...From Earthquakes to Tsunamis Canada’s West Coast which is home to beautiful British Columbia, has experienced a fault line issue which created more earthquakes with magnitudes greater than any other of the provinces and territories. Out of the 4000 earthquakes that happen per year in Canada, scientists at the Geological Survey of Canada stated that there are “approximately 1000 earthquakes each year in western Canada” (Lyons, 2013). The most seismic earthquakes happen on the shore of Vancouver Island. Recently there have been many fault lines discovered in British Columbia that could lead to very dangerous natural disasters. Looking back at the history of the fault lines, specific complications, and what could happen next in the future, we will be well informed of the reasons for geological faults as we compare data and realize what is to come. The earliest known earthquake to be recorded that happened on the west coast of Canada happened in the M9 Cascadia Subduction Zone. On January 26, 1700 a fault line running through undersea Cascadia “ruptured along a 1000 km length, from mid Vancouver Island to northern California in a great earthquake” (The M9 Cascadia, 2013). This created a colossal amount of damage and a huge tsunami was formed as well which went across the Pacific Ocean. On the Richter Magnitude Scale, the M9 earthquake was a 9 which meant that there was great damage to buildings, near to total destruction, and many unfortunate casualties. On December 14, 1872...
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...The divergent boundaries are where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other. The convergent boundaries are where the crust is destroyed as one plate drives under another. The Transform boundaries are where the crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates slide horizontally past each other. And the Plate boundary zones are the broad belts in which boundaries are not well defined and the effects of plate interaction are unclear. They move slower than a few centimeters a year, slower than fingernails grow. The plates move in three ways, they move together, converge, they move apart, diverge, or they move past each other. They are said to have three types of edges or boundaries, convergent, divergent, and transform. Convergence is hen the leading edge of a plate meets another, one turns downward. The downward motion is called subduction, subducted plates move down into and through the asthenosphere and gradually disappears. Plates diverge at volcanic zones in ocean basins, the mid-ocean ridges. These are long, huge cracks where lava rises from below and freezes into new lithosphere. The two sides of the crack are continually pulled apart, and the plates gain new material. The north Atlantic island of Iceland is an example of a divergent zone above the sea level. Transform boundary is where plates move past each other. These are not as common as the other two boundaries. The California San Andreas fault is a well-known example of transform...
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...Labs on-line website an earthquake is the sudden release of stored energy, caused by the shifting of tectonic plates. The energy release is a shock wave or seismic wave. The seismic wave is what causes the ground to move or shake, when this occurs we have a earthquake. According to the 2008 United States National Seismic Hazard Maps a lot of the west coast as far south as Hawaii, and north to Alaska has a lot of earthquake activity. The Pacific “Ring of Fire” (named for the large amount of active volcanoes), has a lot of tectonic activity. Tectonic plates are large plates of rock that make up the foundation of the Earth's crust and the shape of the continents. Question: What patterns do you see in the distribution of earthquakes across the continental United States? Answer: Earthquakes occur on fault lines, a location where tectonic plates have collided together and shifted or are sliding past each other. The size of the earthquake depends on how much slide or shift occurred. Most fault lines are located in costal areas, because of the continental and oceanic plates colliding together. Most of the United States earthquakes occurs on the west coast. California, and the entire west coast including Hawaii, and Alaska have the highest hazard rating at 64+, central locations of the United States like Texas, North and South Dakota seem to have the lowest risk of earthquakes, however Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Arkansas all share a fault line which...
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...multifaceted planet Earth have many different metals and rocks that make up the layers that surround the liquid core. On top, the many different plates of the crust move in different ways and form boundaries. The boundaries cause many different, violent reactions such as volcanoes that produce powerful eruptions. As I will cover in this paper, the plates move in three different ways, which give way to three different types of effects on the surface. The first type of boundary is the divergent boundary. These boundaries form when two plates or more separate from each other and create an area of new crust that is magma as it flows up from the mantle (Watson 1999). Divergent boundaries are distinct in that new crust is always formed because of the plates flowing in opposite directions. A good example of a divergent boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The vast amount of plates and faults had created an underwater mountain range that extends from the Northern Artic all the way down to the tip of Africa (Watson 1999). Although this mountain range has taken millions of years to for, it originally created the oceans that surround the continents today. Another type of boundary is the convergent boundary. This type of boundary acts completely different from a divergent boundary in that convergent boundaries either move towards each other or under each other. Mountains or highlands may form if the plates collide head on, but sometimes when they move under each other subduction zones are...
