...the short term, it is essential for normal day-to-day and economic productivity. If there aren’t enough people around in your age group due to low reproduction, social relations become difficult, and so does communication. Economically, if there aren’t enough people participating in the market, then it will grow unstable. On an individual level, once a child is raised in a family, there will be an economic return in them providing for that individual later. This could be accomplished through direct interaction from child to parent, or from someone receiving benefits from someone else’s child from the Social Security Administration after retirement. That is the focus here. If we cannot successfully reproduce over the next generation, then there won’t be enough workers to attend to the retirees from the previous generation that rely on Social Security. This makes reproduction a need. Why it isn’t being met in the United States. In the United States, we have a very slim rate of population growth, and that number is steadily and consecutively declining. Population growth can come in two forms, internal growth and immigration. As for internal growth, as of 2013, according to the World Bank Group (2015), the birth rate per one-thousand people was 12.5. This means that only 13 or so...
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...Executive Summary The Malaysian economy has been experiencing waves and waves of turmoil from multiple macroeconomics aspect for the past few years and it is no longer resilient as it used to be. There is no short cut to do a quick fix to our ailing economy and reviving it to a strong and sustainable growth path will require a long term effort. Therefore by understanding the factors that contributed to its demised will allow us to better evaluate if a particular approach to safe the economy is potentially viable or just another disastrous attempt. Thus, we have to meticulously examine every long term step that we take. The Factors According to Esther (2015a) one of the factors contributing to the fall of our economy is declining private consumption growth. Private consumption indicates the consumption of goods and services by households and it has been slowly declining over the past few years. Private consumption growth was at 8.2% in 2012, 7.2% in 2013 and drops back to 7.1% in 2014. The projection by Bank Negara for year 2015 is 6%. Consumers are holding back their spending during school holidays, festive seasons and yearend sales. This is mostly due to cautious spending by the consumers. Most of the retailers suffered a drop in their profit margin. Malaysia is still a resource-based country and the Government is heavily dependent on oil revenue. The country’s oil-related revenue is at RM63 billion in 2013, it accounts for 29.5% of the total government income. Falling...
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...water or changing tastes, but the sales of milk as a beverage have fallen t the lowest level in nearly thirty years and the US adults are no longer consuming the dairy industry iconic product. This is a fact as most people nowadays prefer water than milk and even many complain of stomach problems or improper indigestion. These are reasons best known to them but it seems that milk consumption, though it is vital in our life has considerable been dropping. Unless marketers could think of a better way to refine the product and add flavors or provide consumers with new and attractive product, the decline in milk consumption will continue. The target market for milk is adults and children. However, the dairy products do target a significant population of older people who need milk for many reason to strengthen their bones, add more vitamins, and for other healthy reasons. Barret (2012 pointed out that even in the milk-thirsty Great Lakes region, that is the leader in milk consumption are struggling with the downward trend gripping the dairy industry for many years. This trend has to be looked into from the perspective of the industry not redefining itself to manufacture dairy products that meet the needs of the consumers and that could be more competitive with dairy products from other global competitors. According to information by Barrett (2012), the US beverage milk sales in the year 2011 were six billion gallons which was the lowest since 1984 as cited from the U.S. Department...
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...Introduction World economy is facing recession today. Every country with largest economy has been affected by that. Largest economy country such as USA’s economy has fallen. As everything is now globalized all the country of the world has felt impact on different degrees. Bangladesh’s economy is going upward day by day. Being so conservative with economy Bangladesh has somewhat stopped the bad effect of recession. Since Bangladesh is a developing country it is not safe from any global effect. Bangladesh’s economy is in a vulnerable position. Globalization has liberated the business among the countries of the world. Now open market method or free trade has increases the competition between countries of the world. Bangladesh’s economy is not in such condition though it has made progress. Bangladesh’s political instability and deficiency in international matters are some impediment of its growing economy. Still we are dependent on import which is also a cause of vulnerability. Our trade system and keeping away from the global matters also are hampering the growth. As a developing country our economy is not an established economy. So our financial budget of every year is a deficit budget. We have to much depend on foreign help. Being industrially backward our export products are declining which causes a negative impact on the balance of trade. We have to concern in utilizing the resources. Development programs are always going on which need machinery that we have to buy from...
