...The signal man The Story “The Signal-Man” describes an eerie encounter between two men, the anonymous narrator of the story and a railway signalman. The signalman confides to the narrator that he has seen some disturbing sights that he believes are ghostly apparitions. The story reflects the narrator's initial skepticism, which turns to horrified belief at the conclusion. The story opens as the narrator is taking a walk in the country. He sees a signalman by the train track at the bottom of a steep cutting. He calls to the signalman, makes his way down a zigzag path to the track, and converses with him. The signalman is strangely fearful of the man, revealing that the man's greeting reminded him of a disturbing supernatural apparition he has seen—and heard—at the mouth of a nearby tunnel. The narrator wonders briefly if the signalman himself is a spirit because of his strange manner. The signalman invites the narrator to return and meet him at his signal box on the following night. At that time, the signalman tells his visitor more about the apparition. It took the form of a man who appeared in front of the tunnel waving desperately and crying, “Look out! Look out!” The signalman telegraphed warnings to other stations along the line but to no avail. Six hours later, a terrible train accident occurred. On another day, the figure reappeared and assumed an attitude of extreme grief. A few hours later, a woman died on one of the trains going by the signalman's post. The signalman...
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...Samer Abboud Signal Processing Final Report 29/5/2014 There are there objectives to this report, as we will see in the three following problems. The first objective is to build a VI to find the magnitude response of each filter while changing the 5 designs of filters(Elliptical, Chebychev, Inverse Chebychev, Butterworth and Bessel) and changing the filter types (Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass, Bandstop). The second objective which is seen in problem 2 is to generate a pulse with uniform white noise, passing it through a median type filter. Theoretical Part 1: In problem 1 we have a case structure for the 4 different types of filters. Those four types ( Lowpass, Highpass, Bandpass, Bandstop) require nearly the same input, changing slightly. the inputs are filter design, filter type, impulse response, high and low frequencies, the order of the filter, sampling rate and the attenuation and ripples in those filters that need those inputs. At the output of the case structure, we are transforming the signal into a Fourier transform and passing it through an array subset, multiplying with a logarithm of base 10, passing it through a bundle to finally be displayed on the waveform graph. All this is put inside a while loop with a 50 ms wait. Theoretical Part 2: In problem 2 we are inserting a certain number of samples into a pulse VI as well as a uniform white noise VI, while specifying some characteristics like width and delay and noise level. After we add the pulse to the...
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...ECE 2610 Introduction to Signals and Systems Spring Semester 2011 Instructor: Dr. Mark Wickert Office: EB-292 wickert@eas.uccs.edu http://www.eas.uccs.edu/wickert/ece2610/ Phone: 255-3500 Fax: 255-3589 Office Hrs: Required Text Optional Software: Grading: M&W 12:45-1:15am, M&W 3:05pm-4:00pm, others by appointment. James McClellan, Ronald Schafer, and Mark Yoder, Signal Processing First, Prentice Hall, New Jersy, 2003. ISBN 0-13-090999-8. The student version of MATLAB 7.x available under general software in the UCCS bookstore. Other specific programming tools will be discussed in class. 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.) Graded homework worth 20%. Quizzes worth 15% total Laboratory assignments worth 20% total. Mid-term exam worth 15%. Final MATLAB project worth 10%. Final exam worth 20%. Topics Text 1.1–1.4 2.1–2.9 3.1–3.9 4.1–4.6 5.1–5.9 6.1–6.9 7.1–7.10 8.1–8.12 9.1–9.10 10.1–10.6 11.1–11.11 12.1–12.4 Weeks 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 (exam) 1.0 2.0 1.5? 0.5? 1.5? 1.5 (project) 1. Course Overview and Introduction 2. Sinusoids 3. Spectrum Representation 4. Sampling and Aliasing 5. FIR filters 6. Frequency response of FIR filters 7. z-Transforms 8. IIR Filters 9. Continuous-Time Signals and Systems 10. Frequency Response 11. Continuous-Time Fourier Transform 12. Filtering, Modulation, and Sampling Note: that topics 9–12 will most likely only be overviewed at the end of the semester....