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...NELSON MANDELA METROPOLITAN ELECTRICITY & ENERGY DEPARTMENT A CASE STUDY It was an “Initiation” management committee meeting for Jack Simons, the newly appointed General Manager (GM) for the Electricity & Energy Department at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality. He was recruited from Eskom just over three months ago. He was replacing Piet Volsoo who opted for an early retirement after 17 years with the Municipality. Management committee meetings are known for heated exchanges between various divisional heads, GMs, city manager and the mayoral committee members. Having worked for a corporate giant as Eskom, the challenges at Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality (NMMM) were not insurmountable he thought to himself. Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality came into existence after 2000. It is the amalgamation of the Port Elizabeth, Uitenhage and Dispatch Municipalities. It supplies electricity to an area of 1959,9 square kilometres. It receives its supply at the Chatty main 132kV intake substation from Eskom and distributes it at primarily 22kV, 11kV and 400 V to 225 large industrial customers, 41 081 medium businesses and 155 758 domestic consumers. The Electricity department has also initiated a major drive to electrify the informal areas within the Metropole. This was a “strategic priority” according to the recently approved Integrated Development Plan of the Metropole for 2002 – 2006. It has electrified 62 600 erven at a cost of R63 million since 1995...
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...two machines system, involving two synchronous generators connected to a substation grid through circuit transmission lines. In order to gain much further comparison of the results, it is considered also the two different types of synchronous generators’ rotor types, salient-pole rotor and non-salient pole (round) type rotor. Transient stability studies are associated to the effects of faults on the synchronism of the generators. These disturbances may include faults on loss of load, loss of generation or loss of system components such as transformers or transmission lines. When fault is applied, the power generated from the nearby machine is reduced, producing speed differences during the time interval of the fault occurrence. Fig 1. Two machines system When the generator electrical load is suddenly increased, the electrical power exceeds the mechanical power input. This power deficiency is supplied by the kinetic energy stored in the rotating system. The reduction in kinetic energy resulted turbine speed to drop and as well as the frequency of the generator. This change of speed can be adjusted by a governor, which is an attachment to a machine for automatic control or limitation speed; it controls the energy through the prime mover to control its power. Governor changes the input valve to change mechanical power output, thus bringing the speed to a new steady state. Another aspect to be considered in this analysis chapter is the application of the excitation system...
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...Aviation (TAMMS-A) This revision-o o o Adds an Aircraft Transfer Decision Table (chap 1). Converts the removal/achievement codes back to failure codes (chap 1). Adds procedures for the Unit Level Logistics System-Aviation (chaps 1, 2, 3, and 4). Introduces DA Form 2408-14-1 (Uncorrected Fault Record Aircraft) (chap 2). DA Form 2408-14 (Uncorrected Fault Record) will no longer be used for aviation equipment. Incorporates Standard Army Maintenance System procedures (chap 3). Adds procedures for documentation of component repair at Aviation Intermediate Maintenance and depot levels of maintenance (chap 3). Adds phase maintenance and periodic inspection documentation procedures (chap 3). Adds information on migrating automated DA Form 2410 (Component Removal and Repair/Overhaul Record) data (chap 3). Changes DA Form 2410 and instructions. Therefore, the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command’s Guide/Workbook for the DA Form 2410, The Army Maintenance Management System Aviation (TAMMS-A), October 1992, is obsolete (chap 3). Adds instructions for DA Form 2408-16 (Aircraft Component Historical Record) and DA Form 2410 to track aircraft survivability equipment electronic countermeasures and avionics systems Line Replaceable Units that have software installed (chaps 3 and 4). Incorporates the forms and records instructions published in TB 1-2840-24820-2 (One Time Inspection and Conversion of Forms and Records for T700, 701, and 701C Series Gas Turbine Engines) (chaps 3 and 4). Incorporates the...
