...XAVIER INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT, BHUBANESWAR Term Paper Ecosystem and Sustainability management Gaurav Anand | U311067 Gautam Bhut | U311068 Krishanu Chakraborty | U311073 Rahul Fatnani | U311084 Saket Vardhan | U311088 Suraj Kumar S | u311094 The term paper is an attempt to review the noble prize winning work of Elinor Ostrom,” Governing the Commons-The Evolutions of Institutions for Collective Action” and extending it to analyze the Forest Rights Act through the IAD Framework. Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 3 How are the Commons & CPRs defined? .................................................................................................. 3 The three dominant models ..................................................................................................................... 4 The theory of the firm............................................................................................................................... 4 The theory of the state ............................................................................................................................. 4 The problem of supply .............................................................................................................................. 4 The problem of credible commitment ...............................................................
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...Professor Pecquet Economics 201 Study Guide for Exam 1 Exam 1 covers Lectures 1-5 & Gwartney and Stroup chapters 1-5. Format: 40-55 multiple choice questions. You may also have some additional material from Monday’s lecture. Study advice: Try to prepare for the exam in advance in order to get enough sleep the night before. Get plenty rest the night before. This will help you to read the questions carefully. I estimate about 5% of the misses are due to careless reading. Study your assigned homework problems and blackboard quizzes. Use the handout that I prepared for you: Arbitrage & Speculation. Lecture 1 The Economic Approach Related Readings Chapter 1 Define Economics in two ways and understand the difference between each way. Know the meaning and relationship between the following concepts covered in the first lecture: scarcity, rationing/rules, competition and choice. Know especially the concept of opportunity cost and choice. Be able to work opportunity cost problems similar to cost of college and the alternative ways of travel problems that we did in class and on homework. Know the difference between normative and positive. Know the difference between positive sum games, zero sum games and negative sum games as discussed in the lecture. Economists use incentives to set up positive win-win games as in my classroom examples of Australia & golden content in trash. What is meant by the moral hazard problem? Understand...
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...of the white man to Nigeria. In part, the novel is a response and antidote to a large tradition of European literature in which Africans are depicted as primitive and mindless savages. The attitudes present in colonial literature are so ingrained into our perception of Africa that the District Commissioner, who appears at the end of the novel, strikes a chord of familiarity with most readers. He is arrogant, dismissive of African "savages," and totally ignorant of the complexity and richness of Igbo life. Yet his attitude echoes so much of the depiction of Africa; this attitude, following Achebe's depiction of the Igbo, seems hollow and savage. Digression is one of Achebe's most important tools. Although the novel's central story is the tragedy of Okonkwo, Achebe takes any opportunity he can to digress and relate anecdotes and tertiary incidents. The novel is part documentary, but the liveliness of Achebe's narrative protects the book from reading like an anthropology text. We are allowed to see the Igbo through their own eyes, as they celebrate the various rituals and holidays that mark important moments in the year and in the people's live....
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...REVISITING THE ”TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS” University Sciences Po Paris Semester: Fall 2011/2012 Student: Sönke-Timo Kisker Student – ID: 100033186 Course: Thinking and Acting the Environment Course-ID: 23811 Course Coordinaton: Florence Faucher-King; Thomas Léon Assignment: Mid-term paper Word-count: 2746 Date: 18.10.2011 | Agenda I. Introduction 2 II. Specifying a framework 2 a. Defining ‘global public good’ 2 b. Defining the “Tragedy,”within Game theory 3 III. Revisiting Hardin's main assumptions and argumentations 4 c. Variables influencing rational choices of Individuals 4 d. The concept value and ethics in decisionmaking 5 IV. Practical examples of dealing with the commons 6 e. Mc Evoy's findings of assigning responsibility 6 f. Co-Management 6 ...
