...and evaluated. Finally, a recommended course of action for the company will be discussed. Facts Surrounding the Case At the time that Cialis was developed as an erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment, that landscape was being dominated by a single player. Viagra, developed by Pfizer, was released four years prior and enjoyed great success over the previous three years. Viagra, whose main ingredient is Sildenafil, was generating over $1 billion in sales for Pfizer year over year for the previous three years (Ofek, 2010). While Viagra was successful in its initial years in the initial market, it was not without its problems. Patient satisfaction with Viagra was below 50% in all markets with the exception of Germany and Italy. Viagra was only effective for hours post dosage, and was affected by the consumption of a high fat meal before taking the medication. It seemed that a fatty meal lessened the body’s ability to absorb the drug. Conversely, Cialis was effective up to 36 hours after a dose was administered. Also, Cialis was not affected by the fat content of the patient’s meal prior to taking the drug. This gave ICOS Lilly an advantage with Cialis as they prepared to enter the marketplace....
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...Ewa Wolsztyniak-King Professor Joyce Gelb FIQWS 10048 – Gender and Politics in the United States November 25, 2008 WHY HAS THE UNITED STATES NOT HAD A WOMAN PRESIDENT? Women have held top political positions in many countries around the world. Some of these countries such as Sri Lanka, Turkey and Pakistan are not necessarily considered “pro-woman” or politically progressive. The United States considers itself the most progressive democracy in the world, yet no woman has ever held the top political position of president or vice president Looking at the current climate of women’s issues with politics, it is just a matter of time before a woman will hold the position of president or vice-president in the United States. This is a relatively young country founded on social values passed down from traditional Western European schools of thought where women have been primarily positioned as a wife and mother instead of a respected player in business and politics. While women stayed at home and cared for children, men were developing contacts and gaining political know-how. Moreover, traditional women’s occupations such as teacher and nurse did not introduce women to politically active individuals. Media plays a valuable role in presenting candidates to the American voting public. A media bias against women exists in the United States. The first woman to run for president was Victoria Woodhull in 1872. Since that time, fifteen other women have been nominated by their...
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...Administrative Ethics Jolinda Chavez HCS/335 July 24, 2011 Katherine Rossiter Administrative Ethics Core Problems in the Health System According to the article, Crossing Our Lines; Working Together to Reform the U.S. Health System, by Howard Baker, Tom Daschle, and Bob Dole, “The problems policymakers seek to resolve through comprehensive health reform are significant. Today, the nation’s health care system focuses primarily on treating illness and not improving population health. Additionally, health care spending and premiums are rising at a rate that is unsustainable for our nation’s families, businesses, and governments. Growth in health care costs is much higher than growth in wages and gross domestic product (GDP). Consequently, despite a wider range of better medical treatments becoming available, more and more people are struggling to afford even the most basic levels of care. Particularly in the face of the recent economic downturn, growing numbers of people are losing their jobs and the health benefits those jobs provide. Many others are finding that they can no longer afford to pay monthly insurance premiums and out-of-pocket cost sharing for needed medical services. Rising cost trends also extend to public health care programs, with states forced to cut other services, including education, to maintain their Medicaid programs. The federal government’s long-term fiscal problem is largely related to cost and demographic trends that are causing unsustainable...
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...Culture: an essay First, a definition. You will notice that the phrase is made from separable units: popular, and culture. Popular, I think, expresses the essential character of a high-tech, media-dominated age. Hence, by popular culture, I do not mean a culture everyone “likes” — as common usage would have it (“she’s the most popular gal in grade nine!”). If the media are correct, this is emphatically not the character of popular culture. No: pop culture is a “popular” one because it addresses itself to and thereby captivates the attention of The People. Every day each person is addressed by cultural institutions — television for instance — which assume as their audience nothing short of the Collective Man. It is the nature of popular culture to get into one’s daily life, whether discussions, chat, entertainment, or sex. And it does not matter who one is, popular culture makes few rhetorical distinctions, for we are all “of the people.” Innovations in technology guarantee that this will be the case not only in North America, but increasingly also in (for examples) Tokyo, Paris, and Beijing, each of which is becoming increasingly “Americanised.” Another way of saying this: the world is increasingly adopting the trappings of mass-produced popular culture, a culture “of the people.” And we are all of us of the people. By Culture I intend those instituted actions and objects expressing that which is held in high esteem. For the public articulation of personal beliefs is never free...