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...concentration of infrastructure makes it vulnerable to earthquakes, but at the same time it also gives it the resources it needs to respond to earthquakes or any other hazards. L.A. has had a few large scale earthquakes in the last decades and some geological experts predict it will suffer a major quake in the near future. How it has responded to those disasters in the past is what has laid the foundation as to how the city will deal with future earthquakes or other hazards and attempt to minimize their impact on the city. Los Angeles lies around 60 miles from the San Andreas Fault. This fault line is one the most active fault lines in the world and as such is capable of producing severe earthquakes. And even though Los Angeles doesn’t lie directly underneath it like the city of San Francisco, the fault line does pose a great danger to the city. But even more of a threat to the city is the many unknown smaller fault lines that run beneath it. With a population of over 4 million people, a large size earth quake would cause substantial damage and injure or kill a large number of people. L.A. has had around six major earthquakes that were 6.0 or stronger in the last hundred years. It does also have thousands of small ones throughout the year that people don’t even feel. The last major earthquake that struck the city was in 1994. This earthquake which has been dubbed the Northridge quake was one of the worst the city ever experienced. It caused the deaths of over 60 its citizens and caused...
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...1. State the managerial role that Mr. Frank Chan-fan has performed. Suggest another TWO roles that Mr. Frank Chan-fan will perform to deal with the cable car’s litany of faults. Justify your answer. Answer: Frank has performed as spokesperson. Spokespersons’ responsibility is transmits information to outsiders on organization’s plans, policies, actions and results. In this case, Frank explained to the public of the result of investigation. He said that the cable car system is reliable and has no safety problem. Frank would also perform as disseminator and disturbance handler. After the technical fault had happened, the public image of the Ngong Ping 360 services was completely damaged. Some customers will be unsatisfied with his company. These external customers may use other public transport to replace Ngong Ping 360. This action may make Ngong Ping 360 lose a lot of money. To prevent this situation, Ngong Ping 360 would receive comments or criticisms from their customers (outsiders). In this case Frank will perform disseminator. A disseminator is responsible for transmitting information received from outsiders or from subordinates to the member of organization. Frank need to receive other information from public to provide a better service to public and give out a health and reliable image to public. Moreover disturbance handlers’ responsibility is correct action when organization faces important, unexpected disturbances. In this case, Frank can be acting these two roles...
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...Izmir, Turkey – The Pearl of the Aegean Janet P. Santos Walden University August 16, 2014 Izmir became the third largest city in the country of Turkey, which is comparable in area to the state of Massachusetts and is approximately size as the state of Texas. During both, the Roman and Byzantine - Ottoman Periods in which Izmir was averted from adversary possession on September 9, 1922 during the War of Independence (Index Mundi. com, 2013). Turkey is located in the northeastern quadrant of the Mediterranean Sea and also in the Southeast portion of Europe in addition to the Southwest segment of Asia. It also touches to the North near the Black Sea, in addition to the West near the Aegean Sea. Turkey also neighbors countries such as Greece and Bulgaria, which borders to her west. Along the North and Northwest, and through the Black Sea she has the following countries bordering: Russia, Ukraine, and Romania. To the East she has the following countries bordering: Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Finally to the South she has Syria and Iraq bordering her. Lastly, the following bodies of water divide her and they include: the Dardanelles, the Sea of Marmara, and the Bosporus (Index Mundi. com, 2013). Izmir, just like the entire country of Turkey, has many disadvantages primarily due to their geological weakness known as the Aegean plate boundaries (Komuscu, 1995). Turkey sits literally amid two massive tectonic plates. The Eurasia and The Africa/Arabia, which are...
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...different types of plate margins that can cause earthquakes. The first type of plate margin is called the divergent margin, this is when oceanic or continental lithospheric plates move apart from each other due to mantle convection and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle. The majority of these divergent margins are located in the ocean. One example of this type of margin on land is the Imperial Valley of California/Mexico. Another type of plate margin is the convergent margin and this happens when two plates move together or converge meaning one plate sinks (is subducted) under another. There can be three different types of convergences: oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, continental-continental. One place where oceanic-continental convergence has occurred is off the coast of South America, along the Peru-Chile trench. The Nazca Plate (oceanic) is pushing into and being subducted under the South American Plate (continental) and this is what has created the Andes Mountains. The last type of plate margin is called transform faults or conservative (because plate material is not created or destroyed at these boundaries) instead these plates slide past one another. A big example of a transform fault would be the San Andreas Fault located in California....
