...http://youtu.be/QWf2jcznLsY Basic Learning objectives After completing the readings and practice exercises, students should be able to: • Define the biologically relevant interactions (bonds) between molecules • List functional groups commonly found in biological molecules. • List the different kinds of biological macromolecules and their monomers. • Summarize how polymers are made and broken down and how water participates in these reactions. • Describe the structure and functions of: o Simple sugars. o Nucleotides o Amino acids • Summarize the different forms and functions of complex carbohydrates. • Describe the possible levels of protein structure. • Summarize the fundamental property of all lipids • Illustrate the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids. Advanced learning objectives After the biomolecules lectures, students should be able to: • Predict what type of bond would be formed using electronegativity information. • Develop the critical thinking skills that allow you to evaluate scientific experiments that seek to explore how life started on earth. • Summarize why and where carbohydrates are commonly combined with other macromolecules. • Describe the relationship between functional groups and the molecules they are part of. • Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNA. • Describe the four types of lipids. o Summarize and predict...
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...The reason why humans first look for water when they travel to other new planets due to the fact that in order for living organisms to survive in those planets, there needs to be sources of water to sustain life on those planets. If humans can find water on a different planet, then they could make the claim that life could already be on these planets, or that life can be sustained on these planets. My evidence is that in order for life to be sustained on a planet, this planet must contain the six most common elements needed for life, known as SPONCH. SPONCH stands for Sulfur, Phospherous, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, and Hydrogen. Hydrogen as well as Oxygen are both required in order for water molecules to be formed, which means that these six elements should be found and attainable on these planets in order for them to be very sustainable for any forms of life to be able to actually live on...
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...more complex species? a. Microorganisms are the foundation for all life on earth b. They have existed on this planet for about 3.5 billion years c. Over time plants, animals, and modern microorganisms evolved from them 2. Describe some of the negative impacts of microbes. d. Disease epidemics- an infectious disease that affects large numbers of people in a given area e. Chronic disease caused by bacteria i. Many disease once thought caused by environmental stressors actually caused by bacteria 1. Example: gastric ulcers a. Causative agent – Helicobacter pylori f. Examples: ii. Black Plague (Yersinia pestis bacterium)- killed 25 million Europeans between 1346-1350 iii. Influenza 1918-1919 killed more than all the wars combined iv. Cholera-vibrio cholerae v. Tuberculosis- mycobacterium tuberculosis g. Microbes affect all organisms h. Modern sanitation, vaccination, and effective antimicrobial treatments have reduced incidences of the worst disease i. Food transmitted pathogens- contaminated food carries bacteria vi. I.E E.coli, salmonella j. Antibiotic resistance bacteria- bacteria that can’t be...
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...Title: Identification of the Main Groups in Macromolecules- Carbohydrates Objective: To investigate and identify the different types of carbohydrates Background: Macromolecules are large molecules that are present in our body. There are four main types of macromolecules, namely carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Each one of them plays specific and significant roles in our body and each one of them is extremely important. If we are lacking either one of them, our body would receive the consequences. Carbohydrates are one of the most essential sources of energy for our body. They a composed of the three elements, carbon (C), hydrogen (H) oxygen (O), and in the ratio of 1:2:1. With the general formula Cn(H2O)n. There are three common groups under carbohydrates, which are monosaccharide (simple sugar), oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. All of these groups possess different carbon structural and function between one another. There are many types of experiments that can be conducted to identify and differentiate the group from each other. Thus, the alb activity can surely help to further understanding between the relationship of the groups’ structure and their function. Materials: benedict reagent 10 cm3 measuring cylinder iodine solution 9 boiling tubes distilled water 2 test tubes potato tube holder flour water bath 0.01% glucose solution 1 molar Hydrochloric acid HCI 0.1% glucose solution Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate...
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...generalize to study the motion of objects in the real three-dimensional world we are well prepared for that undertaking. The case studies in this chapter include motion when the net force is constant (we study the local gravitational force near the Earth), one-dimensional motion of an object in a fluid (where we show that there are frictional forces that vary with time), and the oscillatory motion of an object attached to a spring. After learning something about springs, we next consider the deformation of an elastic solid and the phenomenon of viscoelasticity. This is a topic of special interest in the study of structural biomolecules such as bone and blood vessels. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the structure and dynamics of macromolecules, specifically illustrating how to apply Newton’s second law to the difficult problem of determining the molecular motions (here in one dimension) of the constituent atoms of a protein. 1. THE CONSTANT FORCE Very frequently in dealing with mechanics problems, we know the forces acting on an...
