...communities. Policing today has proven to be effective after years of improvements and changes. Policing ensures everyone is looking out for each other. This paper will discuss; the history of policing, the relationship of government and policing organizations, and how that relationship may affect police practices. Sir Robert Peel was the home secretary in London. According to (Grant & Terry, 2012), Sir Robert Peel created the London Metropolitan Police an efficient system of law enforcement. Sir Robert Peel laid the foundation to the history of policing. In 1829, he created principles in policing that through time made the first modern police force effective and time- standing. His advancement in policing included chains of command, uniforms, and, rules of conduct (Grant & Terry, 2012). Sir Robert Peel has made an everlasting impact on policing and his format to policing is still in practicing existence. The government plays a major role in assisting policing organizations throughout the United States of America. There are various sectors in the government that aim to assist in keeping in accordance with the law. According to (Grant & Terry, 2012) U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) enforce U.S. laws while it investigates and gathers intelligence on national and international criminal activities that threaten the security of the homeland. ICE also investigates violations and enforces the detention, deportation, and removal of violators of the U.S. immigration law...
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...Introduction: Policing today has proven to be effective after years of improvements and changes. This paper will discuss the significant features in history in Japan and the United States. There are many types of police operations. Policing in general has a wide range of different kinds of strategies and areas. I will discuss the development of both policing styles as well as how implementation can affect both countries. Japan: Japan is known for it low crime rate and its unique policing styles and homogeneous society. Sam Bacca, Chief of Police in Albuquerque New Mexico stated, “This is police paradise”, while he was visiting Japan. (Rebenfien, 1989) “Every law enforcement officer would love to have a community like this”, he continued. (Rebenfien, 1989) Chief Baca and many others offers came to Japan to observe their police system and bring those ideas back to their community. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, Statistics Bureau, Director-General for Policy Planning and Statistical Research and Training Institute reports Japan's total population in 2011 was 127.80 million and total density measured 343 persons per square kilometer in 2010. Japan has endured many trial and tribulations has a country, having to rebuild after wars and conflict. During the fourteen century short lived imperial rulers, followed by a new government established by the Ashikaja family, lasting for two centuries. (Sccnet, 1998) This was a time of great prosperity...
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...Police History Throughout the years, the United States has maintained a strong federal and state policy system, and because of this America has strong police history. When policing first began, colonists pursued the English style of policing. English style of policing consisted of monitoring the community on behaviors, morals, and civil obligations instead of criminal issues. Citizens carried out these policing responsibilities and were referred to as civic duties. There was no training or pay offered for these services. Wealthier people who didn't want to serve began to pay others to do their duties for them. Policing has continued to change in a positive way for America. (NY Region, 2014) In 1658 Philadelphia offered compensation for citizens for their service, and wardens employed watchmen. Watchmen's responsibilities were increased, and they were offered a salary as well. Motoring became a priority when towns and villages were formed and crime increased. Colonies began a system of sheriff's similar to the traditional policing in the English countryside. The sheriff's patrolled the community, and they also collected taxes and served court papers for a small fee. These sheriff's weren't too worried about crime being committed. (Davis, 2009) As time went on, policing focused more on crime prevention rather than crime detection and punishment for the crime that was committed. In the 1840's, guidelines improved relations between the community and the...
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...America. Policing during that time consisted of volunteers from the community, also the night watchman and constables were employed but only on a part-time basis. These men had little to no training, used excessive physical force and intimidation to gain control. Sir Robert Peel (known as the “Father of Modern Policing”) was Prime Minister twice and as Home Secretary created the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. The Metropolitan Police Act was passed by British Parliament in 1829, and the police were born. ) ” As a form of ethical and operational guidance, Peel laid down nine principals intended to guide police in terms of their mandate, interaction with citizens, use of force and their overall criminal justice system” (Zacharias, 2009,para. 4). The terms "bobbies and "peelers" come from his name. Sir Robert Peel brought professionalism and accountability to the police by using the following methods also known as the Peelian Principles. The principles traditionally ascribed to Peel state that: every police officer should be issued identification number, to assure accountability for his actions. Whether the police are capable is not measured on the number of arrests, but on the lack of crime. Above all else, a competent authority figure knows trust and accountability are paramount. Hence, Peel's most often quoted principle that "The police are the public, and the public are the police” (Peelian Principles, Wikipedia). Unity in Policing in the United States The United States has what...
