...International Office for Water Name of Staff: Alain BERNARD Profession: Engineer Date of Birth: 12th January 1967 Years with Firm/Entity: 11 Nationality: French Key Qualifications: o Integrated Water Resources Management : from concepts to application; o Legal and institutional issues for setting up river basin organizations adapted to local contexts; o Transboundary river basin Authorities or Commissions; o European Water Framework Directive; o Strategic and operational planning instruments; o Implementation of financial tools such as “polluter-pays” and “user-pays” principles; o Conception of industrial pollution control programs; o Training and awareness raising of basin executives and users; o Project manager. Education: M. Sc. Engineering degree from the Ecole des Mines d’Alès (1989) – Environmental Option Employment Record: Present position : Manager, Integrated River Basin Management Division Sophia Antipolis – France (from January 1995) International Office for Water Managing international cooperation programs and projects 1991 – 1994 Engineer in charge of activities in chemical industries, mainly located on the industrial area of Le Havre – Port Jérôme Member of a national steering group on Prevention of Accidental Pollution in Industry Seine Normandy Water Agency ...
Words: 1383 - Pages: 6
...Patriarchy Growing up, we all for the most part get the preconceived notion embedded in our minds that men are the strong dominant breadwinners, and women are the submissive stay at home wives. Although in Africa the women in my opinion are taking on the role of the husband, or male of the household. The women and children walk miles and miles a day for the basic necessity of water. Not only do they have to travel long distances, but they have to carry the water from place to place, causing a heavy burden on the women’s body. My question is why aren’t the men doing it? If men want to play the strong dominant role, they should be the ones fetching water. The reality of it is that the men can haul much more water than the women will ever be able to. In the book, Beyond Borders, it discusses women’s struggle to shape their lives “under the umbrella of patriarchy and paternalistic dominance” (Lerner 254).By the general concept of the superiority of men, and inferiority of women as it has evolved overtime. It reveals how we among different societies have continued this patriarchal and paternalistic movement throughout the course of history ultimately with the power to the male’s advantage. So with reference to articles from the Water and Culture Reader I’d like to discuss the unjust treatment of women in Africa that is still at large. “Women perform all the labor associated with water collection at the expense of education, cultural, and political involvement, and rest and recreation”...
Words: 1233 - Pages: 5
...had to do and also being told no with many things. The men seen us as home workers as well as baby makers. Women were not allowed to voice their opinions, and they also were not allowed to vote. It felt like they were in prison. Women started to gain their own sense of independence and being when the social movements captivated them. The three social movements that have changed the women would be education and literacy, marriage and reproduction, and also woman and the work and economic life. All of these aspects have given women the empowerment that they were deprived from back in the day. This helps to make women stronger, as we are not told what we can and can't do. Literacy and Education When it comes to women's education as well as the ability to further their degrees, this was always a huge factor of independence. The education seems to raise as the age of women want to start bearing children and also when they restrict their fertility over the course of their life. The first step is basic literacy. There are large portions of the world that can not read. The countries also vary a very great deal on how they educate their populations, and there is a significant amount of difference when it comes to men and women with education. There are many women that feel if they higher their education that there is a less chance of them being judged. There are many countries where there is a huge gap in literacy between men and women. Both the wealth and development of these countries...
Words: 994 - Pages: 4
...ABSTRACT Shards of Memories, Fragments of Sorrows: Mothertongue Transforming Spaces Occupied by Women in South Africa through Theatre This paper sets out to explore how processes of theatre making employed by The Mothertongue project, provide spaces for women to remap their personal narratives. Mothertongue works from the premise that the development and subsequent performance of stories in theatrical processes affords women the opportunity to re-write and remap their personal narratives and in so doing insert their voices into the landscape of South African Theatre. In an attempt to redress the gender imbalances and androcentricism prevalent in post-apartheid theatre, this paper speaks to the relationship between theatre, liminality and communitas. I am interested in unpacking how collaborative processes of theatre-making provide spaces for women to remap their personal narratives. Remapping in this instance refers to processes of transforming lived experience through story. I address how, through engaging in ritual activities that are central to the stories performed, actors, audiences and the owners of the source stories are invited to physically participate in remapping and transforming lived experience. Linked to this is the choice of form(s) and how this affects or impacts on the performed stories as well as on the construction of performed rituals and ultimately on the processes of remapping personal narratives. I focus specifically on Mothertongue’s 2004...