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...Experiments 3. Comparative Studies- woodland caribou -Food limited -Predator limited D. Optimal Foraging theory: how do predators choose their diets? (see chapter 3) *What is the optimum strategy? = Energy maximization or time minimization Max En/T Assumptions about the predator (forager): -Eating and searching for the next food (prey) item are mutually exclusive activities. -Items are found sequentially, items are found one at a time. Energetic Value of prey: EACH PREY ITEM HAS AN ENERGENTIC VALUE (ei) Handling time: A HANDLING TIME (hi) Profitability: : e/h= profitability of each prey item (such that prey can be ranked) Rule: optimal foraging rule (prediction) – always eat the most profitable prey and eat the next most profitable prey if the gain is greater than the gain from rejecting it and searching for a more profitable prey. Predictions of Optimal Foraging Theory: The highest ranked prey type should always be eaten when encountered. 1) Predators with small handling times and long search times should be GENERALISTS. 2) Diets should be broad in pre-poor (unproductivr) environments. 3) The abundance of low ranking prey types is unaffected by the a abundance of the low-ranking prey is irrelevant. Herbivory and mutualisms (Chapter 12) A. Introduction -Herb ivory: animals feeding on plants. -Only part of the prey item is eaten base of many food webs B. The world is green. Thus...
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... Willy believes whole heartedly in what he considers the promise of the American Dream. In the 1940’s The American Dream was as simple as it gets, to have a perfect, successful life with a common nuclear family, a house in the suburbs, a nice car and a life without conflict or family strife. ‘The Great Gatsby’ is a highly symbolic reflection on 1920’s America as a whole, in particular the disappearance of the American Dream in an era of material excess. On the surface, ‘The Great Gatsby’ is a story of the eternal love between a man and a woman. However, in reality the main theme of the novel involves a much larger, less romantic outlook. The 1920’s was an era of decayed social and moral values, which means that the idea of The American Dream was different to what it is now. When World War 1 ended in 1918, the generation of young Americans who fought the war became intensely disillusioned. The rise of the stock market in the aftermath of the war led to a sudden increase in the national wealth and a new found materialism, leading the younger generation to pursue a life of extravagance. The pursuit of the two illustrations of The American Dream, not only drives the characters forward trying to create a better life for themselves but also leads them to their deaths. Willy in the modern tragedy ‘Death of a Salesman’ refuses to acknowledge that he failed to achieve his dreams of becoming a “well-liked” salesman. ‘The Great Gatsby’ meanwhile focuses on the character of Jay...
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...1 Chapter 16 Externalities Consumers and producers are internal to a transaction. Consumers receive a benefit from the goods they purchase, while producers pay the costs of production. An externality (sometimes called a spillover) is a cost or benefit that goes to someone external to a transaction. Pollution is a negative (cost) externality. Education and research create a positive externality. Externalities can result from consumption or production. 2 An Example: Suppose that the costs of raising livestock are mostly borne by the rancher, but there is a spillover cost. Streams nearby get polluted, and this affects people (and other species) who use the stream as well as spinach farmers who also use the water for irrigation. Ranchers will consider their own costs of production, but the costs to others could be greater than the surplus from cattle production. 1 3 Negative Externalities • If there is an external cost from production, the Marginal Social Cost is higher than the producer’s Marginal Cost (competitive Supply). • The competitive equilibrium will produce more than the optimal quantity for Society. • If there is an external cost to consumption, the Marginal Social Value is less than Demand. 4 Positive Externalities • If there is an external benefit from consumption, the Marginal Social Benefit is higher than consumer Demand. • The competitive equilibrium will produce less than the optimal quantity for Society. • If there is an external benefit...
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...economic boom and its gradual reform path has challenged the belief that gradual reform and public ownership cannot work as a transitional strategy. This paper aims to analyse the Chinese Model of economic transition with a focus on the structure of property rights in the system, primarily in the rural sector. First, a brief historic background of China and its course towards transition is provided, after which property rights and the various approaches to them are examined. I will then explore what system China currently employs, whether or not this has been effective, if it is sustainable and if it is to set a precedent for other transitional economies. I. Past to present: People’s Republic of China, towards transition The aim of this chapter is...