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...Signal and system are the two major components in Signal Processing. The term signal refers to a physical quantity having the characteristic of varying with respect to time and space. Signal may be either continuous-time or discrete-time, with either analog or digital values [1]. The signals which are represented by a continuous function are called continuous signals and those which are described by number sequences are called discrete signals [2]. We have seen about a signal in brief. The second component in signal processing is a system which is a process whose input and output are signals. Signal processing is a vast area comprising the concepts of electrical engineering, systems engineering and applied mathematics that deals with both the analog and discrete time signals, represented by variation in time or spatial physical quantities. Precise statistical depiction is required for the development of improved signal processing algorithms of natural signals [3]. The major operations of Signal processing includes 1) signal acquisition and reconstruction, 2) Quality improvement including filtering, smoothing and digitization, 3) feature extraction 4) signal compression and 5) prediction [4] [5]. Analog signal processing, Discrete-time signal processing, Non-linear signal processing and Digital signal processing are the four major categories of signal processing. The signal processing performed over analog signals for the purpose of any of the major operations of signal processing...
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...Ali Rizwan - Calvez Fabien 4.1 - Localization of the source during the time 4.2 - Estimation of the instantaneous speeds 5- Signal Processing Project Signal Processing Project 2D location tracking radar by using sound waves Fourth step: Real-time monitoring of a sound wave 5.1 - Acquisition of a real sound signal 5.2 - Merging of information with another group 6 - Conclusion Ali Rizwan and Calvez Fabien Table of contents: 12Introduction First step: Estimation of arrival direction of sound waves 2.1 - Limits of the detection 2.2 - First method Annex: 7 - Figures 2.3 - Second method 82.4 - Conclusion about the two methods 3Second step: Localization of wave sources in a plane Matlab programming 3.1 - Localization of a sound wave 3.2 - Estimation of the performances 4Third step: Tracking of a sound wave ENSEIRB-MATMECA 1/16 2009-2010 Ali Rizwan - Calvez Fabien 1Introduction Signal Processing Project 2 - First step: Estimation of arrival direction of sound waves The most widespread localization system used by common people is the Global Positioning System (GPS). Yet we cannot use it inside buildings, because of the low reception level of the signals. Instead Wi-Fi waves can be used or even sound waves. This is the second method that is introduced in this project. The goal of this project is to localize a sound source in a simple but realist example the implied issues linked to the design of this system. In this project an algorithm...
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...Week 17 : Signal Processing Test - Attempt #1 Top of Form |Time Remaining: [pic] | | |Page: 1 2 | Page 1 [pic] |Question 1. 1. (TCO 3) What is the expression for the transform admittance for an unfluxed inductance of 4H? (Points : 6) | | | | [pic] 0.25/s | | [pic] 4/s | | [pic] 0.25s | | [pic] 4s | | | | ...
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...ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL 1.1 Analog signal An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analog to another time varying signal. For example, in an analog audio signal, the instantaneous voltage of the signal varies continuously with the pressure of the sound waves. It differs from a digital signal, in which a continuous quantity is represented by a discrete function which can only take on one of a finite number of values. The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals; however, mechanical, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals. An analog signal uses some property of the medium to convey the signal's information. For example, an aneroid barometer uses rotary position as the signal to convey pressure information. In an electrical signal, the voltage, current, or frequency of the signal may be varied to represent the information. Any information may be conveyed by an analog signal; often such a signal is a measured response to changes in physical phenomena, such as sound, light, temperature, position, or pressure. The physical variable is converted to an analog signal by a transducer. For example, in sound recording, fluctuations in air pressure (that is to say, sound) strike the diaphragm of a microphone which induces corresponding fluctuations in the current produced by a coil in an electromagnetic...