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...Fault Essay (30 marks) Fault can be defined as legal responsibility or blame for an offence or misdeed. It also refers to the mental state of the defendant. The basic principle is that a D should be able to contemplate the harm that his actions may cause and should therefore aim to avoid such actions. In general, a person cannot be criminally liable and subjected to criminal sanctions unless it can be proved that he carried out an illegal act in a blameworthy manner. An act does not make a man guilty of a crime unless his mind is also guilty. The state of mind of the D is hugely important in assessing whether or not he is at fault. However, to be found guilty of most criminal offences (true crimes) both an AR and MR must be proved. The AR also includes elements of fault. These elements relate to the level of responsibility, a positive voluntary act is considered more blameworthy than an omission. The AR of an offence must be voluntary or done with free will for there to be any criminal liability. The D must be in control pf their actions. There are in fact situations where the AR is involuntary and the D is therefore not at fault. Automatism shows the D has no fault if they are not in control of the act they have committed. Quick for example could plead automatism as it was argued that the insulin he had taken made him attack a mental patient, therefore it was not his fault. This lack of fault is reflected in the outcome: a successful plea of automatism results in an acquittal...
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...Earthquakes On October 17, 1989, as my family and I were preparing to watch game 3 of the World Series, a special news break announced that there had been a devastating earthquake that had struck the San Francisco bay area. News cameras quickly began showing the devastation that this magnitude 6.9 earthquake had wrought. Buildings were on the verge of collapse and the two tier bay bridge had partially collapsed trapping hundreds of motorists. 63 people lost their lives due to the earthquake, 3,500 were injured and over 100,000 buildings were damaged (bbc.co.uk, 2005). Earthquakes are notorious throughout history as devastating phenomena, but what causes them? In order to understand what makes the earth tremble so violently, you have to delve deep under the Earth’s surface. At one time, scientists thought that the earth’s crust or Lithosphere was continuous without any breaks or cracks but in the 1960’s, new research showed that the lithosphere was actually a fluid puzzle of irregular segments, or plates. These plates are made up of cool, solid rock that is four to forty miles thick. These enormous blocks of Earth’s crust vary in size and shape and cut through continents and oceans. There are nine major plates. Six of them are named for the continents they are embedded in: the North American, South American, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, and the Antarctic. The other three are oceanic plates called the Pacific, Nazca and Cocos plates. These plates are in constant...
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...you win, you can choose between serving first or to start play at either end of the court. Your opponent can then exercise the remaining choice. Scoring system The rules of badminton states that a badminton match shall consist of the best of 3 games. In doubles and men's singles, the first side to score 15 points wins the game. In women's singles, the first side to score 11 points wins the game. If the score becomes 14-all (10-all in women's singles), the side which first scored 14 (10) shall exercise the choice to continue the game to 15 (11) points or to 'set' the game to 17 (13) points. The side winning a game serves first in the next game. Only the serving side can add a point to its score. Recently BWF have been testing a new scoring format of 21 points per game on all major Badminton competition and decided to replace the old format permanently. Change of ends The rules of badminton states that you have to change ends with your opponent after finishing the first game. If a third game was to be played, you shall change ends when the leading score reaches 6 in a game of 11 points or 8 in a game of 15 points. Rules of Badminton - Singles Serving and receiving courts You shall serve from, and receive in, the right service court when you or your opponent has scored an even number of points in that game. You shall serve from, and receive in, the left service court...
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...Geol 107 Final Exam Questions 1. What is the Earth’s magnetic field and what causes it? Earth’s magnetic field is largely a dipole, meaning that it has two poles- a north pole and a south pole. 2. What are faults and how are different types defined? A fault is a large fracture on which sliding occurs, that slopes gently to the west. Motion along a fault doesn’t happen continuously, but rather rocks along a fault slowly bend and eventually snap. The intersection between a fault and the ground surface is the fault trace, or fault line A) Normal faults form during stretching or extension of the crust. The hanging wall moves down B) Reverse faults form during squeezing and shortening of the crust. The hanging wall moves up and the fault is steep. C) Thrust faults also form during shortening of the crust, but the fault’s slope is gentle (<30 degrees) D) On a strike-slip fault, one block slides laterally past another, so no vertical displacement takes place E) As oceanic plates spread apart at mid oceanic ridges, they must slide past other plates, along transform faults 3. What is the lithosphere and asthenosphere? (defined by strength) The lithosphere is a zone of strength, where if you apply enough stress, it will break causing an earthquake. The lithosphere is 0-100 km thick between oceans, and 100-150 km thick between continents. The lithosphere consists of the crust plus the uppermost part of the mantle. The asthenosphere is a zone of weakness...
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