...March 12, 2014 Define presidential doctrine and summarize the regional or global events during the Cold War leading up to the formation of the presidential doctrine you wrote about in Assignment 1. A doctrine is belief or policy taught or advocated by either a political party, church or other group. It also can be defined as a body of teachings or instructions. In this particular case President Richard Nixon’s presidential doctrine is being described from previous Assignment 1. A president should want to announce a presidential doctrine because it becomes the foundation on which a country builds its foreign policy upon. After being elected in 1969, President Nixon’s doctrine focused on justifying and accomplishing his goals of withdrawing American troops from South Vietnam during a costly war. With American strength in Vietnam reaching 500,000, it was time for Nixon to act on his promise that got him elected. With Americans extremely displeased with the casualty rate reaching 15,000 and the war costing the U.S economy 25 billion, on July 25, 1969, President Nixon established that from now on Asian countries fighting against communist aggression would have rely on their own manpower instead of American troops. He also stated that in exchange for troops, United States would send military advisors and weapons, and furnish military and economic assistance. With this doctrine he was able to recall nearly 10,000 troops by the end of 1969. Select one country you wrote about...
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...President Nixon (1969-1974) inherited Vietnam conflict, as well as stirred up USSR, which was trying to reach out its fleers in the Third Word. Therefore, it is not surprising that for Nixon, the policy of containment was of huge importance. He knew that the world just could not be divided into being communists and democrats. Additionally, another peril was the fact that both sides had more than enough nuclear arsenals. Consequently to somehow relax the situation Nixon proposed Nixon’s Doctrine . According to this doctrine ➢ The United States agreed to honor existing treaty commitments; ➢ The US would provide a nuclear shield to any nation vital for the US national security; ➢ The US was also ready to help other than of vital importance nations...
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...anti-war groups. • They were also against racial discrimination and strict college rules. • Rich mans war but a poor mans fight Free Speech Movement • Berkeley students disputed over rights of students • students challenged campus police and striked in large mass • nearly decade of campus turmoil • moved along to Columbia and other colleges Weathermen • 1969 • small groups of militants that cultivated popular imgae of student radicalism= cahos + disorder • responsible for arson, bombing= destroy campus buildings + lives • tried to drive out training programs + bar military recruiters from college campuses Antiwar rallies • in protest of Vietnam war, many individuals gathered to advocate against the political minds and US presence in Vietnam • 1960s (late '60s) • organized some of the largest political demonstrations in American history Anti-draft movement • Protests against the military draft. • 1960s and 70s • only voluntary participation. Many left the country Counterculture • culture with values and beliefs different then the mainstream • 1970s Woodstock • A music festival held in New York in 1969 • the beatles, jimmy hendrix Termination • Reducing size of bureaucracy by cutting programs/agencies - reduce budget • Permanent cuts have been limited. • -Citizens dislike the bureaucracy but benefit from provided services Assimililation • Minority groups adoption of the beliefs and way of life of the dominant culture. National Congress of American Indians...
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...Assignment #2 Current Events and U.S. Diplomacy Jared Tate Professor: Marcy Troy POL300 Contemp Intl problems March 8, 2013 A doctrine when being issues by a governmental body is a reference towards the government’s international policies, particularly involving foreign affairs and military strategies. In President Richard Nixon introduced the “Guam doctrine” during a trip to Guam on July 25th 1969 which would coincide with the exact day in which American forces would start their retreat from the jungles of Vietnam. This doctrine being issues was seen by the President as a way of reversing the countries previous stance of protectionism encouraging the countries allies to use greater resources in their own defense allowing the U.S to have the ability to respond to the new international issues it was facing during the cold war. President Nixon believed this was an important stance for the country to take as The nation’s military was being spread too thin and could not keep going at this pace without the ability of these nations to supplement the U.S. military with their own forces. This step would make it more realistic for the U.S. to continue to assist these nations with economic and military assistance. During the cold war the relationship between the U.S. and Vietnam was at an all-time low as the U.S was entrenched alongside the South Vietnamese in a war against the communist held North. This fighting has been ongoing since the 1950’s when...
