...Economic Terms and Health Care History LaTasha Frost HCS/440 February 25, 2014 Instructor Name William Byrd Jr. Economic Terms and Health Care History Before the 1900’s healthcare had a different perception, now in the twenty-first century healthcare is an everyday thing to Americans. Economics is the science that contracts with the distribution, the material welfare of humankind, production, or the ad consumption of goods and services. Even though there are many different reasons why healthcare economics have changed over the years, the most effective reason is health care finance and the supply and demand of care. This paper will discuss the evolution of health care economics, the history and timeline of health care funding. [pic] Doctors had more power and were paid better than before in the early part of the twentieth century. Associations, for example American Hospital Association (AHA) and American Medical Association (AMA), started in the late 1800s, developed sturdier. Work unions then employers began offering a variety of aids to workforces, with funded health care. National health insurance became connected with collectivism and the idea became disliked in the United States, which opened entries to protect the increasing costs of medicinal care for secretive health insurance. Blue Cross was recognized at the end of 1920s and it was the first large medical insurance company established back then. The 1930s saw an increasing number of health...
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...The Evolution of the U.S. Healthcare System Between the years the beginning of 19th century and today, healthcare in the United States evolved from a simple system of home remedies and itinerant doctors with little training to a complex, scientific, technological, and highly bureaucratic system. The system is built on medical science and technology and the authority of medical professionals. Its evolution includes the acceptance of the "germ theory" as the cause of disease, professionalization of doctors, technological advancements in treating disease, the rise of great institutions of medical training and healing, and the advent of medical insurance. Governmental institutions, controls, health care programs, drug regulations, and medical insurance also evolved during this period. Most recently, the healthcare system has seen the growth of corporations whose business is making a profit from healthcare. Prior to 1800, medicine in the United States was a "family affair." Women were expected to take care of illnesses within the family and only on those occasions of very serious, life threatening illnesses were doctors summoned. Called "domestic medicine," early American medical practice was a combination of home remedies and a few scientifically practiced procedures carried out by doctors who, without the kind of credentials they must now have, traveled extensively as they practiced medicine. Until the mid-eighteenth century Western medicine was based on the ancient Greek...
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...an accurate picture of the UK after the Second World War? Did things change towards the end of the twentieth century? The question requires a two part answer. First, do I agree with the claim regarding the immediate post war years, and second, was there a change towards the end of the twentieth century? First I shall look to the immediate post war years to see if the claim paints an accurate picture of the era in question, and second, I will look at some of the changes which occurred in more recent times. In the immediate post war years in the UK the traditional nuclear family was a widely accepted concept. The father, as head of the household and the bread winner, would go out to work. In this role he formed the link between the family and the state. The mother’s responsibilities were to take care of the children and the home. Marriage was seen as a heterosexual union and was taken on as a life long commitment. Generally religion and the church would play a part in most family’s lives with religion taught in school during the week and Sunday school or church attendance expected at the weekend. Most men of that era were employed in the manufacturing or industrial sectors and these jobs were generally very secure, widely thought of as ‘jobs for life’. This was also the time when the welfare state was being established. This was intended to provide a good standard of healthcare, unemployment benefit, schooling, pensions and child benefit to the whole population, and would be...
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...standing practice for women as childbirth was something that normally took place at home. In the 15th and 16th century midwifes were thought of as “the early companions of the devil” (The Witchammer, 1487). These women had not been compliant with the Frankfurt Midwifery Code which had been established by the Catholic Church and had been in effect for over 130 years. As a consequence of this, these individuals were burned alive. Midwifery became established in the early 18th and 19th century in Europe. They were trained to be both nurses as well as midwifes. In the absence of a physician, during the first 250 years midwifes were at the front end of the birthing process. Immigrant women who had learned the trade in their country of origin had learned the trade and passed their learning’s and skills to midwife of a younger generation. Thus there were two types of midwifes that developed in the US. One was a Nurse-midwife which are trained in nursing and midwifery as well as Direct Entry Midwives which would not be nurses. Midwifery was eventually accepted by the health care community as a result there were more of the two specialties practicing in the US today. Health Care Insurance It was towards the late 1920’s that the first large health insurance company Blue Cross had been established. Physicians as well as hospital facilities were seeing a rise in healthcare costs as well as an increased...
