...The California Trail carried over 250,000 gold-seekers and farmers to the gold fields and rich farmlands of the Golden State during the 1840s and 1850s, the greatest mass migration in American history. The general route began at various jumping off points along the Missouri River and stretched to various points in California Oregon, and the Sierra Nevada. The specific route that emigrants and forty-niners used depended on their starting point in Missouri, their final destination in California, the condition of their wagons and livestock, and yearly changes in water and forage along the different routes. The trail passes through the states of Missouri, Kansas Nebraska, Colorado, Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, and California. Before the trail was blazed, the Great Basin region had only been partially explored during the days of Spanish and Mexican rule. However, that changed in 1832 when Benjamin Bonneville, a United States Army officer, requested a leave of absence to pursue an expedition to the west. The expedition was financed by John Jacob Astor, a rival of the Hudson Bay company. While Bonneville was exploring the Snake River in Wyoming, he sent a party of men under Joseph Walker to explore the Great Salt Lake and find an overland route to California. Early settlers began to use the trail in the 1840's, the first of which was John Bidwell, who led the 1841 Bidwell-Bartleson Party. In 1842, a member of the Bidwell-Bartleson Party returned to Missouri on the Humboldt...
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...of many hikes on this Native American land is the Palm Canyon Trail, a total of 15 miles. This trail follows Palm Canyon Creek, which may or may not have flowing water depending on the time of year and recent rainfall. Once you pass the tollgate, the second parking area reaches this trail. This is also the parking area that houses the trading post, which offers a nice collection of Native American crafts and gift items, along with restrooms. The Native Americans here are the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuila Indians, and they’ve lived in the Palm...
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...The Role of Gender in 16th Century European Witch Trails This annotated bibliography explores the contribution gender identity made to the ‘witch craze’ of 16th century Europe. The texts analysed provide varying insights into the issue and its causes, helping to shed light and add reason to the seemingly incomprehensible acts of the European witch trials. Mencej, Mirjam. 2011. “The Role of Gender in Accusations of Witchcraft: The Case of Eastern Slovenia”. Český Lid 98 (4). Institute of Ethnology, Czech Academy of Sciences: 393–412. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/stable/42640635. Mirjam Mencej pieces together the childhood memories of many different people from a small village in Eastern Slovenia in order to understand how...
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...wagons to carry their belongings and their items necessary for survival. There were two main types of wagons that were used in the 18th and 19th centuries. The Conestoga wagon was first used in the 18th century, and was widely popular until railroads were invented. The Conestoga wagon got its name because it originated in the Conestoga Creek region of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, and Virginia used Conestoga wagons the most. These wagons were usually pulled by four to six Conestoga horses, and could hold 6 tons of supplies. Conestoga Wagons, also known as freight wagons, were designed to carry heavy loads. They had a curved floor to limit the shifting of supplies when travelling up and down hills. There were gates at the ends of the wagon to keep cargo from falling out. White canvas covered Conestoga wagons to protect freight from rain, snow, and other weather. The canvas was soaked in oil for water-proofing, then stretched over wooden rings. Western Wagons were used in the 19th century and were important to western migration. Heavily used in California and Oregon, western...
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...twenty-five cents an acre in 1856 no doubt saw massive returns. That is, until the turn of the century heralded crack-downs on the horse racing industry. By 1931, the property was sold off. By '68, Morris Ranch was a ghost town. Today, all that remains is ruins and mythology. Such is the destiny of the...
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...Caxton’s eggs language trail Exploring the roots of standardisation Introduction Enormous variation, both synchronic and diachronic*, is a key quality of Middle English, and really defines this period of language change. Patterns of conquest, invasion and settlement had had an enormous impact on people’s lives in the 8th to 11th centuries, but these were played out linguistically in Middle English, in texts from the 12th century through to the middle of the 15th century. At the turning point from Middle English to Early Modern English, we need to consider what new catalysts brought about the next phase of language change. *Diachronic means studying the language as it changes through history. Synchronic means studying the language at a particular point, without considering the historical context. Introducing William Caxton There were a number of catalysts, but arguably the single most important of these was technological - the development of the printing press, which enabled mass reproduction and circulation of cheap printed material. This was in many ways a revolution - books would previously have been hand-written manuscripts which only the very wealthy could afford to buy and have produced. In England, William Caxton was a major player in the development of printing. Go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/caxton_william.shtml and read this short description of William Caxton’s life. Then make brief notes on the following points: 1. His birth...
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...After pillaging Troy, Odysseus wants to go back home to his wife and son. He and his men sail out to Ithaca. Whereas Everett is on a parchment farm and receives a letter from his wife saying she is going to remarry. So he escapes and goes back to get his wife and six daughters. Although Odysseus just wants to go back after a long battle and Everett gets a letter before he decides to go on a journey; they both went to go see their family. Most important is the trails. Epic journey are nothing without the many tails the hero goes through. One example is Odysseus encounters Poseidon’s wrath – while Everett meets up with Sheriff Warden Colley. Comparatively, both of the man came In contact with people who tried to stop...