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...PMB 103: METABOLISM: BASIC CONCEPTS AND DESIGN Definition of terms; metabolism, bioenergetics and thermodynamics. * Laws of thermodynamics, free energy changes and standard free energy changes in biochemical reactions. * Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP; * Free-energy change for hydrolysis of ATP and other phosphorylated compounds and thioesters. * Role of ATP: phosphorylation, * pyrophosphorylation and adenylation, * assembly of informational macromolecules, * active transport and muscle contraction. * Biological oxidation-reduction reactions; * flow of electrons * dehydrogenations * redox potentials * electron carriers * dehydrogenases * Nature of metabolic reactions: anabolism, catabolism. * regulation of metabolism. Scope of the course * (Review) the laws of thermodynamics and the quantitative relationships among free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. * describe the special role of ATP in biological energy exchanges. Consider the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions in living cells, the energetic of electron-transfer reactions, and the electron carriers commonly employed as cofactors of the enzymes that catalyze these reactions. Reference Books 1. Lehninger, PPls of Biochemistry Fourth Edition David L Nelson and 2. Elementary Biophysics. An introduction. PK. Srivastave Alpha Science Oxford, UK 2005 3. Biophysics. V. Pattabhi and N. Gautham. Second Edition...
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...cs Table Contents……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Summary 2 Literature review 5 Biological applications of bioinformatics 5 Real world application of bioinformatics 6 Conclusion 9 References 10 Summary Bioinformatics is a field in biotechnology that involves the application of technology involving computers to manage and analyze biological data. In this, computers are used in gathering, storing, analysis and the merging of biological data. Bioinformatics is not a research area by itself but lies between biological sciences and computational sciences. The main goal of bioinformatics is to review the value of biological information that is hidden in the large amount of data come up a clear picture of the basic biology of organisms. There are several fields that have been revolutionized by the technology used in bioinformatics (Ouzounis & Christos, 2012). These fields include human health, the environment, agriculture, energy and biotechnology. This science of bioinformatics is also called computational biology and has found a lot of use in increasing the quality of life. Bioinformatics developed due to the great need to internalize the DNA which is the code of life. Growth in the field of bioinformatics has been facilitated by development of many DNA sequencing projects. The basic biology of life is controlled by the basic molecule of life called DNA. The DNA acts as the blue print for genes which code for proteins. The proteins coded for...
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...Biology Summary Of December The 21ST. Feeding: Is the capacity LO have to take solid food (as animals do), digest it first and absorb it later (like Fungi do) or built up for themselves -Photosynthesis- (like plants do). (p. 293) Breathing: Is the capacity LO have to take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. The Exchange of Gases: Locomotion: Is the capacity most single-celled creatures and animals have to move about as a whole. Fungi and Plants, move with some parts of their bodies. Respiration: (Glucose + 6O2 + 6H2O + Energy) Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to break-down food to obtain energy. Most need oxygen. (p. 19) Excretion: Breaking down process. Is the capacity LO have to respire and other chemical changes in the cells that produce waste products such as Carbon Dioxide. Irritability: Irritability is an excessive response to stimuli. The term is used for both the physiological reaction to stimuli and for the pathological, abnormal or excessive sensitivity to stimuli; it is usually used to refer to anger or frustration. Adaptability: Is a necessary skill for leaders to develop in order to respond effectively to this change. Growing: Is the capacity Bacteria and Single-celled creatures have to increase in size. Many-celled organism increase the numbers of cells in their bodies change their body shape and size. (p. 306) Reproduction: ...
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...structure to the body and regulate body processes. Nutrition is | |essential to our daily lives because it is necessary supplements provide by food for our ingestion, digestive system required by | |organisms and cells for the human body to stay alive. There are six classes of nutrients; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, | |water, vitamins, and minerals play an important role in regulating the body process. | |What is the connection between nutrition and health? | |The connection between nutrition and health is that if the body is not receiving the proper nutrients then a person can | |jeopardize their health. Food is the primary source for health and nutrition, although vitamins and supplements act as | |substitutes. Nutrition gives fuel to the body that provides energy move the muscles. The vitamins and minerals used to help the| |body function properly and food sustains health. The body needs the proper nutrients to stay alive and healthy. | |What is the relationship between poor nutrition and disease? | |What we eat has an enormous impact on how healthy we are now and how likely we are to develop chronic diseases such as heart |...
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...STUDY QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9-12 **NOTE: I have included the answers to the study questions since I am posting them so close to the exam dates. Be sure you understand the role of the hormones ADH, renin, angiotensin and aldosterone in the regulation of fluid balance. CHAPTER 9 1. Describe how body fat develops and suggest some reasons why it is difficult for an obese person to maintain weight loss. Body fat develops when fat cells increase in number and size. Prevention of excess weight gain depends on maintaining a reasonable number of fat cells; when an obese person loses weight, the body attempts to return to the original weight, or its set point. 2. What factors contribute to obesity? Genetics (leptin, ghrelin, uncoupling problems, fat cell metabolism), overeating, inactivity. 3. List several aggressive ways to lose weight and explain why such methods are not recommended for every overweight person. Fad diets, diuretics, amphetamines, other prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, hot baths, machines that jiggle, brushes, sponges, massages, surgery, gastric partitioning, gastric balloons, jaw wiring, very-low-kcalorie diets. Reasons these are not recommended: weight cycling, psychology of weight cycling, some methods do not work at all, others only provide temporary weight loss (not fat loss). 4. Discuss reasonable dietary strategies for achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight. Eating plans based on realistic energy intake...
