...organisations have struggled in . This can be seen with so many theories regarding organisational learning being conceived. This paper discusses how individual learning theories and organisational learning theories are related as well as the roles of organisation leaders in facilitating organisational learning. One of the most fundamental theory to help us understand organisational learning is the concept of single-loop learning and double-loop learning developed by Argyris and Schon (1978). Single-loop learning is associated with the detection and correction of error without amendment made to the master program, which is the guide for daily operations in an organisation. It is only suitable for repetitive job tasks where minor problems can be solved immediately. Restricted to only making small changes, single-loop learning is not learning (Buchanan and Huczynski, 2004). Thus, the double-loop learning, in order to solve more complex issues. Double-loop learning happens when the underlying values of the master program are changed. This would involve challenging norms rather than blindly accepting them. While single-loop learning and double-loop learning theory focuses on outcomes, Kolb (1984) proposes another type of learning which focuses on process, which is the experiential learning theory. It is a theory that merges experience, cognition, behaviour and perception. One of the models of experiential learning theory is the Lewinian Experiential Learning Model. The model emphasises...
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...about is the Big Bang theory. This topic has been debated for centuries now, and yet some people will never believe the truth. II. Old-Earth View The old-earth view to the original creation of this earth is the Big Bang theory. Most scientists that do not believe in a divine creator, being our Heavenly Father, believe in this theory. The dictionary definition for the Big Bang theory’s of creation of the Earth is, “the theory that the universe originated sometime between ten billion and twenty billion years ago from the cataclysmic explosion of a small volume of matter at extremely high density and temperature” (TheFreeDictionary, 2011). Like the definition has said, evolutionists believe that this theory happened billions of years ago. What most scientists believe concerning the theory is that some form of matter was struck by what they think is lightning, which created the infamous amoeba. From the amoeba, evolutionists believe everything has been created and continued to evolve and progress. III. Young-Earth View The young-earth theory proves to have a divine creator, God. Christians and creationists profess to believe in this view because of their relationship with the Lord and I am in full agreement. I believe this theory to be the most precise and thorough view there this. First, I believe in the Heavenly Father, and so I believe that He made the animals, plants, and people on this earth including the planets. But secondly, I believe this theory to be true because in...
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...INDIVIDUAL PREFERENCES TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE CREATION AND KNOWLEDGE SHARING: FIRST EMPIRICAL RESULTS FROM KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE COMPANIES Author: Tatiana Andreeva Graduate School of Management, St.Petersburg State University, St.Petersburg, Russia Abstract: Both knowledge-creation and knowledge-sharing are viewed as very significant for competitiveness of an organization in modern knowledge economy. Contemporary literature usually treats these two processes as either independent or positively related. However, analyzing various organizational conditions for efficient course of these processes, we proposed that in some cases they may contradict each other. Thus on micro-level of analysis we hypothesized that there were two distinct non-overlapping groups of individuals – those more disposed towards knowledge creation, and those more disposed towards knowledge sharing. This hypothesis was examined with empirical data from employees of 5 knowledge-intensive companies. Author contact information: Tatiana E.Andreeva, Ph.D. Senior Lecturer, Organizational Behaviour and Human Resources Management department, Graduate School of Management, St.Petersburg State University 16, Dekabristov per., St.Petersburg, Russia, 199155 Phone: (7-812) 350-8155 Fax: (7-812) 350-0406 e-mail: andreeva@som.pu.ru 1. INTRODUCTION Managing knowledge-related processes in organizations is one of the hotly discussed themes of the last decade. Both management practitioners and academics ...
