..., 1. Argued that the major activities of management and leadership are played out differently; but both are essential to an organization: A) Jago B) Zaleznik C) Kotter D) Bass E) Burns 2. Argued that leaders and managers are distinct; they are different types of people: A) Jago B) Zaleznik C) Kotter D) Bass E) Burns 3. Leaders' power to provide pay raises and promotions is A) Reward B) Coercive C) Legitimate D) Referent E) Expert 4. The power Bill Gates had when he and Paul Allen started the Microsoft company: A) Reward B) Coercive C) Legitimate D) Referent E) Expert 5. Defining leadership as a process means A) It is an inborn trait or characteristic. B) It is a transactional event. C) It is focused on influence. D) It may only take place in groups. E) It requires shared goals. 6. The following is not one of the classifications for a definition of leadership: A) The focus of group process B) An artistic process C) A behavior D) A personality trait E) An instrument of goal achievement 7. The primary functions of management are A) Planning, organizing, staffing, and controlling. B) Forming, storming, norming, and reforming. C) Building, breaking down, rebuilding, and maintaining. D) Ruling, listening, adapting, and adjusting. E) Directing, framing, extending, and encouraging. 8. Some positive communication...
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...Essay by Mallory Watters Australia’s Political institutions and practices echo that of the British Political system, specifically the Westminster system. This is a result of Australia’s values reflecting religious tolerance, freedom of speech and association, and the rule of law. Although the Australian Political system shares many similarities with The British Westminster Political system, there are number of subtle differences at the same time. Australian politics operates as a multi-party system; there are two major parties, as a result of the coalition between the Liberal Party and National Party, and the Australian Labor Party. The leader of the elected party becomes the Prime Minister, and for the party to be in power it needs to have a majority in the House of Representatives in order to make and enact policies on behalf of their party and the country. Since the advancement of technology and the availability of television and radio, the Prime Minister and the Opposition Leader have been identified by the public as the leader of their parties due to fact that they are the person that the public sees the most. As a result they have been key representatives of their party in order to get their message across in the shortest possible amount of time. Due to the Prime Minister and the Opposition Leader being identified as the leader the achievements and failures of their political party fall heavily upon them. Thus many political spectators are seeing the “presidentialisation”...
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...Sarkozy Hyper-presidency Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Sarkozy Hyper-presidency France political governance has experienced numerous leaders with different approaches to its leadership. Nicholas Sarkozy is one of the political leaders who has made himself a name in the history of France. Sarkozy political career started at an early age with a win in the Neuilly Mayor position. Sarkozy was elected as the president in May 2007 through a party that was known as a UMP ( Union for a Popular Movement) becoming the sixth president of the French Republic. Although upon his election his party did not obtain majority compared to the opposition, he launched his reforms and included politicians from the opposition in his government. The paper, therefore, seeks to examine why Sarkozy was referred to as a hyper-president as well as establish whether the presidency is still powerful as compared to the past. Sarkozy title of hyper-president resulted after numerous accomplishments he made during his tenure as president. The president changed the leadership style that other presidents had used in the past, resulting in a better profile of the country among the European countries. Sarkozy did take the first courageous step to run the government as per the new quinquennial institutional rules. The president was the first...
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...organized being (Bluntschli, 2000). According to Mann (1993), the theories of state include class, elitist and pluralism theories. Mann further explains that according to the Marxist class theorists, the state is functional for modes of economic production and for classes. Modern states have been determined by a politicized class struggle, between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The pluralist theory on the other hand, only claim to explain only the modern democratic states. It is noted that pluralism consists of (i) the emergence of institutionalized contestation between politicians and pressure groups representing a plurality of interest in the society and (ii) the widening scope of participation by the public in the contestation. When combined, the contestation and public participation generated genuine democracy which results in the state representing the interests of the individual citizens. The Elite theory emphasizes the increasing power of the political class. A centralized, cohesive and minority will always defeat and control the disorganized masses. From the time of gaining independence, Kenya as a state has made a transition from a nationalist to an ideological politics faster than its neighboring states...