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...Elements are components of all chemical compounds. Of the 92 naturally occurring elements, only 20 are normally found in the body. Seven of these, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, nitrogen, phosphorous, and sulfur make up approximately 99% of the human body weight. In most cases, the elements are components of inorganic or organic compounds. In a few cases, however, elements themselves may enter into chemical reactions in the body, e.g., oxygen during cell respiration, sodium in neurotransmission, and arsenic and lead in impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Inorganic compounds are important in the body and responsible for many simple functions. The major inorganic compounds are water (H2O), bimolecular oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and some acids, bases, and salts. The body is composed of 60-75% water. Oxygen is required by all cells for cellular metabolism and circulating blood must be well oxygenated for maintenance of life. Carbon dioxide is a waste product of cells and must be eliminated or a serious change in pH can occur, known as acidosis. A balance in acids, bases, and salts must be maintained to assure homeostasis of blood pH and electrolyte balance. Organic compounds are involved in nearly all biochemical activities involved in normal cellular metabolism and function. The mechanisms by which xenobiotics cause cellular and biochemical toxicity are predominantly related to changes to organic compounds. The main feature that differentiates organic compounds from inorganic...
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...Plant Defense Mechanisms Constitutive plant defense responses Are also called pre-existing or passive defense mechanism mediated by Cutin, waxes, Suberin hydrophobic materials that coat plant surfaces exposed to air prevents water loss and blocks pathogen entry and are high levels of toxic or feeding deterrent compounds. Always present and often species-specific and may exist as stored or conjugated compounds. Most secondary metabolites as defense are constitutive but some are also induced. Pre-existing (passive or constitutive) structural defense mechanisms Constitutive structural defense is achieved by constituents of cutin, waxes, and Suberin • Cutin o A macromolecule, a polymer consisting of many long-chain fatty acids (16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids with OH) o Component of cuticle, increase resistance; however, its thickness is not always correlated with resistance • Waxes o Not macromolecules, but complex mixtures of long-chain acyl lipids. o Forms a water-repellent surface and thereby prevent the formation of a film of water on which pathogens might be deposited and germinate (fungi) or multiply (bacteria). • Suberin o Polymer whose structure is poorly understood. o A principle component of outer cell walls of all underground organs and is associated with the cork cells of the periderm, the tissue that forms the outer bark of stems and roots during secondary growth of woody plants. o Suberin...
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...1. Define the term excretion. .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. [Total 2 marks] 2. The table below shows the mass of different substances excreted by a volunteer during two 24 hour periods. During the first 24 hour period, the volunteer was fed a protein-deficient diet; during the second 24 hour period, the volunteer was fed a protein-rich diet. All other variables were kept constant. mass of substance excreted / g substance excreted protein-deficient diet protein-rich diet urea 2.20 14.70 uric acid 0.09 0.18 ammonium ions 0.04 0.49 creatinine 0.60 0.58 (i) Calculate the percentage increase in urea excreted when the volunteer switched from a protein-deficient to a protein-rich diet. Show your working. Answer = ...................................................% [2] JFS School 1 (ii) Describe how excess protein is converted into urea. ......................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................
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...asddsaProteins (/ˈproʊˌtiːnz/ or /ˈproʊti.ɨnz/) are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including catalyzing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20-30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides, or sometimes oligopeptides. The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues. The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however, in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and—in certain archaea—pyrrolysine. Shortly after or even during synthesis, the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by posttranslational modification, which alters the physical and chemical properties, folding, stability, activity...
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...BSC 1020 - Biology of Humans EXAM 1 Study Guide Exam Instructions • Exam 1 is scheduled for Saturday, February 13, 2016 from 11:00am-12:15pm • It will be held on the Tampa campus, in CW Bill Young Hall (CWY), which is located on USF Maple Dr., across from the Social Science bldg. (SOC), and north of the gym/rec center (REC). Campus maps can be found at: http://www.usf.edu/administrative-services/parking/maps/index.aspx o Because there are 316 students, we’ll split the class between two adjacent rooms: If you last name begins with A ‒ J, go to CWY 107 ▪ If you last name begins with K ‒ Z, go to CWY 109 ▪ • If you cannot come to the Tampa campus that day, it is your responsibility to arrange for an alternate site. Refer to the syllabus for more details. • Please bring your student ID and a pencil. Scantron sheets will be provided. • The exam covers Chapters 1 to 7, Units A‒D. Roughly the same number of questions will come from each chapter. • It will consist of 50 multiple-choice questions, including approximately 10 True/False. Study Recommendations: • Re-read each chapter ahead of time, study the PowerPoint slides • Do the online practice quizzes and activities. Better yet, do them a couple of times. Some of the exam questions may be the same or very similar. • Take the quizzes found at the end of each chapter in the textbook Study Material: To help you focus your studies as much as possible, I’ve assembled...
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