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...Norma Rae Labor Unions are an essential part of the work environment these days. Many companies and corporations deal with unions to better understand the employees wants and needs. In earlier years, unions were not as prevalent and popular with employers. Employees were scared to go rise up against the employer. As people became more aware of the positive affects on joining a labor union, many individuals bought into the union idea. The movie “Norma Rae” provides great examples to prove the facts issued on the AFL-CIO website. One of the main problems illustrated in the movie “Norma Rae” was the working conditions. The working conditions for Norma Rae and her coworkers at the textile factory were brutal. One of the characteristics I noticed about the working condition were the break rooms. The break rooms in the movie should be considered a closet space. The working conditions were also very dangerous and loud. During one of the opening scenes, Norma Rae’s mother loses her hearing because of the lack of protection from the employer (Ritt (Director), 1979, Norma Rae). The employers of Norma did not care about her and the other’s well-being during working hours. The employer only cared about productivity and numbers. The workers and Norma had very little breaks during the work day which is a horrible way to work. Many of the workers during the movie looked very run-down and overworked (Ritt (Director), 1979, Norma Rae). According to the AFL-CIO website, one of the main reasons...
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...Grade Recieved - "B- " Professor's comment: "Your paper skips to quickly from the early 1900s to contemporary periods, hospitals to healthcare in general, etc. Not well organized to the assignment questions. The portion on India doesn't provide a timeline comparison with the US." Using references other than those contained in this unit, research information on the historical development of health care, and complete the following for your assignment: Trace the major historical developments of hospitals in the United States. Identify the major historical events of hospitals in a country outside of the United States. Compare and contrast the history of both countries' hospitals, and discuss which one you feel has evolved to more effectively provide patient care. Be sure to provide rationale for your choice of which hospital more effectively provides care. Abstract No matter what part of the world one may live in, there is a rich history within those cultures. There are also history backgrounds of their hospitals and how they came to be. The objective of this project is to take a closer look into the historical developments of hospitals within the United States and India and based off their developments, which of the two grant superior effective care. The development of health care facilities has a long history no matter what part of the world they are in. Many techniques and standards have been lost and gained throughout the years. What all hospitals...
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...Chapter 1 Information Systems backbone Why is Information systems considered as company’s background? This section of report is focused towards the primary goal of the research i.e. Why is information systems considered as a backbone of any organization. Secondary data is used to prove the primary aim of report. Information systems perform three vital roles in any type of organization: 1. Support business operations 2. Support managerial decision making 3. Support strategic competitive advantage Ref: http://csob.berry.edu/faculty/lleblanc//newpage31.htm How information system is integrated in company Figure taken from Kristin Wischow, Rob Ward, Ryan Odell, David Sjoquist, Rahul Shah() Systems and Information Systems Cited from (http://homepages.wmich.edu/~r4ward/Systems%20and%20Information%20Systems%20Project.htm) On Wall-mart store All medium to large organisations depend on Information technology for their continued survival. Consider organisations like British Gas, British Telecom, the Power and Water companies having to manually calculate, millions of customer bills every month or quarter! Clearly the clerical effort involved would make it difficult if not impossible for the organisation to make a profit. Similar arguments apply to many other organisations such as the high street banks, central and local government. A recent article in the Daily Telegraph IT supplement suggested that many large organisations could last no longer than 24 hours without IT...