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...magnificant bravery and determination this generation had, and the times of incredble hardships that this generation had to endure. This genertation was full of men and women willing to go above and beyond in order to serve their country in any way, shape or form they could, and their civil doings didnt stop their. They were people with great character willing to do anything needed to help others, and their country. Thomas Broderick was a premed student when the war started. He joined the Marines, where he had a private room, ate great food, and got a great pay. But alas, that wasnt enough service for Tom. he decided to quit and join the Airborne, which was one of the deadliest branches of the military. After Airborne training, his cptain offered him a sargent job, but he refused because he wanted to fight overseas. Only when he was fighting overseas he was shot in the tmple and he went blind . He returned home to his wife, where he started a insurance business and a family. he didnt let his blindness control his life. He was determined to succeed. From the beggining he wasnt the man to take the easy way out, he even wouldnt let his wife get handicap plates and refused to be handicapped. He did everything that a normal father and businessman would do. (p. 17-23) Many of the soldiers in the war dropped out of high school in order to fight for their country. This is patriotism at its finest. The risked their education, not knowing how they were going to succeed after the war,...
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...Blood Donations: The Causes and Effects of Advertising There are many people walking the face of the earth at this very moment because of the unselfish benevolence and caring of blood donors throughout the United States. This generosity, without a doubt, is responsible for saving an immeasurable amount of lives each and every year. Many individuals simply don’t know what is involved with donating blood, so they don’t or can’t bring themselves to do it. For the scores of people who can’t, they could volunteer in other areas, including making financial contributions that would help with advertising costs. Educating the general public on the pros and cons of blood donation should be at the top of the list when advertising. When the twin towers were attacked on September 11, 2001, a record number of Americans donated blood in support of the tragedy on that day. According to Korcok (2002): So much donated blood was wasted after last year's Sept. 11 terrorist attacks that US blood banks have struck a special task force to ensure that it doesn't happen again. More than 200,000 units of whole blood had to be thrown away after Americans donated 500,000 extra units in September and October. Donated blood is discarded if it remains unused after 42 days... fewer than 260 units were actually needed to treat victims of the attacks in New York and Washington. This special task force is responsible for developing consistent advertising campaigns which will focus on specific...
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...Question 1 The level of market concentration is quite high which is proved using the HHI as shown below. (Considering the banana sales of 1994 as given in the case) Brand Banana Sales Market Share % Chiquita 2,377,032 48 Dole 960,400 19 Fyffes 563,324 11 Geest 528,719 11 Noboa 280,000 6 Del Monte Produce 240,000 5 TOTAL 4,949,475 100 Because there are few players in the industry, comparatively less competition and high concentration in the market, we consider the banana industry to be an Oligopoly market, which has high barriers to entry. The barriers to entry are: • High start up cost: A new firm entering the banana market will need to have huge capital to make banana production feasible. Banana production requires vast amounts of lands to grow the banana trees. Bananas are also a perishable item which increases their maintenance cost. • Economies of scale: Banana Industries have significant economies of scale where minimum efficient scales occur at high input levels. Thus a new entrant must produce high volume to reduce the cost and make profits. If a new entrant with vast land produces fewer bananas then it will be very costly to maintain the banana production. • Licenses: The government regulations may be very stringent requiring various licenses to trade banana in the world market. The licenses would be very expensive to own which is a barrier to new entrants. • Distribution channels: It is required to have a strong distribution system globally to distribute...
