...Simple Pulse Radar The problem associated with CW Radar devices regarding the de-coupling from transmission path to reception path are solved by pulse Radar through the temporal separation of transmission and reception. For the suppression of very strongly cross-talking transmission pulses into the receiving system, the receiver input is short-circuited or decoupled by a circulator. Figure 1 shows a typical, simple pulse Radar system. To produce the pulses either magnetrons or switched amplifiers are employed. There is no reference from the transmission oscillator to the receiver, therefore non-coherent pulse Radar cannot measure Doppler and thus only the distance and not the speed of a target can be determined. Figure 1: Simple, non-coherent Radar. Coherent Pulse Radar/Pulse Doppler radar Coherent pulse Radar is in the position to deliver information regarding the range as well as Doppler information, i.e. the velocity and/or speed of an object. Here a coherent oscillator (COHO) is introduced on the transmission side, which also delivers the phase reference for the receiving signal. The transmitting oscillator (LO for Local Oscillator) is added on the transmitting end and is again taken out at the receiving end. In comparison to the Doppler frequency, which can be measured, both oscillators must be sufficiently stable for the entire time. In Figure 2, an example of coherent pulse Radar, a quadrature modulator is employed to additionally determine the direction of the target...
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...Radar Cross Section (RCS) and the techniques to reduce RCS of a target By:- Namit Ohri - 12213010 Amit Vashisht – 12213004 Nikhil Harsoor – 12213011 Seemant Meena - 12116052 Introduction Definition Radar cross section(RCS) is the measure of a target's ability to reflect radar signals in the direction of the radar receiver, i.e. it is a measure of the ratio of backscatter power per steradian (unit solid angle) in the direction of the radar (from the target) to the power density that is intercepted by the target. Informally, the RCS of an object is the cross-sectional area of a perfectly reflecting sphere that would produce the same strength reflection as would the object in question. A larger RCS indicates that an object is more easily detected. The conceptual definition of RCS includes the fact that not all of the radiated energy falls on the target. A target’s RCS (F) is most easily visualized as the product of three factors: F = Projected cross section x Reflectivity x Directivity Where, Reflectivity: The percent of intercepted power reradiated (scattered) by the target. Directivity: The ratio of the power scattered back in the radar's direction to the power that would have been backscattered had the scattering been uniform in all directions (i.e. isotropically). RCS depends upon Size, Material, Radar absorbent paint, Shape, directivity and orientation and surface of a target. For the case of an antenna the total RCS can be divided into two separate...
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...Air Surveillance Radar Abstract This paper briefly explores the history and origins of air surveillance Radio Detection And Ranging (RADAR) radar systems and how they were developed in three major countries involved in World War II. These countries are the United States, Britain and Germany. Also discussed are the basic components of an air surveillance radar systems and what parts they play. The health concerns of Radio Frequency (RF) radiation such as cancer, reproductive malfunctions and cataracts will be discussed along with environmental and economic impacts. There are multiple political influences and implications associated with air surveillance radar. Wind energy sites and national security and military readiness are two that will be discussed. Also the degradation of the National Air Space (NAS) and military radar systems in the United States and how it has led to the search for new systems to better serve commercial and military aviation. This paper explores and discusses the many markets that use air surveillance radar and the companies that have invested in the development. Also discussed is the proof of concept Multi-Mission Radar that has been developed for use by the United States Army. Air surveillance radars are designed to detect, locate, track and classify a wide range of targets (SRC, Inc., 2016). Radar uses electromagnetic energy that is transmitted toward objects and observes the echoes returned from those targets (Skolnik, M. I., 2015). The information...