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...U.S. Diplomacy POL 300 January 31, 2012 The key problem for his presidency clearly would be the Vietnam War. It had driven his predecessor from office, and if it were not resolved in a way that could be turned to political advantage, it would drive him from office as well. Two months after Nixon assumed the presidency, American combat deaths exceeded thirty-six hundred, and there seemed no end in sight. Nixon was in a dilemma, for during the campaign he had said that he had a "secret plan" to end the war but could not divulge it because it might upset the Paris peace negotiations. If his plan involved escalation, Democrats could charge that he was abandoning attempts to reach a peaceful solution and could point to mounting American casualties and prisoners of war. If he negotiated a solution that led to the fall of the government in Saigon, Democrats could charge he had abandoned an ally. Nixon had to find a way to cut American commitments while preserving the non-Communist government in South Vietnam—at least for a "decent interval" so that the overthrow of the regime could not be blamed on the United States (Morgan 2002). Nixon, his national security adviser Henry Kissinger, and Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird settled on an approach with several elements. First, the Laird policy for "Vietnamization" was adopted. Responsibility for fighting would be turned over to the Vietnamese, in order to reduce American casualties. Gradually American forces...
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...Final Exam Vietnam and America 1. Discuss the war under Johnson (1963-68). Why did the Johnson administration expand U.S. military in Vietnam in 1965? How did it do this? Were these actions effective? If not, why were they ineffective? In what ways did the Johnson administration deceive the U.S. Congress and the American people about the reasons for increasing American intervention in Vietnam and the tactics the administration employed to fight the war? Vietnam consumed Johnson’s energy and his presidency. Johnson, who believed in containment and the domino theory, saw Vietnam as a test. His foreign policy advisors, many who remained from the Kennedy administration, shared his views. Johnson had been in Congress when China became Communist, and he vividly recalled the domestic political turmoil that followed as Republicans attacked Democrats for “losing” China. He would not, he said, “be the president who saw Southeast Asia go the way China went.” The war was going poorly in South Vietnam and the political situation in Saigon became uncertain as one unstable government succeeded another. Also, the 1964 Tonkin Gulf crisis was a crucial event in the war’s escalation. Out of frustration, President Johnson, acting on the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, ordered bombings of military targets in North Vietnam. This was known as Operation Rolling Thunder. President Johnson also explained that the reason for being over in Vietnam was to help South Vietnam...
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...Nixon and the U.S. Rapprochement with the People’s Republic of China When Nixon began his presidency, the relations between the United States and China had been fraught ever since Mao Zedong’s Communist Party achieved power and established the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Less than a year later in 1950, the Korean War, in which American troops died at the hands of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, further exacerbated the situation. The next twenty years were characterized by American opposition to UN membership for Mainland China, three crises between the two nations in the Taiwan Straits, threats of nuclear attack, and the fighting of a proxy war in Vietnam. But the two decades of hostility and nonrecognition of the People’s Republic of China was brought to an end during President Richard Nixon’s administration, marked most prominently by Nixon’s historic visit to Mainland China in 1972. In ending this hostile estrangement, Nixon thus executed the first stage of a momentous diplomatic revolution in U.S. policy towards Communist China. This turning point, as Nixon and his National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger suggested, also “changed the world” by transforming a Cold War U.S.-Soviet bilateral international system into a tripolar one, in which powers are balanced and national interests are secured. In the process of the rapprochement, President Nixon, managed to show the world his sound judgment, pragmatic perspective, and negotiation strategy in the field...
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...Ch 2 - The court System Research the following landmark cases and write brief description of each in your own words. Explain whether you agree with the decision reached by the court. Powers of the President 1952 - Youngstown Sheet & Tube Company v. Sawyer In 1952, after the employees of steel companies threatened to strike, the President of the United States Harry Truman (President Truman) ordered the Secretary of Commerce to seize the Nation’s steel companies. The steel companies sued. 1974 - United State v. Nixon The special prosecutor in the Watergate scandal subpoenaed tape recordings made of President Nixon (the “President”) discussing the scandal with some of his advisers. The President claimed executive privilege as his basis for refusing to turn over the tapes....