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...Police History Policing, or variations of it, has become the national mantra of the American police. Throughout the United States, the language, symbolism, and programs of policing have sprung up in urban, suburban, and even rural police departments. For more than 15 years, and through at least one generation of police officers, community and problem-oriented policing have been advanced by their advocates as powerful organizing themes for an emergent style of public safety. How these themes have influenced American policing is yet uncertain. The range and complexity of programs associated with police practices have often precluded systematic scientific investigation. Moreover, community and problem-oriented policing are themselves “moving targets” changing and modifying them in what is an often turbulent environment for law enforcement. This paper will discuss the impact of Sir Robert Peel on American Policing. Also included in this paper will be a brief discussion of the relationship between the United States government and the police organizations in the United States. I will also discuss how this relationship may affect police practices as well. To begin, the English statesman Sir Robert Peel (1788-1850) served as prime minister during 1834-1835 and 1841-1846. He played an important role in modernizing the British government's social and economic policies and sponsored the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 (Gale, 2004, pg.181). Sir Robert Peel was in the tradition of 19th-century...
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...fascinating because it gives insight to understanding policing today. American policing has changed drastically over the years and within the last decade of the twentieth century; the most creative period of policing has taken place (Walker & Katz, 2011). Sir Robert Peel and his principles of policing helped organize and establish clear chains of command and rules of conduct (Grant & Terry, 2012). These principles encouraged accountability and professionalism amongst officers (Grant & Terry, 2012). The U.S. government and the policing organizations throughout the United States have a working relationship but this relationship may affect police practices. The first police officer to go on patrol was a civilian that had received no training, patrolled on foot, had no radio to communicate with a dispatch, and did not carry a weapon (Walker & Katz, 2011). Furthermore, the officer had little education and did not have any manuals of policies or procedures to follow (Walker & Katz, 2011). In 1829 this all changed with the introduction of Sir Robert Peel’s Principles of policing. Peel operated the first modern police force that encouraged accountability and professionalism organized by military lines subject to clear chains of command and rules of conduct (Grant & Terry, 2012). Sir Robert Peel’s Principles are as follows: the police must be stable, efficient, and organized along military lines, the police must be under government control, the absence of crime will best prove the...
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...Police History Essay (Week One) Policing in today’s society is very different than what it was back in the 1800’s. In my reading of The Police in America, An Introduction, Seventh Edition Walker and Katz explain how the very first American police officer received no training, forms of communication, policy or procedure guidelines or weapons. Corruption and abuse of police authority ran rampant. This is vastly different than to today’s policing in America. American policing was born as a product from the English heritage and focused on three main features which helped create American policing as we know of it today. The three main features were high value on individual liberty and on governmental authority, tradition of local control of law enforcement agencies, and a highly decentralized and fragmented system of law enforcement. Sir Robert Peel is known as the “father” of modern day policing. To this day his work is still discussed and taught at all different law enforcement training academies around America. Sir Robert Peel sought to fix England’s broken and collapsed law enforcement system. He created three core elements which are still used in today’s policing to help aid in crime prevention. The three core elements were the mission, strategy, and organizational structure of the police. Most of these ideas were adopted from the military but tailored to meet the needs of law enforcement. Those elements were designed to work with a proactive police approach...