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...the stealth technology can be divided into two categories: the study on target shape design and the study on radar absorbing materials. In this report, we explain the basic principles of these two categories, and give some simulations by CST Microwave Studio and Feko to show the effects of stealth technology. I. I NTRODUCTION The purpose of stealth design is to protect the target from being detected by the enemy’s radar and to increase the target survivability. Ideally, for an object to be ”stealth”, it needs to have a low optical visibility in addition to being low observable in the infrared spectrum and at all radar frequency bands, also the emission of acoustic noise should be low. However, this goal is difficult to achieve, and the recent research is mainly focus on the low observability in a certain radar bandwidth. In some degree, the term ”stealth design” is equivalent to the technology of reducing target’s the Radar Cross Section (RCS). RCS is the parameter to characterize the strength of backward scattering of the target, the formal definition is σ = lim 4πR2 R−>∞ Fig. 1: B-2 stealth bomber |Es |2 , |Ei |2 (1) Fig. 2: F117 stealth fighter plane where, R is the distance from target to radar, |Es | is the scattered electric field intensity and |Ei | is the incident electric field intensity. Radar equation can be used to estimate the power range of radar. It is given as R= Pt Gt Ar σ (4π)2 Pr,min 1/4 , (2) where Pt is the transmission power, Gt is the...
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...Resolving an inherent dilemma-Wildlife vs. Aircrafts MGMT 408 Abstract The recent times since the birth of aviation industry by the Wright Brothers (2005) has seen a massive change in its structure and functioning. As technology advanced more convoluted are the efforts to carry on this gigantic trade of huge mechanical birds on the sky, which nevertheless have to share the natural domain of the birds. One of the major concerns of the aviation industry is also contributed by the obstacles faced to minimize hazards (2012) of wildlife on the human terrain without harming the natural territory. Through this review, a focus is made on the dilemmas faced and efficacy of remedies taken to mitigate the concerns of wildlife strikes in Airport safety. Introduction The natural population of birds took to air about millions of years ago until, the intelligent and progressive human kind started using its airspace more than 100 years ago. So this great invention which is technically called the “Mechanical Bird” or “Airplane” uses the same airspace as birds making the collisions inevitable. Records show that shortly after Wright Brother’s took to air on 1903 and shortly thereafter the first bird strike was reported on September 7, 1905, when Oliver Wright’s aircraft hit a bird (probably a red-winged blackbird) as he flew over Dayton, Ohio (2005). To one’s surprise birds are not the only threat to an airplane, certain...
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...THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG Microwave Range Finder ERG 4920BD - Thesis II, 2006-2007 Microwave Range Finder Abstract In this project, I will concentrate on the system level design, includes deeply explanation of two modulation methods, they are Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave (FM-CW) radar and Moving Target Indication (MTI) radar; the general speaking of system design flow and how my project related. And then realize the Frequency Modulation Continuous Wave (FM-CW) radar system by building up the block diagram. Then explain how to build a component block by with simple circuitry and the cost summary. p.3 Acknowledgements I would like to give a special thank to my supervisor, Professor Cheng Kwok Keung, Michael (B.Sc., Ph.D. (London), MIEEE, AMIEE), for giving me the chance to work on this project. His suggestions and comments gave me a direction and improved the quality of my work a lot. I would like to thank Wong Fai Leung, Fred, for providing many useful suggestions regarding the system test, system block of the radar. p.4 Content 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1. CLASSIFICATION ................................................................................................................................ 7 1.2. APPLICATION.......................................................................
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...Obituary writing: Creative writing assignment Chris (Alex) McCandless passed away possibly on august 18, 1992. His body was discovered on September 6, 1992, in Alaska. He was only a few months away from his 25th birthday. Survived by his mother, Billie McCandless, his father, Walt McCandless and his younger sister,Carine McCandless. Billie is Chris's mother and Walt's second wife, who works with Walt on various business ventures involving his radar systems. Walt McCandless is Chris's father is a NASA scientist and entrepreneur who develops advanced radar systems. Married twice, he has a total of eight children. Carine is Chris’s sister, whom he was extremely close with. Chris was an intelligent, idealistic young man who believed that life was best lived alone, in nature. Chris came from a nice family, he was raised in the comfortable upper-middle-class environs of Annandale, Virginia. He was a high achiever in almost everything. Even though he thought it was pointless to go to university Chris graduated from Emory University, with honours. Chris is an intense person; he was small but strong for his height. He tried many sports but had little patience for learning the finer points of any of them. Chris had so much natural talent; he was really fast and had a lot of power. He was one of the top distance runners in the region, in his teens. Chris was captain of the cross country team. He was a very generous man. Although his personality was puzzled and his emotions were intensively...
