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................4 2. ICTs and the health-related MDGs (Millennium Development Goals)...............................................5 3. Using ICTs in the Health sector...........................................................................................................6 3.E-Health Standards .............................
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...Broadcasting Corporation BCC Behaviour Change Communication CFSC Communication for Social Change CSO Civil Society Organisation DFID Department for International Development FAO UN Food and Agricultural Organisation FBOs Faith Based Organisations FHI Family Health International GFATM Global Fund for AIDS, TB and Malaria HDR Human Development Report HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICTs Information and communication technologies IEC Information, Education and Communication MAP Multi-country AIDS Programme MDGs Millennium Development Goals NGO Non-governmental Organisation PLWHA People living with HIV and AIDS PMTCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission STI Sexually Transmitted Infection TAC Treatment Action Campaign UNAIDS Joint UN Programme on HIV and AIDS UNESCO UN Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation USAID United States Agency for International Development VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing WHO World Health Organization WTO World Trade Organization INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background In developing countries, preventable diseases and premature deaths still inflict a high toll. Inequity of access to basic health services affects distinct regions, communities, and social groups. Under-financing of the health sector in most countries has led to quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in service delivery and to growing gaps in facility and equipment upkeep. Inefficient allocation...
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... 12/4/12 INTRODUCTION The United Nations Global Compact, also known as Compact or UNGC, is a United Nations initiative to encourage businesses worldwide to adopt sustainable and socially responsible policies, and to report on their implementation. The Global Compact is a principle-based framework for businesses, stating ten principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption. Under the Global Compact, companies are brought together with UN agencies, labour groups and civil society. The Global Compact is the world's largest corporate citizenship initiative and as voluntary initiative has two objectives: "Mainstream the ten principles in business activities around the world" and "Catalyse actions in support of broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)."[1] The Global Compact was first announced by the then UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan in an address to The World Economic Forum on January 31, 1999[2], and was officially launched at UN Headquarters in New York on July 26, 2000. The Global Compact Office is supported by six UN agencies: the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; the United Nations Environment Programme; the International Labour Organization; the United Nations Development Programme; the United Nations Industrial Development Organization; and the United Nations Office on Drugs...
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