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... February 20, 2012 The world of criminal justice contains almost 18,000 state, local, and federal agencies. These agencies have over a million employees nationwide. The subject of this paper focuses on the various perspectives of policing within the state, local, and federal levels of organizations. The possible future changes in laws is addressed and identified in the paper. Finally, the impact these changes will cause in policing. These agencies have certain fragments that interfere with the development of centralized systems to regulate or coordinate the different agencies. Policing has four different levels of service that consist of federal, state, city, and county. These agencies have different responsibilities and roles in the law enforcement industry. The six largest police agencies in the United States are Detroit, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Houston, and Los Angles. In the United States the local departments have 12, 656 agencies, 3,061- county sheriff’s department s, 45 federal organizations, 49 state organizations, and 1,376 special police organizations. Most of these departments handle major duties such as responding to complaints by citizens, patrolling certain areas, and investigate murders, and crimes. The specialty police organizations consist of agencies that...
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... Nancy Anderson CJA/214 August 4, 2012 Miriam Moore History of Police He was an important political leader in England and the “father” of modern policing. Robert Peel fought for over 30 years to improve law enforcement and finally, in 1829, persuaded the English Parliament to create the London Metropolitan Police. This police department is recognized as the first modern police force (Walker & Katz, 2011). This English heritage is what produced American policing. The three core elements that Peel introduced back in 1829 are what make up the structure of the police forces we see today. These core elements are mission, strategy, and organizational structure (Walker & Katz, 2011). The mission of Peel’s police force was crime prevention. That is the mission of today’s police force. Before the creation of the Metropolitan Police force, all enforcement was performed after a crime was committed. Peel realized that is was better to “prevent crime than to respond after the fact” (Walker & Katz, 2011). Peel introduced the idea of preventive patrol. This was his strategy for the mission of crime prevention. He believed in a visible police presence and implemented the idea of officers patrolling a fixed “beat” or area (Walker & Katz, 2011). This idea is still in implementation today although it is usually accomplished by police patrolling in vehicles, rather than on foot. Peel borrowed from the military ideals for his organizational structure...
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...changes over the centuries and is evolving over time. Even though “modern policing in the U.S. is still based on the nineteenth-century British model of the Metropolitan Police of London, a tremendous amount of specialization has evolved in today’s sphere of policing, especially among federal, state, and local agencies” (Peak, 2015, p.277). In this assignment, I will discuss similarities and differences between the modern law enforcement agencies and systems in the northeast, southeast, and western regions; as well as the urban and rural areas. Northeast, southeast, and western regions The criminal justice agencies over time were developed to respond locally to each regions particular social problems. In earlier times, a place such as New England, who had a sheriff that provided law enforcement, was an unskilled worker who was appointed the job (Conser, 2005). This was due to the lack of social problems because it was the norm to be obedient to authority figures and containing public order was not an issue. Churches and families; as well as the community, was all that was necessary I order to maintain social order and “there was little need for the formal agencies of social control that we know today” (Conser, 2005, p.53). Pennsylvania was also similar with New England with their religious beliefs and influences with social control; however, that changed with the Quakers getting the government involved in 1682. This caused dramatic differences in the philosophy of...
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...Legalization There are a multitude of various illegal drugs used every single day in the United States. The most common illegal drug used is marijuana. Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a drug derived from dried leaves and buds from the cannabis plant. This drug can be classified as a hallucinogen, stimulant, or a depressant. Marijuana is a very beneficial drug used for recreational, and medicinal purposes. Cannabis should be legalized and decriminalized for a various amount of reasons, which include: economic, medicinal, and religious reasons. Cannabis is a drug of many names, the most common a person might hear are weed, pot, ganja, and mary jane. Marijuana’s first recorded use as a medicinal drug was in China in 2737 B.C. Until the early 1940s, marijuana was was easily obtained at the local general store or pharmacy. The Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 severely restricted Marijuana as a recreational and a medicinal drug. The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 made it illegal to possess, use, buy, sell, or cultivate marijuana. Only a year later, President Nixon enacted the “War on Drugs” policy. However in 1996, California was the first U.S. state to legally allow medical marijuana to pain-suffering patients. Today, 13 U.S. states currently have laws in place which allow regulated medical marijuana use. Marijuana is very similar to alcohol when talking about how the United States government treats it. Alcohol was legal in the early 1900s until 1919 when the prohibition...
