...information concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, there is a small assortment of books to choose from. I chose The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Fred Gray because he was the lawyer in the lawsuits against the government, and I thought that he would be able to provide the most in-depth analysis of the event because he was actually involved in it. It was also written fairly recently, so that enables the book to analyze the long term effects that it has had on African-Americans, the South, and history in general. Gray’s book provides a very informative study, but if you’re looking for more information, check out James Jones’ Bad Blood. Gray takes a lot of information from this book which was written about 20 years before his. When searching the web for information on the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the results were quite slim. Most of the results involved syllabi for college classes or websites much like our own that were prepared for a class. The website that I reviewed is from the Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics, which was actually created from President Clinton’s apology and ideas for improvement of racial relations and medical testing. The webpage’s main purpose is to educate the public about the atrocities that were performed on African-Americans in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and to help prevent an event like this from ever happening again The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Fred D. Gray examines a medical study that occurred in Tuskegee, Alabama which dealt...
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...Tuskegee Syphilis Study The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is a major stain in the history of the United States of America. It epitomizes the treatment of African Americans in this country. The United States Public Health Service, the United States government, conducted this heinous act themselves. This shows what was happening to African Americans even as late as the 20th Century. For our own government to run this experiment helps feed the distrust by black Americans of the system (Government). Beginning in 1932, the United States Public Health Service worked in conjunction with the Tuskegee Institute to study the natural progression of syphilis. They hoped the study would justify the treatment programs for African Americans. The name of the study was the “Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male.” This study would go on to last forty years. It was officially ended in 1972. The study included 600 black men. Only 399 actually had the disease. Contrary to popular belief, these men were not injected with the disease. They already contracted the syphilis bacteria in their daily lives. Of the 600 black men, 201 did not have the syphilis bacteria. This case was a classic discrimination case. The United States Public Health Services were blatantly dishonest with the subjects whom were all of minority descent. Researchers told the black men that they were being treated for bad blood, a condition that does not and has never existed. Bad blood was a local term used to...
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...Clinton made the expression of remorse to enhance relations with blacks who still doubt the administration due to the occurrence in Tuskegee. These articles give understanding into the sentiments of both the survivors and their families and the President and government authorities. The articles are proposed to spread information about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the administration's control of these 600 African Americans. Another segment from the site is dedicated to the dialog of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study's effect on medicinal services. A few...
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...Connor Bodnar What is Poverty? The Restaurant School at Walnut Hill College Parker depicts poverty in such a great way that it makes you think about all the things that you do have. Everything she says you just picture in your head of how horrible it would be not to have the simple things. Two of the trade offs she faced was not being able to feed or clean her children and that she could not send them to nursery school because she only made 22 dollars a week and a nursery school costs 20 dollars a week and that would leave her with no money to survive with. She barely received any help. She asked family and they did not really help, once her husband left her; the little money she was getting was gone. The money she did get she got basic food such as grits and cornmeal. Just so they can survive another day. The health clinics could have helped but her children could not fully benefit because they were already sick, with pink eye all year round and having worms. Also, she had no transportation to the town that was six miles away. This essay really impacted me on what it feels like to be poor in the U.S. We live in Philadelphia and she poverty every day. I don’t go through a day here without getting asked for money. I could imagine its really a pride killer when you asked for money constantly. Sometimes I am so broke that I don’t eat for a day and just wait for opps so I can get a free meal so I can save my money to get home on the train that...
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...Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Leslie Valentine ME1415: Medical Law and Ethics and Records Management Ultimate Medical Academy Zakevia Green Abstract In this paper I am going to answer the following questions as the relate to the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study found on page 264 in the Medical Law and Ethics textbook by Bonnie F. Fremgen. The questions are: 1. Could this type of research be conducted today? Why or why not? 2. What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? 3. In your opinion, how should the data be used that is obtained from an unethical experiment and how can we prevent this from happening again? 4. Discuss the code of ethics as it relates to this study? 5. What are your personal thoughts on the ethical standards exhibited through this study? Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study Any research like the Tuskegee Syphilis Research Study could not be conducted today. There are many reasons as to why this type of research study cannot be conducted today. One reason is because people of all races are more aware of diseases that today’s society has now than they were back then. Also, people nowadays want to be treated for the disease(s) that they have whether than be experimented with. People in today’s society are also more aware of the researches that are taking place to not allow this type of study to be conducted. In my opinion, the public should have not allowed this type of research to be conducted. In the research study...