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...and over the counter medications (Pfizer, 2010). Pfizer’s Pharmaceuticals segment includes its human pharmaceuticals and animal health businesses, as well as Capsugel, a producer of two-piece capsules used in manufacturing prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements (Pfizer, 2010). Most of the company’s human pharmaceutical revenues come from products in three major therapeutic classes: cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and central nervous system disorders. The company also has products for the treatment of diabetes, erectile dysfunction, and allergies, as well as a co-promoted product for arthritis. In 2000, the company had eight human pharmaceutical products with sales to third parties of one billion or more each. These products were Lipitor, Norvasc, Zoloft, Neurontin, Celebrex, Zithromax, Viagra, and Diflucan. Lipitor, Pfizer’s largest selling product, is for treatment of high lipids, cholesterol, and...
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...battle between Congress and the president has never stopped for even one second. The check and balance system guarantees both Congress and the president can oversee each other`s powers and veto its opponent`s decisions. Especially when the ideas come from female, Congress is always hard to be persuaded on these opinions. In the very beginning, there was no business related to women in this inherent war because those sexist founding fathers did not give voting right to female voters. After ladies got right to vote from the Amendment XIX of the Constitution, American women thought that they finally have same discourse power equal to men. However, actually, even in today, it is harder for any female candidate to compete for power than a male candidate. It is because that the whole government system, which includes legislative, executive, and judicial, is biased against women. And people can easily find the evidence from Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and Elena Kagan`s experience and encounters. Congress had defeated Hillary Clinton`s healthcare bill when she was still First Lady. This tarnished her reputation considerably, and was looked upon as a rebuke from Congress. The 1993 reform of health care was considered a bill would be submitted by Congress by most citizens. However, after an over one year debate, neither the Senate nor the House wanted to enact First Lady`s proposal into the law. Republican senators Bob Dole and Phil Gramm smeared Ms. Clinton with many sexist words. Congress...
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...The long and difficult 13-year journey to the marketplace for Pfizer's Viagra Introduction There are many stories that have emerged over the years concerning Pfizer's product Viagra. Some of these are true but many are simply fictional stories developed to try to reinforce a particular argument. One of the most common is that Viagra was the result of luck. This case study explores the long 13year journey from laboratory to the marketplace and explores some of the key challenges faced by Pfizer; most notably, project evaluation considerations, when the available market research evidence suggests a small market for the product. And product launch considerations, when impotence is such an unpopular topic that it is almost impossible for advertisers to refer to it without alienating the very con sumer base they are trying to reach. What is Viagra? Pfizer's Viagra is now part of business folklore in terms of an example of a successful new product. Viagra is now one of the most recognised brands in the world; it has become a social icon with annuel sales in excess of $1.9 billion. And it has transformed Pfizer from a mediumsized pharmaceutical firm into the world's leader. Yet, Viagra was almost dismissed during clinical trials as interesting, but not clinically or financially significant. It is true Viagra was something of ...
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...Hunger In the past ten years, the world has seen many changes and advances, but none hold as many possibilities as genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is turning up all over, and it is definitely here to stay. Just as computers and plastics changed most aspects of living, since they were invented, biological engineering has the potential to do the same in the future. This new technology has a wide range of possible benefits, from helping farmers and sick people, to improving foods and helping the environment. Genetic engineering may even one day be used to help solve world hunger. Genetically engineered crops might seem an ideal solution. Yet both current data and past examples show problems and provoke doubts as to their necessity.There is no simple solution to end world hunger. Genetic engineering is not the answer, just as pesticides weren't the answer. Even increasing food production is not the answer. World hunger will only end when the underlying causes of poverty are addressed. Poverty stops people from obtaining their basic right to food - either because they have no means to purchase food or they have no access to the farmland and natural resources necessary to meet basic food needs (http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/edumat/IHRIP/circle/modules/module12.htm). Genetically engineering crops do not address the poverty that causes hunger – in fact it threatens to make it worse. Do the proponents of genetically engineered food think that agribusiness companies will distribute...