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...of Business and Public Management The George Washington University BY Anil Kumar Cheerla FINA 6224 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT WASHINGTON, DC January 26, 2011 Q1: Consider which comparable peers are good matches and use them to perform a multiples analysis, calculating and defending an estimate of Crocs value. Soln: Comparable companies analysis – Done to determine appropriate valuation multiple for Crocs, Inc. • • Selected peer group based on industry, business and financial characteristics Included explosive growth stocks such as Lulelemon & Under Armour having similar prospects for growth and ROIC as Crocs, Inc. and some mature, stabilized businesses with stable industry growth rates – Nike, Deckers & Timberland. This mix will help us provide valuation from an aggressive sales growth and maturing sales context. Some characteristics used in selection include – o Primary or at least significant portion of business revenue comes from footwear & apparel – analogous to Crocs primary business o Has product appeal to large group of customers o Has distinct product attributes (innovative/creative) and differentiation from competition o Has wide range of distribution channels o CAGR Sales growth, COGS to Sales & Significantly less debt exposure on their balance sheets o Have characteristics of high octane growth and show signs of maturity and stabilizing long-term growth similar to well established footwear brands. • Valuation Multiples The objective was to compare operating...
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...China’s New Challenge: Declining Happiness in a Growing Economy By Shiyu Song Dr. Nikolaev Econ 385R 03J 21st November 2013 Abstract Since 1978, China has seen a sustainable rapid growth in its economy. China’s real GDP has already surpassed 7 trillion US dollars in 2011 in current dollars, and it has replaced Japan as the world’s second largest economy. People in China also have significant improvements in their standards of living and material life. However, my findings contradict the notion that an increase in income and standard of living will gain people happiness. My major findings show that income inequality and other major social problems, such as lack of religious belief and faith, political problems, and family burden have contributed to the decline of happiness among Chinese people. Other negative feelings emerging with the rapid economic growth, such as greed, interpersonal distrust and less compassion show adverse effects on Chinese happiness. I conclude the research by suggesting possible future researches for further studies. 1. Introduction After the Cultural Revolution ended in 1978, China launched a comprehensive reformation in its state controlled economy under the new leadership, Mr. Deng Xiaoping. Since then, China has gradually opened its door to the world and begun its transition into a market economy. (Chai, 1997) Over the past thirty years, China had the most enduring and rapid economic growth in the human history. According to the Federal...
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...The collapse of the American economy that was manifested in the US stock market collapse, and the inefficient policies of the Federal Reserve that were unable to solve the situation, but actually made it worse, and the international economic relations which limited economic cooperation and trade were all factors that contributed to the Great...
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...learnt that Janntech Enterprises International, a US based manufacturer and distributer of “Mandingo Bitters”, an energy boost and sexual stimulation and enhancement drink, generated out of ‘The Alafia Tree Trunk and Roots’ originally from Africa, is a company with a vision of occupying a clear, unique and advantageous position in the consumer’s mind as an effort to influence the consumers perspective of its brand, and to retain customer loyalty to gain market dominance. In creating an environmental scan for Janntech Enterprises, the company focused on trends in the nutraceutical soft drinks industry as a whole, and the impact of events in the current political and economic climate in the country, particularly the possible outcome of the current elections in the US. Regardless of the political climate in the country and the state of the economy, the threat of competition, especially new entrants into the market, and the introduction of newer products targeting the female segments of the target market, the outcome of which is stiffer competition, price concessions, resulting in revenue loss, is a bigger threat to the company. This is all because, globally, the market for nutraceutical soft drinks has been growing at just below 10% each year and this is expected to continue for the next three years at least. Even though the largest nutraceutical soft drinks market in the world is that of Japan, the second largest is the US – worth US$6.2bn. (Key Trends...