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...Name Course Professor Date Critical Analysis: ‘What is the What’ by Dave Eggers. “What is what” is a tale of a young Sudanese boy and the tribulations and challenges that he experiences as he flees from his war torn country of southern Sudan. The book paints a vivid picture of the epic journey that the main character in the story, Valentino faces from the time that he flees the country to the time that he finally reaches what he thought would be the “Promised Land” in Atlanta, United States of America. He was soon to realize that even in America, life would not be a bed of roses but it would be marred by unexpected acts of violence and racial discrimination (Dave 28). One striking thing in the narrative is that the author brings out the culture of the Dinka people. For instance, polygamous nature of the Dinka people is clearly illustrated. The myth regarding the origin of the Dinka people is as well demonstrated (Bess). In regards to this origin, the Dinka people are given a choice by God to choose between the cattle and the “What is the What”. They choose the cattle which they understood better rather than “What is the What” which they did not as demonstrated in the line, "—you didn't tell us the answer: What is the What? My father shrugged. —We don't know. No one knows” (Dave 64). Through the narrative, a reader is informed on the historical background of the south Sudanese people. The relative geographical locations of the three African countries...
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...PUBLIC SPEAKING AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT A research paper of Gamaliel Eve Relampago MInggong as partial fulfillment of the requirements in English 202 Submitted to: Nora L. Sisneros, M.D TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I- Dynamics of the Study I.a- Rationale of the Study I.b- Significance of the Study I.c- Narrative Approach of the Study I.d- Qualitative Paradigm of the Study CHAPTER II- Research Plans and Methodology II.a- Content Analysis of the Study II.b- Framework and Analysis II.c- Theoretical Foundations of the Study II.d- Interpretative Analysis of the Study REFERENCES CHAPTER I- Dynamics of the Study Public speaking has always been an essential part of our life. We might find ourselves being stuck in a situation to speak in front of people like funerals, weddings, graduations and school activities. It was never erased in our existence. Civic activities are one of these situations. Civic engagement or civic participation is the encouragement of the general public to become involved in the political process and the issues that affect them. It is the community coming together to be a collective source of change, political and non-political. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_engagement) Public speaking and Civic engagement goes hand in hand. Without speaking in public, like the definition above, you will never be able to speak your mind out to the general public for the sake of your purpose. Civic engagement doesn’t happen with just watching...
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...The Last of The Mohicans: Theme Analysis Theme Analysis Culture Clash In the wilderness of upper New York, two cultures clash—white Eurocentric culture and native Indian culture. Ample evidence is given in the novel of the destruction caused to the Indians by the coming of the whites—Hawkeye himself acknowledges that this is so. The reason that Magua was driven from the Hurons, for example, was because the whites introduced the Indians to alcohol, and he fell victim to it. The savagery of the conflict between whites and Indians is apparent in numerous incidents. The two races do not understand each other’s ways, even though they make many alliances with each other according to what they believe is in their best interest. Generally speaking, Hawkeye, Heyward, and David Gamut, each in his different way, represent the values of white civilization. Heyward represents the military ideal; David represents the sect of Protestantism known as Calvinism. Hawkeye is a more complex case because he in a sense lives in both worlds, Indian and white, and has great respect for some of the Indian ways. Although he thinks Indians other than Delawares and Mohicans are liars and “varlets,” he acknowledges the validity of their religion and respects many of their customs. However, Hawkeye still sees a wide gulf between the ways of the “Mingo” and those of the white man. He believes that whites have a more enlightened set of values, inspired by Christianity, although he is not an especially...
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...Review by Suresh A M, I semester, MBA, JSSCMS Eric Berne was a psychoanalyst who became well known in the 1970s for his system of "transactional analysis", the transactions in question being mostly those between a young child and its parents. He proposed various structures for this relationship based on the roles parent/adult/child that every person plays and presents life stories as scripts that can be good or bad. This book is considered by many to be Eric Berne's sequel to Games People Play. Although Berne published other books since Games People Play was released in 1964, most of those works were oriented towards those trained in psychotherapy and not towards the individuals who made Games People Play a two-year bestseller. The book is his last book completed just before his death in 1970. Berne's bad luck was that he wrote the book in 1970 when psychology was going through a bad patch with a flood of bizarre systems appearing. The good gets lost with the bad and transactional analysis now tends to be labeled as an outmoded California fashion related to Freudianism. In the preface he says that the book is "primarily intended as an advanced textbook of psychotherapy, and professionals of different backgrounds should have no difficulty in translating into their own dialects the short and simple annals of transactional analysis. No doubt some non-professionals will read it too, and for that reason I have tried to make it accessible to them. It may demand thinking, but I hope...