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...Dynamic Knowledge Creation Ikujiro Nonaka, Ryoko Toyama and Noboru Konno Despite the widely recognised importance of knowledge as a vital source of competitive advantage, there is little understanding of how organisations actually create and manage knowledge dynamically. Nonaka, Toyama and Konno start from the view of an organisation as an entity that creates knowledge continuously, and their goal in this article is to understand the dynamic process in which an organisation creates, maintains and exploits knowledge. They propose a model of knowledge creation consisting of three elements: (i) the SECI process, knowledge creation through the conversion of tacit and explicit knowledge; (ii) `ba', the shared context for knowledge creation; and (iii) knowledge assets, the inputs, outputs and moderators of the knowledge-creating process. The knowledge creation process is a spiral that grows out of these three elements; the key to leading it is dialectical thinking. The role of top management in articulating the organisation's knowledge vision is emphasised, as is the important role of middle management (`knowledge producers') in energising ba. In summary, using existing knowledge assets, an organisation creates new knowledge through the SECI process that takes place in ba, where new knowledge, once created, becomes in turn the basis for a new spiral of knowledge creation. = 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. As Alvin Tof¯er said, we are now living in a `knowledge-based...
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...(Khandker, 2005). For example, the worldwide proliferation of microfinance institutions is based on the assumption that providing individuals with better access to financial capital will fuel entrepreneurship and microenterprises, providing opportunities for people to work their way out of poverty. The results of such efforts, however, have been mixed (Snow & Buss, 2001), in part, because not all microfinance borrowers have the entrepreneurial skills sufficient to make a microenterprise succeed (Karnani, 2007a). Cross culturally, successful entrepreneurs have been shown to possess a different set of knowledge structures, or mental schema, than non-entrepreneurs (Mitchell, Smith, Seawright, & Morse, 2000). Interestingly, franchisees—often considered to be entrepreneurs (e.g., Baucus, Baucus, & Human 1996; Grunhagen & Mettelstadedt, 2005)—have been found to have entrepreneurship-related knowledge structures more closely resembling non-entrepreneurs than entrepreneurs, implying that the franchise business model may in many ways compensate for a franchisees’ lack of entrepreneurial skills. Applied to a development context, franchising can be employed as a social innovation—compensating for some of the shortcomings of traditional microfinance strategies that often assume a minimum level of entrepreneurial ability in their borrowers. The purpose of this paper...
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...information intermediation – private and public information –and the central role of knowledge and social forces in economic processes in the ‘market for information’. John Holland, University of Glasgow, Jo Danbolt, University of Edinburgh, Lei Chen, University of Keele. John Holland, University of Glasgow, The Adam Smith Business School, University of Glasgow, Main Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland Abstract: This paper develops a model of the information intermediation role of analysts in the ‘market for information’ (MFI). It illustrates how the same type of ‘soft’ intangibles information changes as it progresses through analyst information intermediation processes. The latter concern: company disclosure; analyst acquisition and analysis of company information; analyst reporting processes; and market impacts. The common information concerns ‘soft’ or qualitative information about the company intellectual capital (IC) or intangibles in the company business model. Banks and bank analysts are used as examples. Knowledge, social and economic factors in the wider ‘market for information’ (MFI) are shown to be major influences on ‘soft information’ and how it changes in analyst information intermediation processes. Negative knowledge and social factors play a role in weakening and eventually destabilising economic processes in analyst and the MFI. They were important factors in creating knowledge and information problems in analysts and the MFI, both ongoing, and during the...
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...Exploring Tacit Knowledge & Knowledge Creation | | Conor Butler | | Abstract With billions of dollars spent each year on management training, business research, management consulting and with many books and articles written on the same subjects, it has been argued that all of this information and knowledge is not reflected in what organisations actually do Pfeffer, Sutton (2000). There is often a big gap that occurs between translating all the knowledge and information that we learn into positive actions that can be of benefit to an organisation. How often does a manager attend a training session, read a manual or be present at a conference, often at the expense of an employer, that attempts to teach them the correct way to implement a strategy or attack and solve a problematic process only for that manager to fall back to old ways of behaving?. Often people can fall back into old work habits due to time pressures, peer pressure, lack of faith in their capabilities, and sometimes by the idea that everything is going fine anyway so the need for change is not that necessary. There are many talented managers that have complex ways of thinking and possess “tacit” knowledge of internal efficiencies but would be unable to write them down in a manual. They are “unable to conceptualize their strategic insights” (Senge, 1990). A lot of this knowledge can then get lost or leave with an employee when they change jobs or retire. Many of the ideas and theories spoke about...