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...Discuss the trends in the golf equipment industry and how it may impact a company’s strategy. Ans: According to new the United States Golf Association (USGA), Golf equipment manufacturers are forced to launch the equipment within the limitation. Therefore, the product differentiation is not quite high while recreational golfers do not enjoy playing due to lack of innovational equipment. Also, the USGA states that there are various factors that result in the declining of golfers such as: - Game difficulty: Golf equipment manufacturers are forced to follow the new USGA rules, thus, recreational golfers are suffered from the limitation of golf equipments. They cannot enjoy playing golf as much as before while new golfers face the difficulty of playing. - Time consuming for practice: According to the limited innovation of golf equipment, golfers need lots of time to practice while they also have take responsibility to their job and spend time with their families. - High golf fee: Some golfers realize that golf fee is high, as a result, they cannot practice frequently. 2. Discuss the importance of innovation, brand, performance, and price in the golf equipment industry. Ans: Good reputation and image can lead to brand loyalty. That’s why many brands use lots of advertising expenditure to promote their brands. As the leading sports brand in the world, Nike has a clear marketing advantage over its competitors. Nike spends some of their annual revenues on advertising to...
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...the Recent Economic Downturn In 2007, strong growth in the third quarter lead most to believe that a recession had been avoided, however, this proved not to be the case. A decline in GDP growth is the cause of recessions. Typically, there will be a “goldilocks” economy or an irrational exuberance prior to a recession, followed by a market crash. Prior to the 2007 – 2009 recession, the housing market was going up. Everyone “knew” house values could only go up and behaved accordingly; banks lent too much money to consumers bought too much house. Once the market crashed, the stage was set for a recession. Many factors affecting the aggregate demand curve had declines. As mentioned, home equity declined, as well as the stock market. This decrease in wealth decreased consumption and consumer confidence leading to lower spending. As consumers cut back on spending, business confidence also fell with additional decreases in consumption and also investments. Additionally, foreign GDPs were also declining leading to a decrease in exports. The changes in these variables all caused a shift back in the aggregate demand curve, lowering the GDP. Attempting to counteract the recession, the Federal Reserve pumped money into the economy, increasing the nominal money supply. As the value of the dollar decreased, interest rates were kept low, allowing the exchange rate to remain favorable for exports. Additionally the government increased spending by way of stimulus packages for banks, automakers...
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...State that there are mainly 3 causes of unemployment in Singapore. Cyclical unemployment in Singapore State Cyclical unemployment is related to the business cycle. Elaborate During an economic downswing (recession or depression), aggregate demand decreases and firms find they cannot sell all their current output, and stocks pile up. Firms will then adjust to the deficiency of demand by cutting back on production and reduce workers, leading to an increase in cyclical unemployment. Exemplify Over the last 2 decades, recessions or economic slowdown have been largely triggered by external shocks to our economy such as the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997/98; global dotcom crisis in 2000/01; September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001; the SARS epidemic in 2003 and most recently the Global Financial Crisis (US sub-prime mortgage crisis) in 2008/09. The economy went into sharp contractions as a result of these external shocks. These shocks badly affected our export trade with the rest of the world, tourism and international banking as well as financial services sectors. In short, it hit our export revenue (X) and investment (I) components of AD causing domestic output to fall. And since exports from Singapore are dominated by high-end manufactured goods and services which tended to have a high income elasticity of demand, falling global income could lead to a more than proportionate fall in demand for Singapore’s exports and hence have a pronounced adverse effect on Singapore’s...
