...about behaviors of other human beings and how we can use laws to control and fix behaviors of others that commit crimes. To be more thoroughly of crime, these are acts and behaviors people do and get punished by law for doing the crime they did. Crime can be defined as a conduct in violation of criminal laws of federal and state government of a local jurisdiction for which there’s no legally accept excuse for the crime that was committed. There are five different goals of the criminal justice. The five goals are deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, rehabilitation and restoration. The first goal deterrence is the criminal justice goal that inhibits criminal behavior through fear of punishment. As for this goal, there are two types of deterrence, specific deterrence and general deterrence. Specific deterrence is when a person is caught punished and decides that they will no longer engage in criminal activities because they know the consequences. General deterrence is when the offender is caught and the punishment is observed other. As for these offenders, don’t commit criminal behaviors to avoid punishment. The goal incapacitation involves removing the offender’s ability to commit crime. What incapacitation means is to incarcerate the person. By incarcerating a person helps keep the dangerous offender off the streets so they won’t commit any more crimes. Retribution is a type of punishment that might include incarceration, fines to pay, community service, public humiliation...
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...support of the former, in his article titled “On Deterrence and the Death Penalty”[ Van Den Haag, Ernest (1969) On Deterrence and the Death Penalty. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 60(2) ], Ernest Van Den Haag outlines his thoughts which support the use of the death penalty and how it might deter heinous crimes against society. The first section of this paper will give a summery of Van Den Haag’s thoughts, which he outlined in the article, including the main points and arguments made which support his view. Following this summary, an in depth analysis of how the article relates to my personal beliefs and understanding of the topic will take place. Summary In section one of the article, the author brings up the point that the purposes of the death penalty must always be understood as being one of two things: doing justice or deterring others. Van den Haag points out that any other aim of a justice system, such as rehabilitation, would not be met by this form of punishment. It is his belief that opponents contesting the use of the death penalty must show that that neither purpose is met in order to illustrate that it should be abolished[ Van Den Haag, Ernest (1969) On Deterrence and the Death Penalty. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, 60(2),pp.141]. He then outlines the purpose of his paper which is to challenge the claim that capital punishment is useless as a form of deterrence. Section...
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...LEJA 309 | Global Nuclear Security Programs and Recommendations | Connor A Rutherford | INTRODUCTION Global nuclear security programs, some would consider this a Cold War issue. After looking at many of the recent events that have continued to plague our world; the Russian armies at Ukraine’s borders, North Korea’s testing of nuclear weapons; these and many other different types of events describing nuclear powers trying to extend the nuclear weapons programs available to them at the moment. With this being considered the thoughts that this issue of a global security program affecting nuclear weapons should never be considered a Cold War issue. In fact it never really was a just a Cold War issue even after that conflict ended. Even with some of the agreements countries made with different security councils, there has always been the thought of clandestine programs that keep their nuclear programs running. This leads many agencies to give advice on the different ways that global security could be achieved. The Center for Strategic and International Studies does offer such advice in a report in which it incorporates different authors. This reports includes different major issues in global security specifically dealing with nuclear issues and in the report there are many different recommendations as to how to bring about a sense of security that world might be able to feel. GUIDING THE ALLIANCE: U.S. NUCLEAR ASSURANCE AND EXTENDED DETTERENCE IN NATO In this part of the...
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...criminal policy. In conclusion we mean by penology nowadays "a substitute which we call "science of struggle against criminality "that means the ideal methods of prevention and treatment as regards criminality ". so we shall explain at first the prevention and after that the treatment whether its method is legislative, judicial or executive. (1) ___________________ (1) Andenaes, Johannes , "The general preventive effects of punishment." University of Pennsylvania Law Review ,U.S.A ,1966, pp: 949-983. - Gibbs, Jack P. ,"Crime, punishment and deterrence." Southwest Social Science Quarterly , 1968 , pp: 515-530. - Green, Donald E., "Past behavior as a measure of actual future behavior: An unresolved issue in perceptual deterrence research." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1989 , pp: 781-804. B :- Crime Prevention :- B.1- Concepts of Crime Prevention : Terms such as "prevention," "control," and "deterrence" are frequently encountered in the literature of crime. However, their meaning often varies from one text to another. In this respect, penology is like...