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...CONTEXT Evidence-Based Consulting Practices 1 iv Organizational Behavior Case: Conceptual Model: Dream or Reality? 30 Chapter 2 Environmental Context: Globalization, Diversity, and Ethics 31 1 Learning Objectives 31 Globalization 31 Diversity in the Workplace 34 Chapter 1 Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach 5 Learning Objectives 5 The Challenges Facing Management 6 Undergoing a Paradigm Shift 8 A New Perspective for Management 10 Evidence-Based Management 12 Historical Background: The Hawthorne Studies Reasons for the Emergence of Diversity 35 Developing the Multicultural Organization 38 Individual Approaches to Managing Diversity 39 Organizational Approaches to Managing Diversity 41 Ethics and Ethical Behavior in Organizations 46 47 The Impact of Ethics on "Bottom-Line " Outcomes 13 The Illumination Studies: A Serendipitous Discovery 13 Subsequent Phases of the Hawthorne Studies 14 Implications of the Hawthorne Studies 15 Research Methodology to Determine Valid Evidence 16 The Overall Scientific Perspective 16 Starting with Theory 17 The Use of Research Designs 18 The Validity of Studies 19 Summary 49 Ending with Meta-Analytic Research Findings 50 Questions for Discussion and Review 52 Internet Exercise: Ethical Issues in the Workplace 52 Organizational Behavior Case: How Far-Reaching Are Globalization and Technology? 52 Organizational Behavior Case: I Want...
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...Character of the 21st Century Name: Institution: Date: Introduction The character of the 21st Century from a political, economic and social perspective would be chaotic. It should be appreciated that the world has gotten to a point of political, economic and social consciousness that puts pressure between the governed and the governors. From a social contract point of view, it is arguably correct to assert that the realisation of the social contract nobles would be effected. However, this process is expected to be chaotic, painful, and gruelling and time consuming. Three main reasons that give this realisation a chaotic character can be cited as inclusive of the following; a politically, economically and socially conscious society, a government system and power structure determined to retain the status quo and lastly a heightened application of information technology gains and innovation to the extent that mass media as a source of power control becomes inevitable. This paper would explain the three reasons and discuss comprehensively their position and role in the overall progress of the society. The political, social and economic consciousness can be seen in the aggressive nature of the modern society. All over across the globe, citizens continue to show a renewed resilience and determination to realise their rights, freedoms and expectations from society. The concept of legitimate expectation from a legal point of view as been greatly heighted. Citizens have become...
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...Consulting Practices 1 iv Organizational Behavior Case: Conceptual Model: Dream or Reality? 30 Chapter 2 Environmental Context: Globalization, Diversity, and Ethics 31 1 Learning Objectives 31 Globalization 31 Diversity in the Workplace 34 Chapter 1 Introduction to Organizational Behavior: An Evidence-Based Approach 5 Learning Objectives 5 The Challenges Facing Management 6 Undergoing a Paradigm Shift 8 A New Perspective for Management 10 Evidence-Based Management 12 Historical Background: The Hawthorne Studies Reasons for the Emergence of Diversity 35 Developing the Multicultural Organization 38 Individual Approaches to Managing Diversity 39 Organizational Approaches to Managing Diversity 41 Ethics and Ethical Behavior in Organizations 46 47 The Impact of Ethics on "Bottom-Line " Outcomes 13 The Illumination Studies: A Serendipitous Discovery 13 Subsequent Phases of the Hawthorne Studies 14 Implications of the Hawthorne Studies 15 Research Methodology to Determine Valid Evidence 16 The Overall Scientific Perspective 16 Starting with Theory 17 The Use of Research Designs 18 The Validity of Studies 19 Summary 49 Ending with Meta-Analytic Research Findings 50 Questions for Discussion and Review 52 Internet Exercise: Ethical Issues in the Workplace 52 Organizational Behavior Case: How Far-Reaching Are Globalization and Technology?...
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...current pastor. The longest tenue of the leaders has been ten years, so a lack of stability within the leadership has always been an issue. All organizational power has traditionally been in the office of the Pastor....