Words: 7672 - Pages: 31
...Indians used the resources of their environment intelligently. The entire population was involved in gathering, growing, and hunting for food, although work was generally divided along gender lines. Men were hunters, fishers, warriors, and toolmakers, while women managed the household, made mats, pots, baskets and clothing, and preserved hides. Women were also the botanists and farmers. In between and around the rest of their duties, they raised the children. Just as in our society today, most Woodland Indian women were working mothers. Generally speaking, men and women in Eastern Woodland Indian society did not spend much of the day together, men did not expect to control women, and both genders were respected for the contributions they made to the sustenance of the entire community. What was the Treaty of Tordisillas and what does this have to do with the Pope? Treaty of Tordesillas , 1494, agreement signed at Tordesillas, Spain, by which Spain and Portugal divided the non-Christian world into two zones of influence. In principle the treaty followed the papal bull issued in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI, which fixed the demarcation line along a circle passing 100 leagues W of the Cape Verde Islands and through the two poles. This division gave the entire New World to Spain and Africa and India to Portugal. However, the Treaty of Tordesillas shifted the demarcation line to a circle passing 370 leagues W of the Cape Verde Islands and thus gave Portugal a claim to Brazil. There was...
Words: 618 - Pages: 3
...because it’s a loyal action, and that action can change people’s point of view on you. The novel, A Long Walk To Water tells the story of Salva and Nya, teenagers living in South Sudan that have to struggle each day with their own issues. Nya has to walk 12 hours a day just to get water from a local source, and when Salva got more mature he helped out those people living there. He and his coworkers went down to Nya’s area of the country and they built a well. Another example, is the article, “In South Africa, volunteers deliver water to ease drought emergency.” There was a drought two years ago in South Africa, and government officials sent down trucks of water...
Words: 913 - Pages: 4
...report has been prepared as input to the 2012 World Water Week and its Special Focus on Water and Food Security. Feeding a Thirsty World Challenges and Opportunities for a Water and Food Secure Future RepORT 31 Copyright © 2012, Stockholm International Water Institute, SIWI ISBN: 978-91-978846-5-5 ISSN: 1404-2134 How to Cite: Jägerskog, A., Jønch Clausen, T. (eds.) 2012. Feeding a Thirsty World – Challenges and Opportunities for a Water and Food Secure Future. Report Nr. 31. SIWI, Stockholm. Cover photo: iStockphoto Design by Britt-Louise Andersson and Elin Ingblom, SIWI Printing by Elanders, Mölnlycke, Sweden. The printing process has been certified according to the Nordic Swan label for environmental quality. For electronic versions of this and other SIWI publications, visit www.siwi.org. Feeding a Thirsty World Challenges and Opportunities for a Water and Food Secure Future Note to the Reader Today, in 2012, nearly one billion people still suffer from hunger and malnourishment, in spite of the fact that food production has been steadily increasing on a per capita basis for decades. Producing food to feed everyone well, including the 2 billion additional people expected to populate the planet by mid-century, will place greater pressure on available water and land resources. This report provides input into the discussions at the 2012 World Water Week in Stockholm, which is held under the theme of Water and Food Security, and was edited by Anders Jägerskog...
Words: 19153 - Pages: 77
...Africa before the Transatlantic Slave Trade Racist views of Africa In the last 50 years much has been done to combat the entirely false and negative views about the history of Africa and Africans, which were developed in Europe in order to justify the Transatlantic Slave Trade and European colonial rule in Africa that followed it. In the eighteenth century such racist views were summed up by the words of the Scottish philosopher David Hume, who said, ‘I am apt to suspect the Negroes to be naturally inferior to the Whites. There scarcely ever was a civilised nation of that complexion, nor even any individual, eminent either in action or in speculation. No ingenious manufacture among them, no arts, no sciences”. In the nineteenth century the German philosopher Hegel simply declared ‘Africa is no historical part of the world.’ This openly racist view, that Africa had no history, was repeated by Hugh Trevor-Roper, Regius Professor of History at Oxford University, as late as 1963. Africa, the birthplace of humanity We now knowWe now know that far from having no history, it is likely that human history actually began in Africa. The oldest evidence of human existence and that of our immediate ancestors has been found in Africa. In July 2002 further evidence of the existence of early hominids in Africa was found with the discovery of the fossilised remains of what has been called Sahelanthropus tchadensis, thought to be between 6-7 million years old, in Chad. The latest...