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...conducted today, but not the same way that they handled he Tuskegee Syphilis. I read in the chapter, that Human experimentation is considered necessary for medical progress. Both animal testing and human testing have been used successfully to further medical knowledge and conquer disease. Medical research almost always carries with it some degree in risk. Human beings cannot be used for testing purposes unless they consent to participate. Obtaining informed consent is particularly important in nontherapeutic research, or research that will not directly benefit the research subjects. Justification for all medical research is that the benefits must outweigh the risk. Medical researchers must abide by the standers for testing that have been established by their medical associations, such as the AMA and the ANA. The HHS implements government standards for research. The government requires that all institutions that receive federal research funds, such as hospitals and universities, to establish an IRB that oversees any human research in that facility. 2.) What should the public have done, since they knew about the study? In my opinion the public should have asked questions about the intent of the study, asked if the patients would benefit from the research and if they had given their consent for the research. Also when they didn’t inform the men in the control group that developed syphilis over the course of the study and transferred them into the research group without ever telling...
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...The biggest ethical issue that arose from the Tuskegee Syphilis Study was the lack of informed consent. The study failed to inform the potential research subjects about the full aspect of the research being conducted that may influence the decision to participate or not. The study sponsors never explained to the subjects that they were potentially volunteering for an experiment. They neither informed the subjects that they have indeed contracted syphilis during the study screening process nor did they inform about the course/progression of said disease and any treatment(s). The sponsors also did not furnish any study protocols for the subject because no formal protocol was ever written. The investigators took advantage of a deprived socioeconomic...
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...Ethical Principles Violated in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was an infamous case conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural movement of untreated syphilis in poor, country Black men who thought they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government. They started their studies in 1932, on 600 low-income African American men, out of which 399 who had before contracted syphilis, and 201 without the disease. (Wikipedia, n.d.).According to The American Psychological Association (APA), they violated ethical principles in several ways. Freedom from coercion: Every human being has rights to make choices about their lives and not to be forced in certain activities as recognized in the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 (Friesen,2010). In the Tuskegee study, people were not informed that a cure for syphilis had become available, and that continued participation in a medical experiment studying the natural history of untreated syphilis was no longer necessary or reasonable. Informed consent: The principle of voluntary informed consent is a key ethical requirement in biometrical research involving human beings, which was violated. To start their study, they gave free medical care, meals, and free burial insurance to men and Instead of telling the truth that they had syphilis, they told that they were being treated for "bad blood". (Claude Moore Health Sciences Library)...
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...1) What do the Willowbrook, Tuskege Syphilis, and Cincinnati radiation experiments have in common? The Willowbrook, Tuskege Syphilis, and Cincinnati radiation experiments had one common purpose: to see the effects of something by using people of less worth, in order to benefit those who are worth in society. In revelation of these news, new standards were needed to avoid tragic events like the ones discovered in these locations. Moreover, as mentioned by Ekland-Olsen and Beicken, The patients receiving radiation all had cancer. They were poor, with little education, unable to pay for private physicians. Just over 60 percent were of African American heritage. There was little or no hope that the full-body radiation treatment would help them personally, but researchers believed…they would learn something valuable…in the event of an atomic attack.” 2) What other crystallizing events can you think of that have clarified thinking and motivated action? Other crystallizing events that I can think of that have clarified thinking and motivated action were the similarities between the experiments conducted in the U.S. with those conducted by German doctors during WWII, the use of aborted fetuses in federally funded...
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...The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections 75 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections Adebayo A. Ogungbure Department of Philosophy University of Ibadan, Nigeria philosopher.bayo@yahoo.com Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK) New Series, Vol.3 No.2, December 2011, pp.75-92 thoughtandpractice@gmail.com http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic...
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...The Tuskegee Study was the most unorthodox and the longest nontherapeutic research study in the history of United States (Thomas, 2000). Initially Dr. Talliaferro Clark wanted to conduct a study that would study syphilis in black men for 6 to 9 months, a year at the most (Gray, 1998). Then do a follow up with treatment. Others involved in the study had a different idea. They wanted to study the natural history of syphilis, and so they did for 40 years, 1932 - 1972. Syphilis is an infectious disease (CDC, 2009) that is caused by bacterium, Treponema palladium a spirochete capable of infecting almost any organ or tissue in the body and causing protean clinical manifestations (CDC, 2009). Transmission occurs most frequently during sexual contact, including oral sex, through minor skin or mucosal lesions; sites of inoculations are usually genitals but may be extragential (CDC, 2009). The risk of developing syphilis after unprotected sex is 30-50% (Engineering, 2006). If left untreated it causes death. Before death occurs the individual infected suffers tremendously. The Tuskegee Study was initiated by the Public Health Service of Macon County, Alabama. It took place on the campus of Tuskegee Institute at John A. Andrews Memorial Hospital. The incidence of syphilis was 36% among the 27,000 residents of Macon County, Alabama were infected with syphilis, giving this place syphilis prevalence among the greatest in the United States (Gray, 1998). Tuskegee residents were...