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...evolution clashes, why is the knowledge of the Doctrine of Creation is important to understand?” THEO 525 LUO (fall 2013) Systematic Theology I Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary October 11, 2013 Creation and Evolution clashes, when there are changes being made to the age of the earth and the creation of man. The structure is described in the Bible as God created it; however, it describes the earth before the six days of creation. When thinking about the integration of evolutionary principles, as far as the scientific laws are concerned, there is no difference between the origin of the earth and all of its life. Could the Big Bang theory have happened? The Gap Theory, everything made out of nothing. Is the Gap Theory real? Luther sided with the Bible and creation, is his blessing relevant today? Was the earth created out of nothing, no previous atoms did God use? God created the heavens and the earth in six days so we had the seventh day for Shabbat. The Progressive Creation explains the Genesis flood and the six days of creation. So the question is could God really have created everything in six literal days? If so, where did the origins of life come from; and what about the Law of Nature, their survival of the fittest? How big is the rift between the evolutionist and the creationist? Can we trust the Bible to tell us the truth? These are the questions that I will be looking for an answer to. In evolution and creation of religious idea about how...
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...org/journal/ti) Case Study on Tacit Knowledge Management Systems within X Company* Jiangping Wan1,2, Ming Zeng1, Yahui Zhu1 2 School of Business Administration, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Institute of Emerging Industrialization Development, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China Email: scutjsp@126.com, zm656690@qq.com, zhuyahui0819@qq.com Received February 12, 2013; revised March 29, 2013; accepted April 6, 2013 1 Copyright © 2013 Jiangping Wan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Case study on tacit knowledge management system within X company includes the design of tacit knowledge management system (the recognition and acquisition of tacit knowledge), mechanisms (the factor analysis for the transition and sharing of tacit knowledge) and implementation (the sharing enterprise culture build, the effective incentive mechanism construct and the organization structure design). The evaluation system is established based on critical success factors (the recognition capability, the sharing standard, the sharing mechanism of tacit knowledge). The purpose of study is to improve tacit knowledge management system within enterprise. Keywords: Explicit Knowledge; Tacit Knowledge; Knowledge Conversion; Tacit Knowledge Management Systems; Case Study ...
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...will never contradict if God, in fact, exists and is the Creator of the universe. If God is the Creator of the universe, and there is ample evidence that He is, then science is just knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths about His creation. If God doesn't exist, then faith and science will contradict since science is the search for facts about the cosmos. For those with faith, however, science can be one of our greatest forms of worship. Science is mankind's attempt to understand how the world works. The scientific method is one of the greatest tools to accomplish this. It starts with a question about the world. Then background research, a hypothesis or educated guess about the research, an experiment, analysis to determine if the hypothesis was correct, and the report of the results. If the hypothesis was correct, the cycle is finished. If not, another hypothesis is put forth, and testing begins again. The scientific method infers that a provable fact will be repeatable and verifiable—that other scientists will come up with the same answer if their experiment is performed in the same way. There is nothing unbiblical about the scientific method as such. God made light, matter, water, plants, animals, and humans. We honor Him when we endeavor to understand His amazing creation. We also learn more about Him, about His wisdom and power and elegance. And we appreciate His grace more fully when we understand the implications of the miracles He performs. Being...
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...Are the natural sciences more reliable sources of knowledge than social sciences? To be able to determine the reliability of knowledge within the sciences, an understanding of what is meant when referring to knowledge is required as well as an understanding of how this knowledge is created. Knowledge has been defined in various ways, depending upon the context is to be used in. As Çakir (2012, p.665) defines it: “Knowledge is the communication between individuals who share decisions and actions”. When relating to the creation of “knowledge” within the sciences, this is the most fitting definition due to the method of study and peer review that allows information to be taken as truthful. This essay will look at some of the differences between the two branches of science, the different ways in which natural and social science discover new information through experimentation, the natural evolution of the sciences, and how dissension among members of the social sciences holds them back from creating reliable knowledge. The natural sciences have been the subject of study for over six hundred years, starting in the fourteenth century and progressing steadily throughout the years. The natural sciences set the foundations for inquiry and have previously gone through the trials and errors that the social sciences, having only been the subject of study for around two hundred and forty years, are currently going through. While the history of the of social sciences has been noted to have...