Words: 1647 - Pages: 7
...Raven Scott Dr. Craig Smith ENG 108 Thursday 2nd May, 2016 Reflections on Location in Patricia Glinton Meicholas's An Evening in Guanima and Zora Neale Hurston's Mules and Men. Oral tradition dates back to the beginning of time, this tradition includes folktales, myths, legends, songs, riddles and any other form of verbal communication. Different aspects of the tradition has been used in various ways, including for entertainment, education, providing histories, or to bring awareness to societal ills. While each country/society have their own oral traditions and folktales, there are those folktales that are shared by several different communities. However, even though different communities may share the same stories, inevitably, those stories will be changed based on the specific community’s culture, language , history and geographical location. The effects of location and history on the folktales within the community can be seen very clearly in the texts An Evening in Guanima by Patricia Glinton Meicholas, and Mules and Men by Zora Neal Hurston, respectively. ***You need a very strong thesis here*** In “Talkin Ol' Story: A Brief Survey of the Oral tradition in the Bahamas”, Patricia Glinton Meicholas describes the Bahamian ol' story as existing “in a dream time landscape where human beings exhibit a fluid morphology…”(Meicholas 10). Much of Bahamian oral tradition , like that of the African Americans, has been influenced by what has come before, during and after the trans...
Words: 1838 - Pages: 8
...people in Africa had a computer[2] while in North America and Europe one in every two people had access to the Internet.[3] 90% of students in Africa had never touched a computer.[4] Local networks can provide significant access to software and information even without utilizing an internet connection, for example through use of the Wikipedia CD Selection or the eGranary Digital Library. Focusing on Africa[edit] Exploring the Introduction of Computer Technology in Africa[edit] Africa presents a unique cultural climate for the introduction of computer technology not only because of its diverse population, varied geography and multifaceted issues but also because of it singular challenges. Africa is composed of 53 countries many gaining independence since 1950 containing 75 unique ethnic groups and approximately 700 million people. It has been colonized and hence influenced strongly by the European’s from France, Portugal, Britain, Spain, Italy and Belgium except for the countries of Ethiopia and Liberia. Martin & O’Meara [5] describe Africa’s diversity and some of the issues that is presents: ethnicity; geography; rural/urban life styles; family life (class levels); access to developed world products, education; and media. Despite this somewhat overwhelming diversity in Africa, the need for self-determination by Africans as fought for example by the Nigerian’s five Ogoni clans during the 1990s over oil rights is paramount. The “bare necessities of life – water,...
Words: 967 - Pages: 4
...Walk to Victory How would you feel living without seeing your family for most of your life? In the book “A Long Walk to Water” by Linda Sue Park, about a boy named Salva Dut losing his family when he was younger. Salva Dutch survived even with the obstacles he crossed during his time away from his family. Salva lost his best friend, saw menacing animals, ravenous without food or water, and seen war for most of his life. With Africa being a threat to walk through, Salva made changes on how he lived quickly. One of the changes Salva had to adapt to was the dangerous animals in Africa. One morning Salva had been awoken by Uncle that his friend Marial had been killed by a lion in Lion Country. “A lion had been hungry enough to approach the group as they slept. Afew men had been keeping watch, but in the dark of a night…” (41). They had seen lions everyday they walked in Lion Country. People couldn’t keep up with watching over people because their bodies had been exhausted from not enough food and water in their system. “Everyone was always hungry, and there was never enough food” (85). The lack of food made Salva decide to walk back to the refugee camp, but things were not that much better. “They are going to close the camp. Everyone will have to leave. Not just this camp, all of them” (73)....