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...Bioethics- Tuskegee Syphilis Study BACKGROUND FACTS In the early 70s, the Washington Evening Star newspaper published this headline on its front page: "Syphilis Patients Died Untreated." (CDC) This headline revealed one of America's most dishonorable medical studies, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. From this very moment, the public knew the long-hidden truth about this notorious study. In 1932, the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) initiated the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Their goal was to investigate stages in advancement of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacterium that may cause death if untreated. (CDC) Furthermore, the study wanted to investigate how syphilis affects blacks compared to whites. They hypothesized that whites experienced more neurological complications while blacks experience more cardiovascular complications. The study used 399 poor black sharecroppers from Macon County, Alabama with dormant syphilis. An additional 201 healthy, unaffected men that were part of the study served as control subjects. Many bioethical values were largely violated. The physicians conducting the study misled the men from the beginning of the experiment. They purposely told men that they had “bad blood” and that they would treat them. Instead, these men were given a placebo. Physicians made sure that they did not receive treatment or help from anyone else. The reward for this “therapy” was free meals, free medical examinations and free burial insurance...
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...The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections 75 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study: Some Ethical Reflections Adebayo A. Ogungbure Department of Philosophy University of Ibadan, Nigeria philosopher.bayo@yahoo.com Thought and Practice: A Journal of the Philosophical Association of Kenya (PAK) New Series, Vol.3 No.2, December 2011, pp.75-92 thoughtandpractice@gmail.com http://ajol.info/index.php/tp/index Abstract There are established ethical principles to protect human participants in biomedical research from undue exploitation by researchers. However, in the “Tuskegee Study” in the US, these principles were grossly violated. The task of this paper is to critically examine the ethical implications of that study on future practices in biomedical research, and to suggest ways of ensuring that such practices comply with appropriate ethical values. Key Words Bioethics, Biomedical research, clinical research, Tuskegee Study, paternalism, morality Introduction From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand...
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...From time to time human beings experience health challenges, whether physical or mental. On its part, medical practice has made considerable progress towards combating or controlling many of these challenges. It is through research that the nature, symptoms and effects of ailments can be ascertained and remedies discovered. Medical researchers engage in both therapeutic and non-therapeutic research. Therapeutic research is that carried out with the purpose of treating disease. On the other hand, non-therapeutic research is aimed at 76 Adebayo A. Ogungbure furthering the frontiers of knowledge about human health. Furthermore, researchers and physicians often use human beings as objects of scientific investigation, raising certain ethical concerns, including the issue of informed consent and how consent is obtained, selection of participants in research, the welfare of human subjects involved in a research project, what the goals of research ought to be, and what ought to constitute proper procedure for an ethical research. These issues are central to an aspect of applied ethics which is now commonly referred to as research ethics. The aim of research ethics is to ensure that research projects involving human subjects are carried out without causing harm to the subjects involved. In addition, it provides a sort of regulatory framework which ensures that human participants in research are not exploited either physically or psychologically. The need for ethical guidelines...
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...In 1932, the rural town of Tuskegee was a mostly black town that was governed by whites. World War II had not began, though there was trouble brewing in Europe as these countries began to pacify the fiery German giants who would later commit unspeakable acts, one that horrified Americans who had little knowledge of what was going on in a little Alabama time all at the government’s behest. The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment began in 1932, after the venereal disease section of the PHS created a c study group at its national headquarters to study the sexually transmitted disease known as Syphillis. The man behind the plan was Dr. Taliaferro Clark, a senior officer in the PHS who planned only for the experiment to last for six to nine months, before treating the men and ending the study. He contacted Tuskegee University (then Tuskegee Institute) to gain their cooperation to expand the study into a real-word environment and study the effects. The PHS then invited poor and poorly uneducated African-American men to come to the Institute to receive free medical exams and treatment. They also provided meals and...
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