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...that it was a force for change in the way that societies thought about equality toward individuals. As the ideas of justice, deterrence, and individual rights evolved during the Enlightenment, so did the application of capital punishment. It became a tool to help reform individuals instead of punishing them, and capital executions became a private practice. It also evolved from being an arbitrary punishment against minorities, to a consistent and steady punishment for anyone who broke the law, eventually morphing into the punishment system of today. As history has progressed, a complete difference has been seen in regards to the rights of the minorities and the poor in the courts of law. The stark difference in the courts opinion toward minorities can be seen if you compare the way that they were tried during the colonization of Mexico with the way that they were treated in English society after the Enlightenment. As Martinez talks about in her essay, blacks were heavily discriminated against. This social tension carried over into the High Courts of Spanish society, which caused them to be extremely biased against the blacks. The courts bias can be easily observed in the Translated Documents from New Spain, in which the courts, under the façade of a trial, punish a group of blacks simply to make an example of them. The effect of the deterrence was undermined by the fact that these punishments were often inconsistent. These punishments were especially cruel, as Martinez...
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...In the corporate world, a firm would be more profitable if there is lesser intensity from the rivalry among existing firms, the lesser danger of potential entrants and higher barriers to entry, lesser substitutes for the firm’s products and a weaker bargaining power of the consumers and suppliers. Competitive incumbent firms or existing businesses in a particular market adopts strategic entry deterrence to discourage potential entrants from entering into competition in the market. These actions from the existing companies create and strengthen barriers to entry for the industry for new entrants. However, this course of action causes market to lose competition and some might even be illegal. Not all industries and not all companies respond in the same way, the strength and aggression of the response varies accordingly to the current market trends, conditions and consumer behaviour. In this essay, we will discuss on several strategic actions taken by the incumbent firms to create, maintain or increase deterrence on new and potential entrants and thereafter, analyzing the credibility of each action. There are many types of barriers to entry into a market, including factors like high capital costs, differentiated product, costs of switching, distribution network, economies of scale, suppliers, barriers to exit and legal and government created barriers. High capital cost: In an industry that demands a larger capital investment during the starting up process, it will act as a...
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...of Beccaria and Bentham to the debate about punishment and the impact of these contributions in modern corrections? * Perceptual Research on General Deterrence: A Critical Review * Kirk R. Williams and Richard Hawkins * Law & Society Review, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1986), pp. 545-572 * Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Law and Society Association * Article DOI: 10.2307/3053466 * Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org.libraryproxy.griffith.edu.au/stable/3053466 2. .) In all societies certain kinds of behaviour are either encouraged or discouraged by a set of social rules, from mild discouragers such as frowns of disapproval to applause of approval. Behaviours that infringe upon the happiness of others or their property or the general wellbeing of those within the community were discouraged with stronger means such as verbal abuse, beatings and banishment. (Allen and Simonsen, 1998) 3. Theorists such as von Hentig of the early 1900’s proposed that Bentham’s theory of deterrence was invalid due to the fact that the pleasure of committing a crime is a “near object” whereas the consequence of crime imposed by the legal system is a “long-distance danger” and is unable to counteract the immediate rewards of crime. (Paternoster, 2010, p773) HOW MUCH DO WE REALLY KNOW ABOUT CRIMINAL DETERRENCE? Paternoster, Raymond Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology; Summer 2010; 100, 3; ProQuest Central pg. 765 Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the...
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...The introduction of the Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act in 2014 introduced changes to the legislation surrounding youth justice. These changes are designed to provide harsher punishment to youth offenders, focusing on deterrence techniques. The first change introduced by the Youth Justice and Other Legislation Amendment Act 2014 is – where part 4, division 2 of the Children’s court Act 2000 is to provide that an open court for repeat offenders is now allowed (Department of Justice and Attorney General, 2014). The court has the authority, if it is believed to be in the best interest of justice, to close the court in a repeat offender’s case. The court may also be closed if the evidence is being given of a sexual nature is being given in a Court room. (Department of Justice...