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...------------------------------------------------- Contents * SECTION :2 * SECTION :3 * SECTION :4 * SECTION :5 ------------------------------------------------- SECTION :2 Multiply the following polynomials in z by using the fft algorithm a=1+2*z^{-1}+ 4*z^{-2}+7*z^{-3}+12*z^{-4}+25*z^{-5} b=1-3*z^{-1}+ 7*z^{-2}+15*z^{-3}-12*z^{-4}+13*z^{-5} Transform polynomials equation to vector ------------------------------------------------- a = [1 2 4 7 12 25]; ------------------------------------------------- b = [1 -3 7 15 -12 13]; ------------------------------------------------- % FFT function in Matlab using Circular Convolution, instead avoid the ------------------------------------------------- % affect of circular convolution, we add zero paddles at end of the vector ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- a0 = [a zeros(1, 5)]; ------------------------------------------------- b0 = [b zeros(1 , 5)]; ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- % Convolution in time domain equivalent the mutiply in frequency domain. ------------------------------------------------- % First equation doing convolution operation of two polynomials equation in ------------------------------------------------- ...
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...Digital Signal Processing The acronym DSP can stand for one of two things: digital signal processing which refers to the technique used to process signals digitally or digital signal processor which would refer to a specialized kind of microprocessor. Since the introduction of general-purpose microprocessors in the 1980’s, a wider range of modern technology now includes digital signal processing technology. This includes cellular phones, CD players, computers, DVD players, video recorders, computer monitors, and many other similar devices. DSP is also taking over analog circuitry in TV sets and telephones. One of DSP’s major applications is signal compression and decompression. Signal compression enables things such as call waiting and image projection on computer screens. DSP involves a great deal of math, both complex and simple. The design of a DSP chip enables it to perform these functions very rapidly which produces hundreds of millions of samples very quickly. This provides “real time” performance meaning the signal is live. This can be seen in loud speakers and cell phones. Most major electronics companies utilize DSP in their technology including Texas Instruments, Intel, and Motorola. An example of “real time” performance could be viewed in a lab that we did. We had two separate groups: one group made a “receiver” and the other group made a “transmitter.” Across the room, one group had their receiver and set up the microphone on a stand a certain amount of space...
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...| | | Date | | Contents Table of Figures 3 Acronyms Used 3 PART 1 Filtering in the Frequency Domain 3 Introduction 3 Review of Prior Knowledge 4 Complex Numbers 4 Fourier series 4 Fourier Transform 4 Convolution Theorem 5 Overview 5 2-D FFT 6 DFT 6 IDFT 7 2-D FFT 7 Comparison with 1-D FFT 8 2-D FFT and Image Processing 8 Image Smoothing and Sharpening 9 Smoothing 9 Sharpening 11 Conclusion 13 PART 2 Application of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 13 Introduction 13 Gaussian Filter Theoretical Analysis 13 Gaussian Low Pass Filter 14 Gaussian High Pass Filter 14 Gaussian Filter Design 15 Practical Results 16 Conclusion 17 References 18 Table of Figures Figure 1: Input Signal Transformed to Frequency Domain 5 Figure 2: Flow Diagram of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 5 Figure 3: Spatial VS Frequency Domain 5 Figure 4: 2-D Sinusoidal Wave 7 Figure 5: Flow Diagram of Filtering in the Frequency Domain 9 Figure 6: Graphical Representation of an Ideal Low Pass Filter 10 Figure 7: Image that was smoothed 11 Figure 8: Graphical...
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...Explain the differences between data, voice, and video signals in 200 to 300 words. Include a description comparing the differences between a private branch exchange (PBX) and Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Solution: Data signal is a mode of physical data transmission usually in binary code in signals or pulses from one source point to one or more destination point. Data is transformed into electromagnetic signals prior to transmission across a network. Data and video signal are typically encoded utilizing a digital methodology where voice is typically encoded utilizing an analog format. In analog technology, sound is recorded in its original form. Therefore, for instance, if making a recording of the sound, the audio is taken straight from the microphone and stored onto the storage media. The wave from the microphone is an analog wave, and therefore the wave on the tape is analog as well. That wave on the tape can be read, amplified and put through a sound system to produce the original sound. In digital technology, the video or data is turned into numbers that are stored on a digital device such as a computer. The more samples that are taken the more closely the digital data reflect the original data or video signal. Another option is that the data and video are directly encoded into digital format to start with and does not require sampling. In addition to this, Voice signals are generally less data intensive as only the audio part is captured and is compressed...