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... Even though he was heavily conservative, he refused to overturn previous Supreme Court Case decisions and was in support of affirmative action as well as many abortion rules. o Ironically, the tables would end up turning after Nixon and his Watergate Scandal went down. The Supreme Court under Burger agreed unanimously that Nixon needs to disclose all of the recorded tapes from his office and most likely accept the truth of impeachment. As we learned in the previous chapters, Nixon escaped this by retiring right before the vote went through within the Senate. • Finally, another era would arrive in the very late 1900’s where Justice Rehnquist would create a powerful and united panel of judges. o A high point this court is known for is its participation in the famous election of 2000 or court case Bush v. Gore. This was the “highlight”, the rest of it was attempting to stay in a stable relationship with the other two branches, especially Congress. o Other than that, it worked to simply remain neutral and stopped the progress the past two eras were making in regards to protecting the people’s...
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...Impact of US Foreign Policy on the Vietnam War The Vietnam War is one of the most talked about wars in history. It began in 1959 and did not end until 1975. These years saw protests, conflicts, casualties, and confusion for the United States, as well as the terms of three presidents: John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon. When U.S. involvement in the war began under Kennedy, it was originally put out as a plan for the United States to only aid the South Vietnamese, but, after his assassination, Johnson was put in charge. The path that the war took under Johnson was filled with controversy and large numbers of casualties. When Johnson did not run for a second term, Nixon was left in charge to ultimately turn things around. Soon, all of the American troops were removed from Vietnam, and the war slowly began to come to a close. But what was it about Nixon’s foreign policy that was so much more successful than Johnson’s? Was Nixon’s policy more closely related to Kennedy’s successful strategy than Johnson’s was, and, if so, why didn’t Johnson do a better job modeling his policy after Kennedy? These are all questions that political scientists still look at today as a way to solve the many questions that are still being posed about the war. I have looked deeply into these questions, and found answers through researching the history of Vietnam as well as the three presidents. As I read about each event that unfolded, it became clear to me why there were such...
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...The purpose of converting Cuba into communist was to pressure the United Sates; as an example, the Bay of big (1961) or the Cuban missile crisis (1962). At the time the U.S had a new president John Kennedy that intervened with the CIA and using the operation 40, founded by Eisenhower that consisted in creating “Cubans in sabotage tactics and carryout assassinations missions in Cuba” (“Cold War Hot Moments”7). After the missiles in October 27, 1962 there was an agreement in removing the missiles attacks name MAD. After a while another big war came the Vietnam war (1969) and a new president in the U.S was in charge Richard Nixon. Even though the U.S knew it couldn’t win the battle with Vietnam, Nixon decided to continue it because of two economic agreements with China and with Russia and the Soviet Union. In 1972, the Russia agreement S.A.L.T.I was an “Interim agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist republics on certain measures with respect to limitation of strategic offensive arms” (Ruddy 2014). This lead to greater communication with the Vietnam War. Meanwhile, one of the events that helped to end the War with Vietnam was the Pentagon Papers that where released by Daniel Ellsberg and exposed the fact that the U.S didn’t have the possibilities to win the battle and their economic benefits with China. With all the tension descending...