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...IMPACT OF STEALTH TECHNOLOGY ON AIR DEFENCE “Stealth refers to a wide range of steps that can be taken to make aircraft harder to detect. There is a payoff and a price.” - Jay H Goldberg [i] CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1. The latest trends in military aircraft manufacturing are towards development and incorporation of technology which can provide with means to avoid detection. This enhances its survivability by reducing its radar signature and hence reducing the possibility of being detected by enemy radars. The degree to which this is achieved differs from aircraft to aircraft. Certain aircraft like the B-2 and F-117 have been manufactured with this technology as the basis and are thus referred to as Stealth Aircraft. In other aircraft, stealth is achieved to a lesser degree but it nevertheless helps them in enhancing their survivability against enemy air defence. The day is not far when this technology is likely to find wide spread use in the field of aviation. 2. The dictionary defines stealth as "evasion of notice". Applied to Aerial Warfare, it implies the ability of an aircraft, or platform, to carry out its mission without being detected. Other terms such as "LO" - low observables, or "RO"- reduced observables, have also been used which imply the same thing. The very concept of 'Stealth' conjures up an image of something moving in secretly without being detected. 'Stealth' technology actually is all about the art of making aircraft, missiles and...
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...“ARPA” (AUTOMATIC RADAR PLOTTING AID) Basically an ARPA is a computerized radar plotting system, which can perform radar plotting manually or automatically according to the operators' choice. RADAR Plotting - Modern radar now-a-days are equipped with an electronic plotting feature known as ARPA this feature makes plotting directly on the radar display very convenient and replaced the need for the reflection plotter or plotting sheet. “Principal ARPA System” • Computer based radar system have been used on board naval vessels since the 1950’s but not until the end of the 1960’s did systems for merchant maritime use come onto the market • These systems were well received because of new, more economical technology and good business conditions for shipping. • It is not by chance that the transition from conventional radar to ARPA has been compared to the pre- and post-radar era onboard ships. We can expect some of the same problem as in that first transition if proper and thorough training is not received. • When it works properly, ARPA is a fantastic tool in the hands of a qualified navigator with proper training. In the hands of untrained personnel, it is a dangerous tool, which can add to the cause of collision. • One main requirement for all users of ARPA is to have good knowledge of the principles of manual plotting in order to understand the information given by the instrument. On the same principles, it is necessary to obtain maximum usage of the equipment in a safe...
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...Oro City, 9000 Ultrasonic Radar System Documentation Submitted by: Cabilla, Lorener Marie Bahian, Aila Garcia, Giselle Mae Rosagaran, Caleb Japondar, Cledel Joyce Benigay, Dessa Mae Mercado, Jerica Camugao, Rex Jay Submitted to: Mrs. Mayette Saculingan BSIT-3R2 September, 2015 Ultrasonic Radar System By: GROOk Contact Information: www.GROOk.net Abstract: This project is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. Keywords: I. Instroduction The idea of making an Ultrasonic RADAR appeared to us while viewing the technology used in defense, be it Army, Navy or Air Force and now even used in the automobiles employing features like automatic/driverless parking systems, accident prevention during driving etc. Radar systems come in a variety of sizes and have different performance specifications. Some radar systems are used for air-traffic control at airports and others are used for long range surveillance and early-warning systems. A radar system is the heart of a missile guidance system. Small portable radar systems that can be maintained and operated by one person are available as well as systems that occupy several large rooms. The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems; marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships;...
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...Lo que debemos saber sobre FOTO-PAPELETAS Fernando Casafranca Hoy día hay interés en los medios locales sobre el uso de radar para detectar la velocidad de los vehículos en las calles que las autoridades encargadas de la ciudad quieren implementar aparentemente con fines de lucro solamente. Como sabemos la implementación anterior fue un escándalo para el automovilista responsable, que es además contribuyente, debido al poco conocimiento del alcance de estos dispositivos, en mi opinión. La mejor manera que tiene un ciudadano para protegerse es educándose respecto al tema. Por eso que escribo este artículo. Lo primero que quiero hacer aquí es separar el tema en tres aspectos; el aspecto técnico (cómo funcionan los aparatos o la tecnología que se usan para esto), el aspecto económico (cómo generar ingresos al mismo tiempo que se minimiza el riesgo de accidentes por alta velocidad en las calles) y el aspecto de gestión (cómo se debe administrar). En este primer artículo, por un tema de espacio, me limitaré al primer aspecto. Los dispositivos utilizados en la creación de foto-papeletas, son de dos tipos: Radar y LIDAR. Entre los diferentes tipos mas populares de señal que emiten estos dispositivos están X-Band, K-Band, Ka-Band, and Ku-Band El principio del uso del radar es muy simple, un radar normal envía un pulso u onda de radio (onda electromagnética de baja frecuencia) y espera su regreso después de rebotar en un objeto metálico, (en este caso un automóvil), luego se mide el “efecto...