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...Le-Tone Wei Why did Stalin emerge as leader of USSR in 1929? In 1924 the USSR’s leader Vladimir Lenin died after continuous strokes. His death triggered the leadership struggle, and Russia urgently needed a successor to continue in guiding the country and proposing policies to run the country. Candidates such as Trotsky and Bukharin were highly regarded and party members believed they were to take over Lenin’s position; Joseph Stalin on the other hand, was perceived as a mediocre and uninteresting party member, he was not thought as a suitable candidate to replace Lenin’s former status. Yet Stalin succeeded in taking power and control over the Soviet party and emerged as the leader of USSR in 1929. This led historians questioning: how and why did he emerge as the leader so unexpectedly? Many people believe that it was his personal skills that gave other factors an advantage. I believe his personal skills is the secondary factor that assisted his emergence; from my perspective, the reason why he became leader is primarily due to luck. Without luck there would less likely be a power struggle, Lenin could have appointed his successor and Stalin would never have become the leader of USSR. However the main cause of his success is still considered to be an exceedingly disputable topic, and I will be examining the different factors behind this topic while suggesting my personal opinions and beliefs. As mentioned before, many people believe that Stalin became the leader of USSR...
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...strategy? There is not much agreement about strategy in other textbooks. Rather than taking ‘strategic management’ for granted, this book starts from the basic question ‘what is strategy anyway?’. Four basic conceptions of strategy are introduced which all have different implications for how to go about ‘doing strategy’. Each perspective has its own view of strategy and how it matters for managerial practice. The Classical approach gives the textbook answers. - Classicists broadly see strategy as a rational process of long-term planning, vital to securing the future. - Evolutionists usually regard the future as too volatile and unpredictable to plan for, and warn that the best strategy is to concentrate on maximizing changes of survival today. - Processualists too doubt the value of rational long-term planning, seeing strategy best as an emergent process of learning and adaptation. - Systemic theorists take a relativist position, arguing that the forms and goals of strategy-making depend particularly on social context, and that strategy should therefore be undertaken with sociological sensitivity. These are four starkly different perspectives (p. 119), but it is the Systemic sensibility that helps us finally to choose. For the Systemic strategist, effectiveness depends upon understanding context and playing by local rules. Classical, evolutionary, processual, they can all take place in some conditions. There is no one best way. The key is to match strategy to market...
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...RESEARCH STARTERS ACADEMIC TOPIC OVERVIEWS Four Stages of Social Movements Social Movements & Collective Behavior > Four Stages of Social Movements Table of Contents Abstract Keywords the four stages of social movements. The four stages of social movement development are emergence, coalescence, bureaucratization, and decline. The Decline stage can result from several different causes, such as repression, co-optation, success, failure, and mainstream. The four stages of development model can be applied to understand how movements form, grow, and dissipate. It has limitations, however, in its application to new social movements and movements that are not rooted in political action. Despite these limitations, the four stages model is still highly useful in understanding collective action and provides a useful frame of analysis for sociologists considering social movements and their effects in the past and present. Overview What is a Social Movement? Four Stages of Social Movements Stage 1: Emergence Stage 2: Coalescence Stage 3: Bureaucratization Stage 4: Decline Repression Co-optation Success Failure Establishment with Mainstream Overview There have been many social movements throughout history that have dramatically changed the societies in which they occurred. There have been many failed social movements as well. Throughout the history of the United States alone there have been a number of important and notable social movements. These movements have varied widely...