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...Beyond a Reasonable Doubt (2009) Company: Starz/Anchor Bay Director: Peter Hyams Actors: Michael Douglas Jesse Metcalf Amber Tamblyn Beyond a Reasonable Doubt is a remake of a 1956 noir movie with the same title. It was submitted to theaters in 2009 by the Starz/Anchor Bay production company. Directed by Peter Hyams and starring Jesse Metcalf, Michael Douglas, and Amber Tamblyn, this movie is a riveting thriller that focuses on a successful DA that will do whatever it takes to win a case. I chose this film because it was fairly recent and the plot focused on the office of a District Attorney. In the movie, a district attorney, Martin Hunter (Michael Douglas) has a nearly flawless record of convicting criminals and surely has aspirations for the governor’s office. When ambitious rookie journalist, C.J. Nicholas (Jesse Metcalf) begins investigating Hunter for tampering with evidence to secure his convictions, the story takes an interesting turn. C.J., with the help of his videographer, frames himself as a murder suspect to make a grand attempt to catch the D.A. in an act of corruption. Assistant D.A. Ella Crystal (Amber Tamblyn) becomes romantically involved with C.J. and must choose between her recently convicted boyfriend and her potentially corrupt boss. Ella chooses to believe and help her boyfriend, thereby putting her own career and eventually life in jeopardy in order to obtain incriminating proof that puts the fate of both C.J's innocence and Hunter's reputation...
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...adolescents who commit a crime are treated differently from legal adults who have committed the same crime. A juvenile court may hear juvenile cases ranging from truancy to drug dependency issues. The parents or guardians of juveniles are usually required to appear and participate in the disposition of their child case. Disposition can include the parents or guardian being fined for not getting their child to school as required. Juvenile cases are handled differently than adult criminal cases. Instead of criminal district or county court, juvenile cases are heard by a juvenile court judge. There are many differences exist between the adult and juvenile court systems. At its core, the adult court system focuses on deterrence and justice as the rationale for prosecuting offenders whereas the juvenile system commits to rehabilitating delinquent youths into upstanding citizens. Nonetheless, both adult and juvenile courts protects the public and enforce laws, meaning that the overarching procedure remain the same. Another differences between juvenile and adult court is adult court you have bail hearing ,trail, complaint or indictment ,defendant, verdict and guilty. Where in minor court you have detention hearing, fact- finding hearing,...
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...Theories of criminology Prof. Dr. Ayman Elzeiny Introduction :- What is Theory? Definitions of the theory Vold, Bernard, and Snipes defined it as :- “an explanation … a sensible relating of some particular phenomenon to the whole field of knowledge” On other hand Bohm defined it as “makes statements about the relationship between two classes of phenomena” Williams and McShane defined it as “generalizations of a sort; explains how two or more events are related” . According to Shoemaker the theory is : “a systematic collection of concepts and statements purporting to explain behavior” . And according to Hoover the theory is “a set of related propositions that suggest why events occur”. We can define theory as "Statement of a relationship between two or more propositions and concepts . which explains and/or predicts some behavior ". Introduction to Theories of criminology : There are many "theories" of criminology suggested by many writers. It would not be practical to list them all. a few only that have received some support. The almost prominent schools of criminology Were : The Classical School, "which began about 1755 to 1764" after Beccaria (1738-94) published his famous Essay on Crimes and Punishments; Along with Beccaria, the thinkers of the Classical School were Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jeremy Bentham, William Blackstone, Samuel Romilly, and others. The Positive School, " which began after the publication of Lombroso's L'uomo...