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...Risk Versus Reward: The Continuing Vaccination Question As young Americans living in the twenty first century, vaccines have always had a place in our lives. It is taught to us at a young age that vaccines are not only beneficial but necessary to the pursuit of healthy and long lives. For decades, we have been giving vaccines to ourselves and our children without question because the doctors say we should and they have the education, not us. The number of vaccines that children are mandated to receive continues to rise at an alarming rate. Currently, children receive approximately fourteen different vaccinations before the age of two Many of these vaccinations require multiple inoculations, which often have a child receiving four more shots in a single visit (Akinsanya-Beysolow). Every year, more vaccines are added to the list. With the speed of vaccine approval, it is time to step back and reevaluate who is making these recommendations and for what reasons. The cost to vaccinate a child from birth to eighteen has risen from one hundred dollars in1986 to $2,192 (Rosenthal). Vaccine manufacturing is a huge business with a vested interest in mandating vaccines. The decision to vaccinate should be left to the patient and parents, not the government or vaccine manufacturers. Data shows that even before vaccines most of the diseases we vaccinate for were on the decline (Obomsawin). Childhood illness rates have been on a steady increase over the last few decades. As the childhood...
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...encompasses a wide assortment of medical, social, personal, supportive and specialized housing services needed by individuals who have lost some capacity for self-care because of a chronic illness or disabling condition. With long-term care needs and, services are wide-ranging and complex, statistics studies vary from study to study. A report prepared by the U.S. Senate Special Committee on Aging (February 2000) described long-term care as follows: “It [long-term care] differs from other types of health care in that the goal of long-term care is not to cure an illness, but to allow an individual to attain and maintain an optimal level of functioning…” The first estimated yearly percentage contribution of an aging population development to rise in price for the periods of 1975 through 1990 and anticipated their probable development between 1990 and 2005. Comparable outlines of change are given an account for the hospital, physicians, and other sectors. Predictable demographics influences had the greatest impact on the price of nursing home care. Its similarity of interest to understand the amount to which the general demographics changes explained were determined by aging and population development. The spreading of the population in the United States has loosened swiftly together the number and amount of the population age 65 and over. This subclass has developed...
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...Health insurance in Canada and US Name: Institution: Health insurance in Canada and US Antonia Maioni’s goal is to explain the development of health insurance in Canada and United States of America. She goes on to elaborate why the United States and Canada have different healthcare insurance systems even though these two countries are majorly similar in almost all other aspects for example they share the same economic, political and social attributes (Maioni, 1997 p. 411). She offers that the major contributing factor to this contrast is the fact that health reform was fostered by political institutions which formed party systems in the two countries. Institutions are, in her book, stated as the most significant challenge faced by health reformers. Organizations related to the health industry play a rather important role in shaping insurance policies within the United States and Canada (Martens & Roos, 2005 p.72). This is further explained to be as a result of the way the institutions condition the role of political parties in policies. Maioni analyzes the creation on the social democratic third party in Canada which was not present in the United States of America and the influence exerted on the development of health reforms by the third, left-wing party in Canada. Two institutional attributes; parliamentary government and federalism are used to explain the differences between Canada and the US. The parliamentary...
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...Amy Cianflone, 400003075, HLTH AGE 1AA3 Annotated Bibliography Research Question: How can we account for the fact that women’s bodies have been medicalized more so than men’s bodies? Martin, E. (2001). The Woman In Th2e Body: A Cultural Analysis of Reproduction. Beacon Press, 1(5), 4-21. * Main argument is that regardless the shape, size or ethnicity of a woman, they all generally remain the same physically and biologically, therefore can be defined as one unique population, women. * Interviews have been done with a wide-range of different women to analyze certain aspects of the female anatomy in terms of pre-reproduction and post; these women were asked about menstruation, birth, contraceptive methods, menopause, and so on. * Demonstrates how “she may well experience what is in effect as taboo on the development of her human capacities.” (p. 21). This demonstrates how the science behind medicalization can be harsh, impersonal and certainty objective towards the female body. Conrad, P. (2007). The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2(1), 23-27 * Male medicalization is focused upon certain aspects such as andropause, baldness, and sexual performance such erectile dysfunction. Since the market of sexual enhancers such as Viagara (sildenafil citrate), medicalization has definitely taken charge. * Women have been the primary target in medicalization...