Words: 725 - Pages: 3
...Health Inquiry, Global Health Inequities Introduction: The Millennium Development Goals (or MDG) are a set of 8 goals set by the world’s nations in hope of reducing poverty by 2015. These 8 goals address poverty, education, equality, disease and the environment. Each goal has a targets and indicators we are aiming to achieve by 2015. The purpose of this report is to report on the history, objectives and constitution of the MDG’s and the success and effectiveness of the MDGs. History of MDGs: In the 1990’s the United Nation (UN) member states went through a historically extraordinary UN press conference process. This conference was aimed at building consensus on development priorities for the 21st century. However, at the end of the 1990’s the governments of the conference experienced conference fatigue and feared the process launched by the conferences was losing steam. In September 2000 in New York there was a large gathering of world leaders called the Millennium Summit. This was the largest gathering of world leaders in history including 189 UN member-states. At the Millennium Summit the United Nation Millennium Declaration was adopted as a result of a series of global conferences held during the 1990’s. The UN saw the Millennium Summit as an opportunity to bring back the development of priorities for the 21st century. It was at this Millennium Summit that the Millennium Declaration set in motion a global partnership and was signed by 147 heads of states....
Words: 3629 - Pages: 15
...Aneka-Sierra Johnson HIS 103 Dr. Tameka Hobbs 22 January 2013 Chapter Summary for Chapter 1 – “Africa” Summary: This chapter describes how Africa was basically the birth place of humanity and its geographical features. The chapter states that Africa is the second largest continent in the world (Asia is the largest).It describes where the Africans originated and how they evolved over time. Also it gives a generally understanding of how the Africans ran there countries.IT gives a brief description of what they did to survive and how things where in there time. The Chapter also explains why African civilizations are important. Key Points: Paleoanthropologists –scientist who studies the evolution and pre-history of humans- these scientist are a key part to understanding the early state of African humanity because of their research it is concluded that all people today are decent of Africa. They also believe that Ardipitecines which are creatures that walked upright, evolved from Ardipitecines to Homo habilis The Earliest civilization in Africa and one of the two earliest in the world history is that of ancient Egypt which stared in the Nile River valley. The other of the two is Mesopotamian civilization. In both of these civilization hunting and gathering “gave way’ to the agriculture. Which lead them to become hierarchical and specialized. Sudan Ghana was the first known kingdom in western Sudan. It was established by the Soninke people in the area in the contemporary...
Words: 670 - Pages: 3
...Naomie Fleurjuste 3/23/12 Midterm The difference is that, Atlantic slave trade was very important for 18 century World Economy, because it was one of the three elements of so-called Triangular trade, a three-way exchange between America, Europe, and Africa. European traders would ship textiles, muskets, and manufactured merchandize to Africa and exchange it for slaves. Then they would take slaves to the West to Americas and exchange them for cotton and tobacco, and sail home. On each side of the triangular trade ships made huge profits plus they carried different valuable merchandize from both African continent and the New World. Thus, Atlantic slave trade was vitally important for 18th century sailors . The origin of Atlantic slave trade – and slave trade in general – is mainly associated with the shortage of labor in the developing New World. Contemporary European population in the Americas was not sufficient to support the plans of development. Even criminals that were sentenced to labor ran away, and could easily blend into white masses forever. Native Americans were not efficient as slaves either, because they were not that numerous and did not have immunity for diseases brought to the New World by Europeans . In addition, native Americans could easily escape because they knew the land well, their home were close, and they knew how to survive in the adjacent territories . But labor requirements...
Words: 1533 - Pages: 7
...life of a slave in the West Coast of Africa Slavery was a time when people were treated unfairly and inhuman. Millions of innocent men, women, and children were held captive and died during this time. Slavery started in Africa but it became popular in the West Coast of Africa, where slavery was taking place at its fullest. Even though slavery in Africa was a common way of life for the people that lived there, it was not until the British came to the West Coast is when slavery became an economic interest, and was based on the trade and selling of slaves. Slavery had no age or gender. There were men, women and children and many members of their families that were taken into slavery. Men and young boys were mostly traded off to be sold during the middle passage. They were traded and sold to work in the in sugar “plantations in the Caribbean Brazil and Louisiana” (p. 107, Abina and the important men) were in need of strong healthy men and that were able to bear the harsh conditions of labor. Even though there were healthy young men and others who were young, these slaves were not lasting more than 7 years. They would die, after they died they would soon be replaced by others slaves. During the middle passage, there was an estimation of about 12.5 million Africans sold to be transferred and shipped to the Americas and other regions where labor was in high demand. This transfer and sale of slaves was taking place in the West Coast of Africa, there was an estimation of 74,000 people...
Words: 1347 - Pages: 6