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...Signals IT/242 May 29, 2014 Sokly Vann Signals Today’s technology will use the old, the new and a combination of the two to achieve the desired results. Society has become dependent on this technology and the many types of signals that support it. Data, Voice and Video Signals all play a major role in the daily lives of millions of people around the world. They all seem to be alike but different. The Difference Data is a binary type signal that is be used in many different ways. Data is used in pictures, web sites, emails, programs and many other applications and software. Voice can be in the form of analog or digital signals. Depending on the application or use the frequency and bandwidth required may change to acquire the desired performance. Video signals also can be in the form of analog and digital (William Stallings/Pearson Education, Inc., 2009). VIOP and PBX Voice over Internet Protocol (VIOP) is the new technology in telephone systems. VIOP uses a packet switched network similar to the internet. VIOP passes digitized voice data. The advantage is more communication through the same amount of bandwidth. Public Branch Exchange (PBX) is a small telephone network within a company. This network has several lines to a local phone service to allow calls to go in and out of the company. The PBX internal calls are routed internally, and any calls to the outside take one of the available outside lines. VOIP can be used in a PBX system. This could be an advantage...
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...business offices have Wi-Fi set up so that their employees can be more mobile using laptops they can retreat from their desk and in to a conference room for a quiet space to work. Wi-Fi connection within a network presents challenges for any IT group with regard to security as well as architecture of the network. Many wireless Routers and AP’s are designed to provide quick speeds and secure connection for Wi-Fi some more powerful than others. Many PDA devices are being designed to act as a hot spot, providing Wi-Fi access to laptops and other devices. This brings me to speak about Cellular technology. When we think of cellular technology, we mostly think about being on the go and needing to make a phone call with a wireless phone. Cellular signals use connected transmitters or cells as Michael Cox calls them to enable clients and customers to be mobile yet maintaining connection to the network (Cox, 2013). Cellular networks have many things that comprise their make-up, including a base station, switching offices, and the mobile devices themselves. Cellular technology uses a radio waves with 50 MHz allocated to bands that are broken down further in to channels allowing simultaneous access to the...
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...October 26, 2013 There are several things that are important about the line, “He didn’t mean to Thomas,” that Victor speaks in the movie, “Smoke Signals.” The first thing that needs to be discussed is the fact that when this statement was made, Thomas and Victor had just returned to the Reservation from a trip to Arizona to retrieve the belongings of Victor’s father who had just passed away. This seems normal, but in fact, it was the last thing Victor wanted to do. You see, Victors father left the family years before he passed away when Victor was a young boy. This, coupled with the fact that Victor’s father was an alcoholic, was abusive to his wife and to Victor, left Victor with extreme anger issues towards his father on the one hand, yet on the other hand, a love that he kept inside of himself for his father also. Native American culture has many things passed along through the oral tradition of story telling. The story of what happened when Victor and Thomas were babies is a story that has been told over and over. Victor’s father was a hero; he saved Thomas’s life when, as an infant he was thrown from a burning house. To most people he was a great hero although Victor did not see his father as a hero, only as a drunk, and as abusive. While in Arizona getting his fathers belongings, Victor found out many stories about his father that he was unaware of. He did not know that his father had saved not only Thomas, but also Victor. He did not...
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...CHECKPOINT: SIGNALS Explain the differences between data, voice, and video signals in 200 to 300 words. Include a description comparing the differences between a private branch exchange (PBX) and Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). The three types of signals data, voice, and video. Besides the obvious differences between these three signals there is more to them. The first signal I will describe is the video signal. Like the name suggest a video signal transmits videos from one point to another. They come in both analog and digital. These can be used by business to transmit videos to video monetors around a business to transmit information to employees. The next type of signal is the voice signal. According to the last weeks required reading, the voice signal, or audio signal, is responsible for supporting applications based on sound, usually of the human voice. (8text) What this basically means is that the audio that goes through a network through a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) or a private branch exchange (PBX) is a voice signal. One of the differences between a PBX and a VoIP is basic function. A PBX is a system that in essence it is an internal telephone network that enables one office to call another office within the company. The company would only need to by one or two main telephone lines to connect to an outside line. So a business would save on money not having to supply each office with an outside line. A VoIP is similar to the PBX, but a VoIP...
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