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...Cherokees to move to territory that is now Oklahoma. In 1831, the Cherokee nation sought a federal injunction against laws passed by the state of Georgia depriving them of their rights within its boundaries. The Supreme Court didn’t hear the case. They ruled that it had no original jurisdiction in the matter, as the Cherokee was a dependent nation. In 1832, the United States had forced the Choctaw tribe to move west. In 1833, the Choctaw completed their move west. In 1834, the Bureau of Indian Affairs had the responsibility of trading with the tribes. In 1835, The Treaty of New Echota, which ceded Cherokee land to the United States was signed on December 29, 1836. This also provided the legal basis for the Trail of...
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...of all Indian lands east of the Mississippi River. Under this act, the Indians would be paid back with new lands drawn from the public land west of the Mississippi River. President Andrew Jackson was relentless during the 1830s, despite Supreme Court rulings in favor of the Indian Nation, to remove all eastern Indians to land west of the Mississippi River. During Andrew Jackson’s presidency he scheduled to remove over 90,000 Native Americans. President Martin Van Buren would succeed President Jackson and continue with President Jackson’s initiative on the relocation of Native Americans. On April 5, 1838 the first band of Cherokees, that had resisted, begins the march westward to their new lands in present-day Oklahoma, later named the Trail of...
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...During the 20th century Europe was the eye of the hurricane of wars, and not just any typical war amongst one nation versus another nation, but several European states such as Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Denmark, including the United States which is not a European country to mention a few. After the First World War, it was established that WWI would end all wars but to the contrary, WWI still left an amber behind and as the years went by that amber turned to a flame, that soon ended up bringing chaos. Before World War I, Germany and France had a bickering wars like the Franco Prussia did not settle down a menace between these two nations, Germany won that war and left France seeking victory, World War I happens, and this time France is in the winning side. Germany was humiliated, she was once seen as a powerful nation, and now she had to walk with her tail...
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...New England puritans in the seventeenth -century they believed that we all are sinner because of the sin of Adam and God had already chosen his chosen ones before even they were born.In chapter 1,” God grace could neither be earned nor denied.”and yet they were spending their lives wondering if their deeds will make them worthy for everlasting life and sitting in the right or left hand of God. In the introduction we read that,” New england Puritans more often focused on what seemed all too probable:their possession by Satan followed by their deserved tumble into organizing hell”. Both laity and clergy search for clues for their destiny with feeling of fear and hope.”Even children were taught about death in a very young age ,so they may pray...
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...• Summary: This article covered details on slavery of Indians (and Africans) in the early 18th century. Many Indian slaves were shipped to the West Indies, Amsterdam or New England and the number of Indian slaves was nearly half that of African slaves. The Cherokee slave trade was so serious that it surpassed the trade of furs and skins and became the primary source of commerce between the English and people of South Carolina. The whites realized that the ‘red-black’ population outnumbered them 4 to 1 and should an uprising occur they would be extremely outnumbered so they took steps to create hatred between the two groups. They were used against each other to quell uprisings, slave codes forbade intermarriage and ultimately the whites gave...
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...Name: University: Course Title: Instructor: Date: Definition of key terms/ people/places/events Andrew Jackson 236- is a former president of the USA who was inaugurated in 1824. He was commonly called “a man of the people” as he advocated reforms to allow more people the right to vote. Anti-masonry 251- this is a movement which emerged in the early 1820s in a bid to resist the Society of Freemasons. Aroostook 255- this is a war between Canadians and Americans which took place at the Aroostook River region in 1838. Bank war 247- this term refers to a war between Andrew Jackson and the Bank of the United States. Jackson wanted to destroy the bank but the bank’s president, Nicholas Biddle was determined to save it. Caroline affair 255- a ship by the name Caroline was ferrying supplies to American rebels across the Niagara River. British authorities however detained the ship and burnt it down. In retaliation, the American authorities arrested a Canadian, Alexander McLeod and charged him with the murder of the American who had died when the ship was burnt down. This is what was referred to as the Caroline Affair. Daniel Webster 242- he was a senator for Massachusetts who challenged Robert Hayne’s call for nullification. Dorr rebellion 237- it was started by Thomas W. Dorr who sought to increase the percentage of voters in Rhode Island. He drafted a constitution which...
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...Questions Classes 5 -14 1. What major social and political upheavals occurred in the colonies during the late seventeenth century OR what are historians’ varying opinions about the New York conspiracy trials? By the mid-1600s, less than half a century after the English had opened the way for full-scale European settlement, serious crises were brewing in the American colonies. At first tensions were caused by a steadily increasing population: massive numbers of settlers required more land, additional dwellings and other accommodations, greater food supplies, and expanded trade and transportation networks. The immediate victims were Native Americans, who suffered mistreatment at the hands of colonists scrambling to grab land and natural...
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...The Salem Witch Trails were a time in which people believed in the supernatural. This belief began in Europe during the 14th century. It would eventually spread throughout colonial New England; due to increase fears of outsiders and resentment of fellow townspeople which were fueled by the smallpox epidemic and fears of Native American attacks, as well as a rival with the community of Salem Town. In January of 1692, two girls by the name of Betty Williams and Abigail Williams began to have fits. These fits consisted of violent contortions and uncontrollable outbursts of screaming and yelling. William Griggs, a local doctor, diagnosed the girls with bewitchment. As time passed other girls- Ann Putnam Mercy Lewis, Elizabeth Hubbard, Mary Walcott,...
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