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...Product Team Cialis: Getting Ready to Market – Case Analysis 1) What are the most relevant dimensions to use to segment the patient market for ED treatment? Select only the most relevant! Define the segments that emerge from the dimensions you chose. For a successful launch it is very important to understand the customers and try to segment them in an appropriate way. They can focus their forces in physicians, in patients or in partners. In this case, let us consider the patient market. The most relevant dimensions to segment this market are demographic and psychographic. In the first one, we have some variables that are opportune to use, as they differentiate people potentially interested in purchasing Cialis, and these variables are age, gender, sexual preference, marital status and income. In the second one, we have variables like attitudes, interests and opinions, because people have different lifestyles and so they will have different needs and different ways of thinking. For instance, one person can be a bit embarrassed with this problem, another one can be ok with this; one person can have a spontaneous need of this product, another one can have a regular need to consume this. These are good variables that will able us to define good segments! We can also enumerate another dimension that is in my opinion less important than the others: geographic dimension. In this, we can differentiate people from different countries or states. Finally, in order to define segments, let...
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...creatively resolve the tension between those 2 ideas by generating a new one that contains elements of the others but its superior to both. This process of consideration and synthesis can be termed integrative thinking. It is this discipline that is a defining characteristic of most exceptional businesses and the people who run them. Not every good leader exhibits this capability, nor is it the sole source of success for those who do. But integrative thinking tremendously improves people’s odds (possibilitats). Many great integrative thinkers aren’t event aware of their particular capability and thus don’t consciously exercise it. Opposable Thumb, opposable mind Red Hat faced what seemed like 2 alternative paths to growth. AS Red Hat looked to grow beyond its $1 million in annual sales, it could have chosen one of the 2 basic business models in the software industry. 1. classic proprietary-software model sold customers operating software but not the source code. These companies had wide profit margins because their customers, lacking access to the source code, were essentially locked into purchasing regular upgrades. 2. Free-software model: suppliers sold CD-ROMs with both the software and the source code.--> Prices were modest; and suppliers made money each time they assembled a new version from the many free updates by independent developers; but profit margins were narrow and revenue was uncertain. Bob Young didn’t like either of these models. (1st model: si compres...
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...Republicans representatives versus the ten districts that have Democrat representatives, the state has Senior Senator is a Democrat and the Junior Senator is Republican. District 12th District 12th in Florida covers both north and east of Tampa, it is mainly populated by people who live in Pasco County, and today the county has both suburban areas as well as areas full of green. Although it is considered to be underdeveloped since 2012 many companies based out of Hillsborough county in Tampa have bought land hoping to build their business in the near future to create more jobs as well as to grow their industry in the area. “The people who settled the region in recent decades brought ancestral political beliefs with them. In the 1950s and 1960s, only white-collar retirees could afford to buy new places in Florida, and they were heavily...
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...invigorates us. The events that unfold from their bold moves, often culminating in successful outcomes, make for gripping narratives. Perhaps most important, we turn to accounts of their deeds for lessons that we can apply in our own careers. Books like Jack: Straight from the Gut and Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done are compelling in part because they implicitly promise that we can achieve the success of a Jack Welch or a Larry Bossidy – if only we learn to emulate his actions. But this focus on what a leader does is misplaced. That’s because moves that work in one context often make little sense in another, even at the same company or within the hbr.org 5/2/07 8:11:11 PM _ / / / g g hbr.org 1179 Martin.indd 61 | June 2007 | Harvard Business Review 61 5/2/07 8:11:25 PM How Successful Leaders Think experience of a single leader. Recall that Jack Welch, early in his career at General Electric, insisted that each of GE’s businesses be number one or number two in market share in its industry; years later he insisted that those same businesses define their markets so that their share was no greater than 10%, thereby forcing managers to look for opportunities beyond the confines of a narrowly conceived market. Trying to learn from what Jack Welch did invites confusion and incoherence, because he pursued – wisely, I might add – diametrically opposed courses at...
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