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...Section III: Topic 10 The theory of Vacuum Genesis is based on the Uncertainty Principle which states that every atom can appear from the vacuum, but the chance of it is very low. This theory has two options, one state that the entire universe appeared in one moment. The chance that the kind of thing happened is very low but possible. The other option is that many atoms appeared and that they were the base of the Big bang theory. Uncertainty principle, the basis of the vacuum genesis, in quantum mechanics, is also a theory stating that it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and momentum of a particle, such as an electron, with precision. Also called the indeterminacy principle, the theory further states that a more accurate determination of one quantity will result in a less precise measurement of the other, and that the product of both uncertainties is never less than Planck's constant, named after the German physicist Max Planck. Of very small magnitude, the uncertainty results from the fundamental nature of the particles being observed. In quantum mechanics, probability calculations therefore replace the exact calculations of classical mechanics. It is also a hypothesis that the universe began as nothingness, from which matter and energy arose by a process analogous to the appearance of virtual particles from a vacuum. Some limited experiments in the production of matter have been confirmed. We can create electron and other matter out of the vacuum state...
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...BANG THEORY Presented By Takudzwa A Denhere ID: 2011050104 Lecturer: Mr. Sibanda The big bang theory and its history The big bang is not theoretical, it is a presumption. It is an attempt to explain what happened at the very beginning our universe. Some scientists do define it as an accepted knowledge which explains much on how the earth was created and that is the universe. The findings of the research in the study of the physics and astronomy have openly shown...
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...LIFE IN THE WORLD 3.1. The nature of life according to Christianity Christianity teaches that the universe was created through love by an intelligent power, namely the God of the Bible. Creation was purposeful, not arbitrary, and therefore the universe is not morally neutral, but fundamentally good. In this purposeful creation, everything and everyone are intrinsically valuable. God's design or purpose for creation reflects God's intention that all creatures enjoy perfect love and justice. God works in human history to fulfil that purpose. God created human beings in the divine image, enabling humans to have some understanding of God and of God's vast and complex design. The purpose of life is to love and serve God in order to help bring about God's glorious plan for creation. Reason is a unique gift bestowed by God on humans and enables them to reflect on their own nature and conscience, and from that derive knowledge of God's will for creation. But a complete understanding is beyond human reach. To fulfil the goal of wholeness in an existence perfected by both justice and love, something more is needed. Humans are not expected to accomplish the divine plan alone. The fulfilment of God's purpose depends on God's grace. For Christians, grace is God's freely-given favour and love. Reason is a good gift, sometimes misused for selfish, wilful, or prideful purposes. The substitution of selfish ambition for God's will is a condition that Christians call sin, meaning separation...
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...Theories of Myth Stephanie Gonsalves University of Phoenix HUM/105 Liz Labby March 29, 2011 Theories of Myth Myth is defined as a sacred narrative. The word myth means story or word. According to M. Magoulick, What is myth, “myths articulate how characters undergo an ordered sequence of events. The term myth has come to refer to a certain genre or category of stories that share characteristics that make this genre distinctly different from other genres of oral narratives, such as legends and folktales. Many definitions of myth repeat similar general aspects of the genre and may be summarized thus: Myths are symbolic tales of the distant past (often primordial times) that concern cosmogony and cosmology (the origin and nature of the universe), maybe connected to belief systems or rituals, and may serve to direct social action and values” (Magoulick, 2000). A myth refers to stories that tell about the beginning of humans and the cosmos. In most cultures a myth is a strong belief. Some take it as a source of spiritual growth, while others don’t believe in myths at all. In most cultures the people see in myth the distinct character of their culture, while others only see patterns repeating. Some believe myths to be real and contemporary, while others think of it as far gone and over with. I believe myths to be a legend of ancestry that has both true and false facts to the narrative and in most cases myths are only believed to be true in a certain culture...
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