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...experienced from January 2014 until August 2015. Demand Quantity of a particular product or service that is desired by the buyer is called Demand. The demand is basically depends on the price of the product. If the product price is low then the demand is high on the other hand if price is high then the demand is low. This relationship between demand and price is known as demand relationship. In this way the amount of a good that buyers purchase at a higher price is less because as the price of a good goes up, so does the opportunity cost of buying that good. In this way people will naturally avoid buying those things that are not valued for them. The chart below shows that the curve is a downward slope Figure1. Demand Relationship Curve The chart shows that higher the price lower the demand. Here P represents Price and Q represents Demand. So P1 is showing high price but Q1 means Demand is very low at that level. Then price goes down at P2 the demand increased at Q2 and so on. That means generally price reflects the demand. This demand relationship curve illustrates the negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. (Heakal R. E., 2015) “But the other factors like substitute in consumption, complements in the consumption, Income of the consumers which also affects the demand of the product even at the same price there will be shift in the demand curve at that price.” (A. Griffiths, & S. Wall, 2011) Supply Supply means how much the market can offer to the...
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...NOVEMBER, LED BY THE US From early September to mid October the MSCI World and MSCI Emerging Markets indices completed a near 10% correction—the first since mid 2011. However, the recovery since then has been led by developed markets, particularly the US, while emerging markets (particularly when measured in US dollars) have traded broadly sideways with significant country variations. In November, the MSCI World and MSCI Emerging Market indices rose 2.9% and 1.1% in local currency terms, respectively. Among developed markets, Japan was the best performing market (up 6.2%). For the first time in seven months, Europe outperformed the US (up 3.7% against 2.6%). Australia was the worst performing developed market, declining 3.5% in local currency terms, suffering as resource prices (notably oil and iron ore) declined precipitously. We will discuss the impacts of the rising US dollar and falling oil prices in some detail below, but suffice to say this backdrop was negative for emerging economies, in aggregate. Generally we try to avoid spending too much time analysing the impacts of currency movements on market returns as investors have differing currency exposures. However, November is a notable exception. The continuing surge in the US dollar and the interaction with commodity prices has been profound. In developed markets all major currencies depreciated against the US dollar, most notably the Japanese yen, transforming a 6.2% return in yen terms into a 0.3% return in US dollars. Similarly...
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...Central University Members of the Board of Regents President J.A. Kufuor Members of the Council of State Members of Parliament Excellencies, Members of the Diplomatic Corps Representatives of Political Parties Captains of Industry and Finance Distinguished Invited Guests Faculty Students Members of the Media Ladies and Gentlemen I would like to begin by thanking all of you who have taken time out of your busy schedules to make the journey to this beautiful and serene campus this evening. For me, it is an honor and a privilege to be delivering my first public lecture as visiting professor at Central University College on a topic that is literally on the minds of most Ghanaians today. What can we do about what appears to be a perpetually declining value of our currency, the cedi? I would like to say from the outset that this subject is very much one of economics and not politics. It is therefore important that we stick to 2 the empirical evidence and data1 in reaching conclusions. I am hoping that at the end of this lecture, some light would be thrown on the issue for a dispassionate and nonpartisan discussion by all stakeholders that would inure to the benefit of Ghana. Mr. Chairman, the exchange rate is a price, just like the price of any good or service. It is the price of one currency relative to another. How much of one currency does one need to give up to get one unit of another currency? The rate of exchange generally reflects the purchasing power of one currency relative...
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...more widely used. Globalization, however, is not too difficult a word to understand when we interpret it as a phenomenon where goods, people, information and services are now more easily coming together over national boundaries. Behind globalization, no doubt, is rapid technological innovation. The idea is that globalization is dramatically making our globe smaller, our spectrum wider and our various networks larger. Some people argue that there are downfalls however, including flooding information and heightening psychological insecurity from various types of inequality. We are required to face globalization while fully understanding the positives and negatives of globalization. Globalization is likely impacting not only on how economies work, but also on what a state actually is. For example, some experts maintain that the function of a state is diminished by globalization and forced to focus efforts on localization and regionalization. I would like to examine from various aspects how globalization influences states,and public policies, especially on the educational policy by taking Japan as an example. 1. What is Globalization? First, I would like to examine what globalization is. A translation in Japanese would be “integration of the globe,” but what exactly does it mean when the globe integrates? Economically, our globe is certainly being integrated and we have less and less borders. Our life, however, is still full of borders, especially in terms of politics...
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