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...SOCI 2450 A Prof. Darryl T. Davies Bill C-10: Issues of Interest Nidhal Abubakar 100896803 Bill C-10: Issues of Interest Nidhal Abubakar 100896803 2015 2015 There are many issues surrounding the content of Bill C-10. This essay will examine issues that affect the criminal code and provide evidence that the Bill is not progressive for Canada to deal with crime and the judicial process. By looking at the issues such as mandatory minimum sentences and the proposition of the bill we will look at the challenges that will be faced and met. The bill also introduces eliminating conditional sentences and eliminates double credit for time already served as well as introduces changes to the Youth Criminal Justice Act to impose harsher sentences for young offenders. This essay will delve into information that will bring the various issues to light. Firstly an explanation of Bill C-10 will be provided to understand what changes will be made to the Criminal code and who it affects. The dissection of the Bill will open the dialogue for this essay for appropriating topical issues with the concept of progress in a manner that reflects the trouble that this Bill brings to Canadian society. Bill C-10 was introduced by the Minister of Justice on the 20th of September 2011. The Act includes the enactment of the Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act and amendments to the State Immunity Act, the Criminal Code, the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, the Corrections and Conditional Release Act, the...
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...Criminal justice programs around the world face various challenges especially in rehabilitating the behavior of inmates within correctional facilities. The purpose of this research paper will be to assess the various issues that exist in rehabilitative programs within prison systems. Basically, rehabilitation programs are used to correct and rehabilitate criminal offenders so that they can emerge as useful members of society once they complete their prison sentences. Some of the rehabilitation programs that are commonly used to reform inmates include counseling, health and fitness programs, transcendental meditation, academic programs and religious programs. These rehabilitative programs are usually based on the assumption that criminal behavior in most suspects is caused by some contributing factor such as a history of violence, psychological or mental disorders. Such an assumption does not refute that some criminals make their own personal choices to break the law but rather it argues that these personal choices are usually caused by certain factors which contribute to criminal behavior. Rehabilitation programs are therefore based on such perspectives where the various correctional programs are designed to deal with criminal enforcing behavior. For example counseling programs could focus on the behavior that led to the criminal offender committing the offense while educational programs could focus on how to change negative behavior to positive behavior. Correctional programs...
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...Yes, I believe in the death penalty. Criminals that have spent years in prison sometimes can turn very heartless and some will never change. I think the death penalty should be reinstated in the U.K. Sure there are several reasons to why people would be against it, like the fact that an inmate can spend several years on death row and receive trials to try and get them off during their waiting time. And, yes, innocent people could be executed, but it’s not as a big of a number as people make it out to be. The death penalty does deteriorate crime, specifically homicide rates, but when a convicted murderer is released from prison there is a 90%+ chance they will re-commit, only because they have been deprived from the outside world for such a long time and there are new things for them to introduced to, which may intimidate them. But at least when you execute the inmate, it’s one less person regular society has to worry about. People like them that are serving time just don’t change. Just put them to death so they cant terrorize society anymore. Surely, it would be a win win situation anyway, because their suffering would cease as well. The medieval philosopher, Thomas Aquinas made this point very clear: “Therefore, if any man is dangerous to the community and is subverting it by some sin, the treatment to be commended in his execution in order to preserve the common good… Therefore to kill a man who retains his natural worthiness is intrinsically evil, although it may be justifiable...
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...Running head: National Security National Security Teresa Turner Strayer University Garner Campus ECO320503016*201005 Professor Carol Scott December 3, 2010 Abstract The National Security Council is a forum for President’s to consider national security and foreign policy matters with their senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. The council started under President Truman, and the Council’s function is to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council is also the President’s principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. National Security is based on four basic strategies to preserve security. The defense and deterrence rank first and second, followed by détente diplomacy and disarmament. These four strategies are used whether in combination or alone. Technology has always influenced their strategy. When technology changes, what the country does to protect themselves changes too. This will entail what the U.S. goals are and what we stand for. Third, I will look at how the United States strengthens alliances to defeat global terrorism and work to prevent attacks against our friends and us. Fourth, I will explain how we work with others to defuse regional conflicts. National Security The struggles of the twentieth century between liberty and totalitarianism ended with victory for the forces of freedom—and a single sustainable model for national success:...
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