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...“The Red Pony” by John Steinbeck – Critical Analysis John Steinbeck an American writer was born in the year 1902 and died in the year 1968.During his time, Steinbeck was one of the most accomplished writers and his literary works received massive popularity. Most of his novels and short stories were performed as plays on stage and that is one reason why he was among the best sellers during his era. One of his great accomplishments for his involvement in literature was the Literature Nobel Prize he won in 1962. Steinbeck wrote a total of twenty seven books and some of his most common books include; “The grapes of Wrath” written in 1939, the 1952 “East of Eden, The 1937 short novel “Mice and men” (John, pg 23). John Steinbeck spent much of his early life in a rural part of America and worked on various ranches with migrants ‘on spreckler ranch and other nearby ranches during his summers. He attended Salinas high school and later joined Stanford University, although he never graduated. He did various odd jobs before beginning his career as a writer. Steinbeck wrote his first novel Cup of Gold which was published in 1929.Other books he wrote were; the pastures of heaven (1932), The Red Pony (1933), Tortilla Flat (1935), The Grapes of Wrath (1939), and many others. During his career, Stein beck was involved in various issues and correspondence. Most of his literary works revolved around his life as well as the issues that affected people then (John, pg 56). One of the issues he wrote...
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...Analysis of Blanche tragic life Abstract : As one of the most important play writers of America after the World War Ⅱ, Tennessee Williams won lots of theatrical awards for his masterpiece A Streetcar Named Desire. As a result, Blanche, the heroine in the play, had been the focus point of the critics. This thesis tries to analyze profoundly the cause of the tragedy of Blanche from several aspects .As Williams T concluded, ‘The heroine Blanche was struggling between reality and fantasy, finally, her spirit was broken drastically under the beat of ruthless reality. She was the typical weak woman and victim in the patriarchal society. Her tragedy shows that the woman can’t escape the control of the typical patriarchal society in any case of resistances.’(Williams, 2).Some of William’s points will be elaborated in this paper which includes four parts. Chapter one serves as an “introduction”, which gives a general review of main characters in the novel. Chapter two, “Character of Blanche” ,Blanche’s being trapped by the conventionality; Blanche’s illusion about men; Blanche’s illusion about herself; her husband’s suicide; Stanley’s rude behavior and sense of dominance; Stella’s betrayal; Mitch’s desertion and the cold realistic world. In conclusion, it is the Blanche’s illusion about men ,herself and cruelty of Stanley that mainly causes her tragedy. Keywords: tragedy conventionality illusion 1．Introduction 1.1 Review of the protagonist In Tennessee Williams' "A Streetcar...
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...Jared Cruz Professor Estrada American Lit. 1 April 18th, 2015 Word Count: 1,799 Gravity: An Analysis of Insanity in Wieland To some, the definition of madness is a state in which one is mentally unstable and filled with irrationality. To others like famous scientist Albert Einstein, true insanity is doing the same thing over and over expecting different results every time. Regardless of how it is defined, one fact about insanity or madness remains true to this day and can be summed up by one quote from perhaps the most famous insane character of all time, the Joker: “Madness, as you know, is like gravity... All it takes is a little push!” This very idea of insanity and how susceptible to madness the mind can be is a central theme throughout Charles Brockden Brown's Wieland. In the novel, one of the primary forces behind everyone's growing paranoia and dementia are a series of voices that literally cause the protagonist's brother, Theodore Wieland, to murder his wife and children. Of course the voices not only affect Theodore, but rather the entire community as a whole, namely the protagonist herself. Clara Wieland is just as easily prone to the insanity that overcomes her circle of friends and family. Many times throughout the novel, Clara demonstrates various qualities of irrationality, such as contemplating suicide and struggling to maintain grasp onto reality. While these are prime examples of madness within the novel, one's sanity that often goes unchecked is that...
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