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...society today, this history should be something that everyone should know about. The start of our police was a great period in history. America learned a lot of its policing tactics from Great Britain and still uses many of those tactics with a few modifications today. It is a misconception that policing stayed the same over the years, they have learned and applied many different ways of handling different scenarios over the years and police departments continue to evolve. The police has gone through different stages in America’s history, political era, reform era, community era, and the new development stages. In the early colonies policing took form of both informal and communal, patrols called “Watch”. The system of the “Watch” was composed of volunteers in the community and their primary duty was to warn of potential danger. Boston was the first to create the night watch in 1663 followed by New York and Philadelphia shortly after. Watchmen would often sleep or would drink on duty making this a very ineffective crime deterrent. Most the watchmen volunteers were either forced into service by the town, as a form of punishment, or were simply attempting to evade military service. Philadelphia organized an independent police force in 1833 followed by Boston and New York with day police and night watch working independently. The beginning of police history in the United States was a very slow process with a lot of mistakes that we learned from. We as the United States, implemented...
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...Historical Policy Comparison Criminal justice policies are constantly changing by the day, week, month or year. Policies that were in effect 50 years ago are different from the policies in effect today. The following paper will cover a comparative analysis of the evolution of the criminal justice policy over the last 50 years for each of the three areas in the criminal justice system. To understand these changes, it is important to recognize the various areas and elements of the criminal justice system. Changes take place within the areas of policing, the courts and corrections. While discussing each division of the justice system and conduct a comparative analysis of each. This is important to discuss and determine how these systems have changed from 50 years ago to today. The history of criminal justice policy in regards to policing has experienced tremendous changes over the past 50 years. Between 1900 and 1970, an organized movement known as the Reform Era took place in policing around the country (Marion, 2006). Instead of hiring individuals based on political reasons, officers were hired based upon their qualifications and ability to perform the required duties of a police officer. Formal training developed in many areas around the United States in the form of Police Academies. Technological advances such as telephones, two-way radios, and 911-emergency systems developed during this era. The Civil Rights Movement and the Antiwar Movement brought about new issues...
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... Abstract Community policing is a new idea that has been introduced to law enforcement. The program is federally funded and was created with the intentions of providing citizens the opportunity to work collectively along side with the police to diminish fear and crimes within communities. By examining police departments within the Unites States which has implemented community policing programs, a determination of whether there has been a positive or negative change can be concluded. Community policing, when implemented and organized properly is the ideal situation for police departments and the communities to build an alliance against crime. Community Policing Foot patrol or walking the beat are the many terms used to represent community policing. This community relationship has been a subject of discussion and research since the early 1900’s and still is today (Trojanowicz ,1986). Community policing was established with the idea of local law enforcement and the community working collectively, focusing on reducing and eventually preventing crime and social disorder. The strategy is to achieve a more valuable and proficient crime control, reduce terror of crime and improve quality of life. Community policing also helps the police gain the trust and cooperation of the community by having a strong presence in the area. Most importantly, community policing helps to empower the community and prevent it from being overwhelmed...
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...system today that it's easy to think of the cops as an institution used to stop crime. It may be surprising that the idea of police officers as we know them is an extremely young concept, dating back to only the 19th century. As did most governmental institutions, law enforcement agencies in society evolved slowly over time. In the ancient societies, there was no law enforcement of any kind there were only families and clans that took it upon themselves to take revenge against those who may have inured or offended or killed one of their own. The idea of crime prevention was almost nonexistent in the early history of law enforcement and criminology. During the early history of policing, individual citizens were largely responsible for maintaining law and order among themselves. Those who served as a judge or jury did so voluntarily and were not paid for their services. This loosely-based system of social control worked quite well for centuries, particularly in more rural and less populated regions. However, the late 1700's and early 1800's saw a population explosion in major cities in the United States and England. Riots and civil unrest was common, and it became increasingly clear that there was a need for a more permanent and professional form of law enforcement that would carry the official authority of the government. The most powerful statement for a professional police force was Sir Robert Peel, a Minister of Parliament who served as Home Secretary for the United Kingdom...
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