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...Anti-Hegemonic Party State………………………………………………….18 Chapter 2: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Domestic Features of Political Regimes…………………………………………………………………………………………… 44 Chapter 3: Anti-Hegemonic Party State and Exogenous Perspective on Political Regimes……………………………………………………………………………………………75 Part II: History Chapter 4: The Global Rise of Anti-Hegemonic Party States and Globalization Backlash 1917-1945...…………………………………………………………….91 Chapter 5: The Big Leap of Anti-Hegemonic Party States: The Second Wave 1946-1975…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………111 Chapter 6: Globalization Anew and the Marginalization of Anti-Hegemonic Party States 1976-2010………………………………………………………142 Conclusions Introduction: Globalization and Anti-Hegemonic Party State In 1997 the European Commission defined Globalization “as the process by which markets and production in different countries are becoming increasingly interdependent due to the dynamics of trade in goods and services and flows of capital and technology. It is not a new phenomenon but the continuation of developments that have been in train for some considerable time”.[1] Wider definitions incorporate more spheres than the economy, including the intensification of worldwide social, political, and cultural relations as well while stressing their growing extensity, intensity, velocity, and depth.[2] A working...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHT Second Edition DANIEL A. WREN The University of Oklahoma JOHN WILEY AND SONS New York • Chichester • Brisbane • Toronto CONTENTS PART ONE EARLY MANAGEMENT THOUGHT A PROLOGUE TO THE PAST 3 A Cultural Framework: The Economic Facet. The Social Facet. The Political Facet. P eople, Management, and Organizations: The Human Being. Organizations and Management. MANAGEMENT BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 15 Management in Early Civilizations: The Near East. The Far East. Egypt. The Hebrews. Greece. Rome. The Catholic Church. Feudalism and the Middle Ages. The Revival of Commerce. T he Cultural Rebirth: The Protestant Ethic. A Criticism of the Weberian Thesis. Modern Support for Weber. The Liberty Ethic. The Market Ethic. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVE The Industrial Revolution in England: The Age of Machines. Management: the Fourth Factor of Production. M anagement Problems in the Early Factory: The Search for Managerial Talent. The Labor Problem. The Shortage of Skilled Labor. Training. Discipline and Motivation. Management Functions in the Early 42 Xll CONTENTS Factory. Cultural Consequences of the Industrial Revolution: The Condition of the Worker. Child and Female Labor. MANAGEMENT PIONEERS IN THE FACTORY SYSTEM Robert Owen: The Search for a New Harmony: Early Managerial Experiences. The Call for Reform. Charles Babbage: The Irascible Genius: The First Computer....
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...respond to each threat to ensure that the impact to the business is minimal. In the first assignment titled “Crafting and Executing Strategy”, we learnt that Janntech Enterprises International, a US based manufacturer and distributer of “Mandingo Bitters”, an energy boost and sexual stimulation and enhancement drink, generated out of ‘The Alafia Tree Trunk and Roots’ originally from Africa, is a company with a vision of occupying a clear, unique and advantageous position in the consumer’s mind as an effort to influence the consumers perspective of its brand, and to retain customer loyalty to gain market dominance. In creating an environmental scan for Janntech Enterprises, the company focused on trends in the nutraceutical soft drinks industry as a whole, and the impact of events in the current political and economic climate in the country, particularly the possible outcome of the current elections in the US. Regardless of the political climate in the country and the state of the economy, the threat of competition, especially new entrants into the market, and the introduction of newer products targeting the female segments of the target market, the outcome of which is stiffer competition, price concessions, resulting in revenue loss, is a bigger threat to the company. This is all because, globally, the market for nutraceutical soft drinks has been growing at just below 10% each year and this is expected to continue for the next three years at least. Even though the largest...
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...Sokunbi Adetoyese Politics of Political and Constitutional Reforms in Nigeria. Andrew Heywood in his book, Global Politics (2010) identifies that politics, in its broadest sense, he defines it as the activity through which people make, preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. As such, politics is inextricably linked to the concepts of conflict and cooperation, which means politics is a social phenomenon with the characteristics of both struggle between opposing groups, parties and claims on one hand and cohesiveness, mobilization and organization on the other hand. On former hand, there is the constant existence of rival opinions, different wants, competing needs or opposing interests guarantees disagreement about the rules under which people live. Likewise on the latter hand, people recognize that in order to influence these rules or ensure that they are upheld, they must work with others, with whom they share similar needs and values. This is why we can allude the meaning of politics as the authoritative allocation of values, in which rival views or competing interests are reconciled with one another because at the art of politics is essentially to resolve conflict. In reality however, politics in this broad sense is better considered as the search for conflict resolution and not necessarily its achievement, since it is near impossible to resolve all conflict and satisfy all opposing groups especially in a multi-ethnic super diverse state...
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