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...Associate Program Material Aging and Disability Worksheet Part I Identify 2 or 3 issues faced by the aging population. 1. Health Issues 2. Income and Economic Welfare 3. Neglect and Abuse Answer the following questions in 100 to 200 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. • What is ageism? How does ageism influence the presence of diversity in society? Ageism is a form of discrimination and prejudice, particularly experienced by seniors. Most seniors are mentally and physically active regardless of age with a great deal to contribute. http://www.alfa.org/alfa/Ageism.asp Ageism influences the presence of diversity because those who are affected by ageism within their career may lose their job due to newer, younger, cheaper people coming into the workplace to take over their current position. Which may leave those who are older without proper insurance to take care of their aging bodies which could result in earlier deaths and a lack of diversity in the world. Also when the younger generation takes over positions in the workplace that workplace will have a lack of diversity as well. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Eth125-R8-Disability-Diversity-1534126.html • What is the Age Discriminitation in Employment Act (ADEA)? How does the ADEA address issues for the aging population? The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) of 1967, as amended, seeks to address the long standing problem of age discrimination in the...
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...boundaries or social restrictions. However, the controversial means of controlling the population employed by the government and the dominance of the Socialist Unity Party (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED) in East German Politics has led many scholars and experts to claim that the GDR was a “Second German Dictatorship”. Fulbrook (2009: 159) says “A combination of methods was employed to ensure the compliance of the East German populace, including terror as well as attempted ideological indoctrination, as the SED sought both to control the state means of administration, policing and justice, and to exert its influence in education, the media and all avenues of opinion formation.” Characteristics of the GDR resemble those of a twentieth century dictatorship, where oppression and fear were parts of daily life. This essay will examine the GDR, determining ultimately whether it was, as its government suggested, a “workers and farmers state” or, as suggested by many theorists, a “second German dictatorship.” Jarausch (1999: 341) says that the SED “glorified the GDR as an egalitarian and open society on the path towards a communist utopia.” The SED used various techniques to mould the GDR into a functioning socialist state, where everyone had equal opportunities. By removing the significance of private property and making rent in the GDR notably lower than in the west, the SED were encouraging the previously exploited working classes to ascend through GDR society and improve...
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...Dr. David Tataw Healthcare Economics February 2, 2015 The economics of health care field studies demand and supply of health care resources, that is, allocation of the resources, within a given health care system. The health care system is defined as “the organizational arrangements and processes through which a society makes choices concerning the production, consumption, and distribution of health care services.”6 Because health care resources are limited, each society has to make decisions in terms of the distribution, consumption, and production of these services. A key factor that shapes the delivery of health care in any health care system is the evolving system for financing and reimbursement for health care services. The types of services delivered and the organizational approaches to delivering services are heavily influenced by how health care is paid for. In this paper I will discuss some values of healthcare professionals understand the discipline of health economics, the importance of considering the complex nature of health and healthcare when examining the economic principles, and the main potential benefits of learning about health economics. In the health care market, patients or consumers, health care providers or producers, and third-party payers are three major players. According to the principles of economic theory, consumers or patients on the demand side seek to maximize their utility or satisfaction, which is largely determined by...
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...France (officially the French Republic) is a country located in Western Europe. Here are some fun facts about France. * The most popular sports in France are football (soccer), rugby league and rugby union. Handball and basketball are also popular in many parts of France. * Well known sporting events held annually in France are the Tour de France (the best known road bicycle race in the world) and the French Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments) * French literature is very popular and well known. Charles Perrault was one of France’s most influential children’s writers. He wrote books such as Cinderella, Sleeping Beauty and Puss in Boots. * The French healthcare system was ranked number one in the world back in 1997. Average life expectancy in France is currently 79.73 years. * 54% of French people identify themselves as being Christians, while 31% of people stated that they were not religious. Islam, Buddhism and Judaism are all practised by a minority (just over 1%) of the population * It is estimated that there are between 200,000 and 1 million illegal immigrants in France * France has an estimated population of 64.5 million, making it the 19th largest country (in terms of population) in the world. * France is the most popular tourist destination in the world. Nearly 82 million people traveled to France for holidays in 2007. Spain was the second most popular tourist destination with 58.5 million visitors. * In 2004, only 68...
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