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...S. Diplomacy President Lyndon. B. Johnson (1963-1969) The President which I have selected for my doctrine analysis is President L. B. Johnson who was the 36th president of the U.S. Lyndon B. Johnson served the nation for four years. Johnson was a democrat from Texas and after John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963, Johnson became the president of the U.S.. Johnson’s involvement in the Vietnam War will always be remembered, as he increased the American involvement in the matter of Vietnam. Due to this decision, the vision of the United States push towards peace and prosperity was distorted and reversed. Johnson was highly criticized due to Vietnam War and was succeeded by Richard Nixon who was a member of the Republican Party. Americans voted republican because the Democratic party was divided into different feuding fractions during the time of Lyndon. B. Johnson. The Doctrine of Johnson was articulated after the intervention of the Dominican Republic in United States in 1965. The domestic revolution was also declared by Johnson stating that intervention of Dominican Republic in the Western Hemisphere is not a local matter. The doctrine of Johnson is considered to be an extension of the Kennedy’s Doctrine. It is considered that this doctrine was proposed to oppose the movements of democracy in Latin America which was in favor of military dictatorship of right-wing in U.S (Levy 2002). Doctrine of Kennedy The doctrine of Kennedy was articulated by President John. F. Kennedy...
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...Democratic-Republican; notable events include the Marbury v. Madison Supreme Court decision, the Louisiana purchase (and subsequently the Louis and Clark expedition), the Embargo Act, the ending of the international slave trade in the United States, and the establishment of West Point James Madison 1808 and 1812; Democratic-Republican; notable events include the War of 1812, let the charter of the First Bank of the United States expire, but realized it was difficult to finance a war without the bank, so he chartered the 2nd Bank of the United States James Monroe 1816 and 1820; Democratic-Republican; his time in office is described as "The Era of Good Feelings," notable events include the Missouri Compromise, the establishment of the Monroe Doctrine, the acquisition of Florida from Spain, and several internal improvements such as The Cumberland Road John Quincy Adams 1824; Democratic-Republican; notable events include the creation of the Tariff of 1828 (known as the "Tariff of Abominations") and his support of Alexander Hamilton's American system (tariffs, national bank, and internal improvements) Andrew Jackson 1828 and 1832; Democrat; nicknamed "Old Hickory," notable events include the so-called "bank war" caused by his absolute opposition to the 2nd Bank of the United States, the Nullification Crisis caused by the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, his policy of Indian removal, and the first attempt to assassinate a president Martin Van...
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...A4 Dwight Eisenhower Background Information Dwight David Eisenhower October 14, 1890 March 28, 1969 Educational and Occupational Background West Point Governor of Occupied Germany Supreme Allied Commander President at Columbia University Term(s) in Office First Term – 1953 Second Term – 1957 Issues During Election(s) Opponents Adlai Stevenson Alben W. Barkley Vice President Richard Nixon Political Party Republican Domestic Happenings Korean War ends- the war ended on July 27th, 1953. 1954 Army-McCarthy hearings- a series of hearings held by the United States Senate'sSubcommittee on Investigations between April 1954 and June 1954. The hearings were held for the purpose of investigating conflicting accusations between the United States Army and Senator Joseph McCarthy. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas- declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional. 1955 Rosa Parks’ action leads to Montgomery Bus Boycott- changed history its lf for social structure and the treatment of blacks. 1956 Suez Crisis- a diplomatic and military confrontation in late 1956 between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other, with the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw. Federal Highway Act- authorization of 25 billion...
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...The Environmental Policy of the United States The environmental policy of the United States is federal governmental action to regulate activities that have an environmental impact in the United States. The goal of environmental policy is to protect the environment for future generations while interfering as little as possible with the efficiency of commerce or the liberty of the people and to limit inequity in who is burdened with environmental costs. This policy grew mainly out of the environmental movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s during which several environmental laws were passed, regulating air and water pollution and forming the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Partially due to the high costs associated with these regulations, there has been a backlash from business and politically conservative interests, limiting increases to environmental regulatory budgets and slowing efforts to protect the environment. Since the 1970s, despite frequent legislative gridlock, there have been significant achievements in environmental regulation, including increases in air and water quality and, to a lesser degree, control of hazardous waste. Due to increasing scientific consensus on global warming and political pressure from environmental groups, modifications to the United States energy policy and limits on greenhouse gas emission have been proposed, but such efforts have made limited progress. Power delegation and policy jurisdiction[edit] Executive branch[edit] ...
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