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...The ocean covers 71 percent of the earth’s surface, and about 97 percent of all water on earth is from the ocean. Ocean waves are disturbances in the ocean that move energy from one place to another. The most common types of waves (such as the small waves out in open sea) are caused by wind on the ocean’s surface. As the wind gains strength, the oceans surface gradually changes from smooth to rough (a common term for the roughness developing in the water is “cat paws”). First ripples will form along the surface, and then larger waves will begin to form, this is called chop. As the waves continue to build three factors decide the final size. Theses factors are wind speed, wind duration, and the area where the wind is blowing (this is called the fetch). A group of waves have several crests that are separated by troughs ( A trough is a hollow between two wave crests). The height of the wave is known as the amplitude, the distance between each wave is called wavelength and the time between each wave is called the period. Ocean waves behave just like light rays, and are reflected or refracted by obstacles in their way ( for example, islands or reefs). The “overall state of a sea surface” can be measured by using the significant wave height ( defined as: “the average height of the highest one third of the waves”). As waves approach the shore, their motion begins to interact with the sea floor. This slows the wave and causes the wave crests to bunch up, which is known as shoaling. The...
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...few actions to overcome current weaknesses of the company and to make Whistler more competitive in the long term. Whistler Corp was successful in its business until 1985 because the radar detector market was not going through intensive price competition. However, after 1985, the price competition became severe and Whistler Corporation could not catch up with this change. As a result, it decreased its market share from 21% to 12%. The circumstance has forced Whistler Corporation to consider an alternative approach of different product development from their market research by leveraging their resources. Following the successful pilot of a new manufacturing process, Stott came up with three possible alternative courses of action: 1. Move all manufacturing plants to off-shore 2. Restructure domestic manufacturing plants 3. Move only low-end production to offshore. Decision Criteria & Critique of Other Options 1. Keeping Whistler’s strengths in Design and Electrical Invention. 2. Expansion of radar detector market. Reengineer domestic production: Considering the recent market shrink, Stott should close domestic manufacturing plants. Even if Whistler could enhance its domestic manufacturing efficiency by introducing The RACE-ME Program, the total amount of business of radar detectors would decrease and its profitability would also decrease as long as the market shrinks. Although The RACE-ME Program will work while the market scale is big enough, this program...
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...The objectives of this course are to: 1. To develop a good understanding of the Antenna, its radiations, gain and other characteristics. 2. To expose the students for the design and application of commonly used antennas as well as special type of antennas. 3. To develop a basic understanding of the characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagation and its applications as a foundation for radio communication engineering. | Learning Outcomes | Upon completion of this course, students should be able to: 1. Analyze field patterns, directivity and radiation resistances for various types of antennas. 2. Design commonly used antennas as well as special type of antennas. 3. Apply the antennas to develop the concepts of RADAR. 4. Predict and estimate the free space link budget and fading on a terrestrial radio link....
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...40mph” then he told me I was going 51mph. That surprised me because he had just got done telling me I was 10 miles over. I had already been driving the entire mountain from the backside, and already 8 miles down the hill, my cruise control was set at 40mph, and it never went over that speed, as soon as the Prius begins to go over what you have set it to the car slows down automatically. I did not want to disrespect the officer, so I refrained from argument, the only thing that was really said between us was that he had mentioned he saw my brake lights after I passed him, and I responded that “Yes I hit the brakes because you were pulled to the side after a blind corner and caught me off guard.) I truly feel either the radar gun was incorrect, or that he got radar on the incorrect vehicle, the car going up the hill, not...
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